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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa

In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa. Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex. Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.

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2018 - 202026
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Subject: Agricultural Economics × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2018 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A study on women self help groups activities and its imp act on socio economic status of its participants
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Lal, Sana; Mishra, R.R.
    The present study aims at analyzing the activities involved in women self - help group (WSHGs) and the impact of WSHGs on women in Patna, Muzaffarpur, and Samastipur districts of Bihar. The study is based on primary data collected from 120 respondents spread over 6 randomly selected blocks of the three districts of Bihar. The total sample of 120 respondents includes both 60 WSHG respondents and 60 Non - WSHG respondents. The WSHG respondents interviewed were classified on the basis of the age of self-help group. The secondary data related to the growth of self-help groups, SHG - bank linkage, village organization, and cluster level federations in Bihar were also collected for the period of 2014- 15 to 2018-19. The overall compound growth rate, for the number of SHGs, village organization, cluster level federations, and SHG bank linkage found to be positive, at five percent level of probability (9.69, 13.66, 15.84, and 20.81). The information regarding the socioeconomic status of the Women self-help group was collected and the majority of the respondents (55.00 percent) were in the matured age group and belonged to the scheduled caste category. More than three - fourths of the respondents (76.66 percent) belonged to the medium families having 4 to 7 members. The highest proportion of the respondents belong to the extended family type (38.00 percent) followed by a joint family type (35.00 percent). As many as 54 out of 60 self-help group respondents were married. The largest proportions of the respondents (53.33) were illiterates. The majority of the respondents were engaged in farming (36.66) and were having mixed house type (43.33 percent). The women's self-help group members had marginal landholding. The activities involved in the self-help groups were studied as monetary and training activities. The majority of the women self groups’ members (28.33) have taken a loan ranging from 10,000 to 14,999 rupees. The largest proportions of the respondents (48.33) have taken loans for unproductive purposes. It was observed that as many as 36 out of 60 were able to repay back their loan on time. The larger proportions of the respondents (36.66 percent) were not engaged in any income-generating activities through the self-help group. The impact of self - help groups on its members was worked out by taking into consideration income, consumption, saving, and employment pattern of both self - help group respondents and non - self-help group respondents. There was a significant difference in income, consumption, saving, and employment of both the group of respondents. It was observed that the lack of education or knowledge, lack of understanding among the members, high rate of interest, and the difficulty in the repayment of credit were the common constraints faced by the self-help group members in the study area at the individual and economic level. The major constraint faced by the respondents in the entrepreneurial activities was the unavailability of the market.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    An economic analysis of turmeric production in Nirmal district of Telangana
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) C. R, Bhuvana; Mishra, R. R.
    The current research work was conducted to analyze the resource use efficiency of turmeric farmers in Nirmal district of Telangana. Input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under the assumption of constant returns to scale (CRS) was applied to estimate the Technical Efficiency (TE), Allocative Efficiency (AE) and Cost Efficiency (CE) of turmeric production. Fifteen sample farmers were randomly selected from 8 villages under 2 blocks namely Mamda and Laxmanchanda within the district of Nirmal in the state of Telangana which made the total sample size to 120. The sample farms were analyzed together and then separately based on farm size where farmers with <2ac were marginal farmers and those with >2 -<5 ac were small farmers. The primary data required about input usage and output obtained was collected with the help of a pretested schedule. All the 120 farmers taken together operated at 0.51 mean technical efficiency indicating that they were almost using twice (49%) the optimal quantity of inputs to produce their existing levels of output. Marginal farmers had a mean score of 0.57 technical efficiency and small farmers had an average of 0.56 technical efficiency. Overall sample farmers operated at a 0.47 allocative efficiency signifying that the farmers were spending near to double (53% more) of the least cost combination level of the inputs at the given prices. With respect to marginal farmers the overall average AE score was 0.65 and in case of all small farmers was 0.48. Mean cost efficiency score of 120 farmers is 0.35, meaning that their cost of cultivation of turmeric can be driven down by 75% to produce the exact quantity as they were before. Overall cost efficiency of marginal farmers was 0.43 while the small farmers had an overall average CE of 0.30. An attempt was made to estimate and summarize the cost and return structure regarding turmeric cultivation in the study area. The primary data utilized for DEA was utilized here too. Along with cost and returns, human and machine labour analysis was assessed. The calculations were done first for the overall sample and then for marginal and small farmers separately. Variable costs and fixed costs concept were applied for cost computations. Gross returns, Net returns and benefit-cost ratio were calculated for returns analysis. Overall analysis revealed that, 93.41% of the total cost of production was variable cost and the remaining 6.59% was fixed costs. Among the different variable costs, planting material (36.29%), manures and fertilizers (15.18%) followed by interest on working capital (9.25%) were the top contributors to the total cost of production. Marginal farmers incurred on an average 1.13 lakhs of cost of production per acre. Out of this, the major shares were that of planting material (32.73%) and manures and fertilizers (17.06%) in variable costs and rental value of own land (5.48%) in fixed costs. Small farmer’s average cost of production was calculated to be 1.45 lakh per acre. Amidst this, variable costs occupied 94.31% and fixed costs occupied 5.69%. Planting material (42.04%) and manures and fertilizers (12.11%) were the major contributors to total cost among variable costs. Rental value of own land (4.03%) was the top contributor among fixed costs to the total cost of production. The analysis of overall sample farmers revealed that major labour usage was in the process of application of plant protection chemicals which was. This activity was responsible for 26.32% of the labour used on farm. Inter-cultural operations (20.82%) and harvesting (20.58%) followed. Marginal farmers and small farmers utilized human labour in the same pattern as the overall sample showed. Machine labour usage in all three cases of overall sample, marginal farmers and small farmers was almost identical. It was majorly for land preparation, irrigation and harvesting. Overall sample farmers obtained a gross return of 1.67 lakh per acre. They received on an average a net return of 0.36 lakh per acre. Their benefit -cost ratio was 1.27. Marginal farmers amassed a mean gross return of 1.69 lakh per acre, but the average net profit was just 0.48 lakh per acre. Their benefit-cost ratio was found to be 1.4. Small farmer’s gross average gross returns and net returns stood at 1.65 and 0.13 lakh per acre, respectively. Compound growth rates of area, production and productivity was analyzed for turmeric with respect to India and Telangana. For India, a time frame of 2000-2018 was adopted and divided into period I (2000-2009), period II (2010-2018) and Period III (2000-2018) for better understanding. For Telangana from 1980 to 2017 was considered as period I (1980-1998), period II (1999-2017) and period III (1980-2017). The secondary data was collected from various websites, government publications, articles etc. In India from 2000-2018 it was found that they were positive in periods one and three but negative in the second period. In case of Telangana they were always positive except in the case of area in second period. Constraint analysis was carried out with the help of primary data collected by utilizing Garrett’s Ranking Technique. This was done under different categories of problems such as production, financial, processing, infrastructural and market constraints. Climatic adversities ranked first in production constraints. Lack of insurance coverage had the most serious effect among financial constraints. Under processing constraints limitations faced by the farmers to enter and sell in international markets had the most detrimental effect. High transportation cost caused major problems among infrastructural constraints. Limited market information and exposure to international markets was the most important disadvantage in case of market constraints.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Production and international trade of soybean in India with special reference to Madhya Pradesh
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Nema, Satyam; Singh, S.P.
    India’s largest producer of soybean is Madhya Pradesh, the state has highest area, production as well as yield of the crop. Soybean crop can improve the economic condition of farmers of the state as the domestic and international demand for Soybean is increasing with time. Therefore, the present study entitled “Production and International Trade of Soybean in India with Special Reference to Madhya Pradesh” was conducted. The five objectives of the study were; to examine the status of export and import of Soybean and its product from India, to study the socio-economic status of the cultivators, to estimate the cost and return, to assess resource use efficiency and to identify the constraints faced by farmers in soybean production. For the present study, two districts namely; Vidisha and Ujjain were selected purposively, from each districts two blocks were selected purposively, from these blocks total sixteen villages were selected randomly. A final sample of 120 farmers were selected randomly from these villages. The primary data was collected from these 120 soybean cultivators by conducting interview of individual respondents who were classified into marginal, small, medium and large category of soybean farmers on the basis of their size of land holdings. The secondary data on production, exports and imports of soybean and its products were collected from various published, and authorized sources. The result of the study indicated that the approximately, 29.17 per cent of soybean growers were having medium size of land holdings (2-4 hectare). Similar percentage of farmer’s i.e. 25.83 per cent were of marginal (<1 hectare) and large (>4 hectare) and the share of small (1-2 hectare) category of farmers were 19.17 per cent. Majority of family members (67.14 per cent) were under the group of middle age (18-50 year) followed by child (<18 year) i.e., 21.79 per cent and only 11.07 per cent members were of old age (>50 years) from both the districts. Relatively larger proportion (19.17 per cent) of farmers were having qualification up to middle school, followed by primary school (18.33 per cent), and Intermediate (17.50 per cent). The equal proportion of farmers (15 per cent) were undergraduate as well as illiterate. Only 2.5 per cent were having PG level education. Out of the total source of credit taken by the farmers, 50.83 per cent were commercial banks followed by cooperative banks (39.17 per cent), money lenders (6.67 per cent) and friends and relatives (3.33 per cent), respectively. From the findings of cost and return, it was observed that the overall cost of cultivation from both the districts of the state for marginal, small, medium and large soya growers was Rs. 42013.01, Rs. 38118.4, Rs. 36915.5 and Rs. 39412.5 respectively. The total cost of the four categories of the soybean growers indicates that the total cost fluctuates with the land size of soybean growers. The examination of efficiency parameters of soybean cultivation indicated that the yield (quintal per hectare), gross return (Rs. per hectare), net return (Rs. per hectare), benefit-cost ratio and cost of production of soybean (Rs. per quintal) per hectare soybean production were 14.69, 56204.16, 8830.91, 1:1.19 and 3231.28 respectively. It was observed that the farm business income, family labour income and farm investment income for overall farm size groups were Rs. 31236.41, Rs. 14491.84 and Rs. 29738.10 respectively. From the mean technical efficiency of soybean crop most of the farmers were having in 30-49 per cent efficiency interval. In case of mean allocative efficiency, most of the sample respondents were having in 70-89 per cent efficiency interval in the study area. The total average cost efficiency was 0.270 under this, only one per cent soybean farmers highly efficient (>90 per cent efficiency interval) from both the district of Madhya Pradesh. It was observed that uncertain rainfall, insect and pest infestation, high cost of pesticides, high wage rate of labour, lack of labour availability during peak period, use of old technology and lack of storage facilities were the common problems faced by the soybean cultivators in the study area in production and marketing of soybean.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization of Temporal dynamics of millets using mixed-method approach – a case study of Ragi in Karnataka
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) V, Kishor Kumar; Nidhi
    The present study entitled “Characterization of Temporal Dynamics of Millets using Mixed-Method Approach – A Case Study of Ragi in Karnataka” is based on the growth trends in Ragi area, production and yield in Karnataka, ARIMA models for price forecasting of ragi in Kolar and Bangalore districts of Karnataka and the knowledge, attitude and practice of farmers engaged in Ragi cultivation. For area, production and yield of ragi, the data collected for the period of 1950-51 to 2017-18 from www.indiastat.com for Karnataka as well as India. Time series data on prices of Ragi have been obtained from the website (www.agmarknet.gov.in) of Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. Monthly average for minimum and maximum prices have been used for two districts of Name of student : Kishor Kumar V Admission/Registration no. : M/STAT/485/2018-19 Post Graduate degree programme : M.Sc. Ag. (Agricultural Statistics) Department : Basic Sciences and Languages (SMCA, P & L) Major subject : Agricultural Statistics Minor subject : Agricultural Economics Major advisor : Dr. Nidhi Total No. of pages : 72+ⅰ-vi (Bibliography) Year : 2020 Title of the research work : Characterization of Temporal Dynamics of Millets using Mixed-Method Approach – A Case Study of Ragi in Karnataka Karnataka viz., Kolar and Bangalore for a period of nine years i.e., 2011 to 2019 have been used to develop forecasting model. Data from Jan 2011 to Dec 2017 have been applied for model development whereas that for the period of January 2018 to December 2020 for data validation. The portion of data used to develop the model is referred to as training set and that for validating the model is termed as test set. Survey has conducted to obtain information on the socio-demographic profile, knowledge, attitude and practice of farmers engaged in ragi cultivation has obtained by use of semi-structured questionnaire. This study aims at investigating the trend in ragi crop area, production and yield in Karnataka and India. The analysis indicates that there was a significant declining trend in area under Ragi cultivation for Karnataka as well as India from 1951 to 2018. The production and productivity of ragi showed an increasing trend for Karnataka and India as well from 1951 to 2018. Forecasting models have been developed to forecast the price of Ragi in the market of two districts of Karnataka, viz., Bangalore and Kolar. Box-Jenkin’s autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) has been implemented to develop these models. Forecasting models has been developed to predict the price of Ragi in the market of two districts of Karnataka, viz., Bangalore and Kolar. For Kolar district, ARIMA (1,1,2) (1,1,1) and ARIMA (2,1,1) (1,1,1) models are found to be most suitable for forecasting the minimum and maximum market prices respectively. Forecast values along with 95% confidence intervals have been generated for the period starting from Jan 2017 to Dec 2018 using the identified models. The confidence interval is observed to be growing wider with increasing time; hence it can be concluded that the identified ARIMA models for forecasting minimum and maximum market price of Ragi are better for making short term forecasts, preferably for six months. The time series plots of minimum and maximum prices of ragi in Bangalore district were observed to be more fluctuating as compared to that of Kolar district. ARIMA (1,1,0) (0,1,1) and ARIMA (3,1,1) (1,1,1) models were found to be most suitable for forecasting the minimum and maximum market prices respectively in Bangalore district. The 95% confidence intervals generated for the forecast values of both the prices for Bangalore were observed to be much wider compared to that for Kolar. Qualitative analysis has done to identify factors responsible for the observed trend vis the experiences and perceptions of farmers with respect to their knowledge, attitude, practices, constraints they face in ragi cultivation. A semi-structured questionnaire has been developed to collect the knowledge, attitude and practice of farmers engaged in ragi cultivation. The selected ragi cultivating farmer-respondents are same as far as their age and family size is concerned except their education level and land holding. Most of farmer’s income generated through ragi crop cultivation with livestock (40.64%) and remaining (56.30%) income generated through other cereals and pulses.
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    ThesisItemUnknown
    An economic analysis of milk production in Patna district of Bihar
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Kumari, Swati; Sinha, D.K
    The present study aimed for analyzing the milk production in Patna district of Bihar. Four villages, namely Kasimchak and Ganghara from Danapur block and Haldichaapra and Mustafapur mauli from Maner block were selected for the purpose of the study. The sample size comprised of small (60), medium (31) and large (29) milk producers and thus, respondents’ altogether were 120.Among them, 70 were cow milk producers and 50 were buffalo milk producers. The compound annual growth rate of production of milk in the state as well as district were analyzed for data of 17 years, divided into six periods namely triennium ending 2004 , 2007,2010,2013,2015 and 2018. The volume of milk in Bihar increased from 26317.90 lakh liters in 2001-02 to 92410.00 lakh litres in 2017-18. It has been noticed that in Patna district from 2012-13 to 2017-18, the milk production has been increased from 3586.78 lakh litres to 5023.70 lakh litres. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from (2001-02 to 2017-18) in Bihar was found to increase at the rate of 3.4% but in last 6 years (2012-13 to 2017-18) it was reduced to 2.69% growth rate. Whereas, the milk production in Patna district, was observed to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.81% during last six years (2012-13 to 2017-18) , which was observed to be higher as compared to Bihar. Economics of milk production in the study area stated that the gross return (Rs.404.46) and net return (Rs 158.87) per buffalo per day was significantly higher as compared to gross return (Rs 347.67) and net return (Rs 104.68) per cow per day respectively. The higher milk yield from buffalo provided maximum net return as compared to the cow milk production. Similarly, the selling price of buffalo milk was higher as compared to that of cow. The benefit cost ratio was found to be more (1:1.65) in the case of buffalo as compared to cow (1:1.45), respectively. In case of cow milk producers, the average efficiency score for households could be worked out to be 1.08, depicting thereby that 8% cost could be lessened by optimal allocation of concentrate in the form of feed, raising milk production, using more human labour and dry fodder etc. Similar results were found in case of buffalo milk producers, that the average efficiency score for milk producing household could be estimated to be 1.12, showing that 12% cost could be minimized by optimal allocation of resources like green fodder, dry fodder, concentrates, human labour etcetera in buffalo milk production. The marketing structure of the study area revealed that the produce’s share in consumer’s rupee was estimated comparatively high in case of channel-I, followed by channel-II, channel- III and channel-IV. Thus, channel-I was most appropriate and profitable from the viewpoint of the producer’s share. In this channel, direct contact of milk producer with consumer of milk provides maximum share of consumer price to the producer of milk. An attempt to identify the major constraints in the milk production was made using Garrett ranking technique. High fodder cost was one of the major issues faced by dairy farmers in the study area. Apart from this, low productivity of milk, lack of sufficient veterinary facilities and non availability of loan facilities in time were also identified as the major problems related to milk production in the study area. In the present circumstances, the government is also required to take necessary steps towards arranging awareness camps in the villages so that the dairy farmers can get information regarding the subsidies ,proper prices and market facilities. Establishing veterinary service centre to improve the efficiency of the artificial insemination scheme, veterinary services must be provided to the farmers’ door on all bases at reasonable costs. Farmers should be made aware of various government initiatives like, Rhastriya Gokul Mission, E-Pasuhaat portal, National Program for Dairy Development etc .The government should also take initiatives to develop suitable training programmes for the dairy farmers in the form of improved dairy farming practices to enhance their milk production and make the dairying a successful enterprise.
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    An economic analysis of red chillies production in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Kumar, Penugonda Harsha Manikanta Ram; Mishra, R.R.
    The present study aims at estimating the cost involved in production of red chillies for chilli farmers and income generated thereof in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. The primary data was obtained from 120 red chilli growers from eight randomly selected villages of two randomly selected mandals of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh by conducting interviews with individual respondents. The secondary data was obtained from different published and unpublished sources. The data related to area, production and productivity of chilli was collected for the period of 1999-2000 to 2018-19. The overall growth rate of area under chilli was positive for Guntur district (1.51 per cent) and negative for Andhra Pradesh (-3.24 per cent). Negative growth rate of -2.21% and -2.18% was found in area under chilli for the state in both period-I (1999-2000 to 2008-09) and period-II (2009-10 to 2018-19) which was significant statistically at probability level of five per cent. Shift of land to other crops or for non agricultural purposes like construction of roads, growing urbanization etc might be the cause of depletion in area. Compound annual growth in chilli production was found positive for both state and district throughout the period. Both state and district witnessed positive growth in production during (1999-2000 to 2008-09) and period-II (2009-10 to 2018-19). In comparison with the production, productivity also showed similar trends. The overall productivity growth rate has been positive for both the state and the district. The growth observed in production and productivity might be due to adoption of better package of practices by farmers. The average cost of cultivation per ha of chilli was Rs.2,86,047.59 for marginal, Rs. 2,92,437.37 for small, Rs. 3,07,563.84 for medium, Rs.3,18,647.42 for large and Rs.3,01,174.06 for overall farmers in the study area. The gross returns obtained by marginal, small, medium, large and overall farmers were Rs. 3,46,757.13, Rs.3,69,083.92, Rs.4,00,136.30, Rs.4,26,078.79 and Rs.3,85,162.96 respectively. The net returns obtained by marginal, small, medium, large and overall farmers were Rs. 60,709.54, Rs. 76,646.55, Rs. 92,572.46, Rs. 1,07,431.37 and Rs. 83,988.91 respectively. Thus the gross and net returns obtained from chilli cultivation were raised with increase in farm size. The efficiency scores of sample farmers indicated that, the mean scores of TE, AE and CE were 0.859, 0.877 and 0.753 respectively. The distribution of score of technical efficiency implies that that about 52.5 per cent of chilli growers were operated between 70 per cent and 89 per cent. The distribution of allocative efficiency scores expressed that about 65 % of farmers were operated between 70 % and 89 %. The distribution of cost efficiency scores implied that about 37.5 per cent of chilli growers were operated between 70 per cent and 89 per cent. It was observed that the price spread occurred in channel-I was more than both channel-II and channel-III. The share received by producer in the purchase price of consumer was 80.71 % in case of channel-I, 82.13 % in case of channel-II and 83.15 % in case of channel-III respectively. The estimated marketing efficiency for the channel-III was 4.93 which is more than the marketing efficiencies of both channels. It was observed that non-availability of labour during peak period, high wages for labour and varying price for red chillies were the common challenges faced by the chilli respondents in the study region during production and marketing of red chillies.
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    ThesisItemUnknown
    Performance and evaluation of Kisan Credit Card scheme in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Reddy, Karnati Pramodh Kumar; Singh, K.M.
    Agricultural sector is one of the prime constituents of the Indian economy. Due to poor flow of credit to the agricultural sector, KCC scheme was introduced to reduce the problems of credit in the agricultural sector. Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh was selected for this investigation because KCC is disbursed in sufficient number and is agriculturally developed district. Hence a total of 240 samples farmers comprising of 120 KCC beneficiaries and 120 non-KCC beneficiaries were collected to assess the impact of KCC on crop production, utilization pattern of KCC, to assess the effectiveness in improving livelihood security among respondents. To find out the performance of KCC in the district under study secondary data was used. From the findings of the study it was found that total number of KCC issued during the period 2015-16 to 2019-20 by RRBs was 1.07 lakh and the amount disbursed was 10.62% of the total amount disbursed and the CAGR of KCC issued and the amount sanctioned were 0.37% and 5.96%. Total number of KCC issued during the period 2015-16 to 2019-20 by cooperative banks was 1.95 lakh and the amount disbursed was Rs.114991.7 lakh and the CAGRs of KCC issued and the amount sanctioned were 9.44%% and -1.50%. Total number of KCC issued during the period 2015-16 to 2019-20 by commercial banks was 44.48% of the total KCC issued and total amount disbursed was 77.95% and the CAGRs of KCC issued and the amount sanctioned were 1.66% and 1.60%. In case of extent of utilization, 81% use of KCC was noticed to reduce the cost of obtaining loan, followed by using KCC for insurance of the crop (80.67%). The gap was found to be 37.67% in the use of KCC benefits in growing crops for all seasons. Overall use of KCC was found to be 61.71% and the overall gap in utilization was estimated to be 38.29%. The cost of cultivation of important crops like sorghum, sesamum and Bengal gram for KCC beneficiaries and non KCC beneficiaries was computed to compare the relative costs and returns from these crops for assessing the impact of KCC on crop production. The average cost C2 for sorghum computed to be Rs.40470.42 and Rs. 36378.87 ha-1 in case of KCC and non KCC holders. The net returns were Rs. 25977.48 and Rs. 19301.93 for KCC and Non KCC holders. The reason for higher cost and returns for KCC holders may be on account of higher cost of inputs as they may have used quality inputs which yielded better output and hence comparatively good price with respect to non-KCC holder. Similar results were obtained in case of crops. Average expenditures of KCC beneficiaries on education, food and health care were Rs.31674.17, Rs. 72624 and Rs. 9795.83, respectively whereas these expenditures were assessed to be Rs. 19008.33, Rs. 68210.00 and Rs. 8952.5 respectively for non-KCC holders. The differences in expenditure might be on account of higher income of KCC holders by improved income through farming. The results clearly indicated that KCC has positive impacts on livelihoods of the KCC beneficiaries of the study area. The respondents ranked first for insufficient credit limit followed by unavailability of credit in time. Location difficulty was ranked as the lowest problem faced by the respondents. Recovery of loan was reported to be an important constraint by the bankers. The other constrains as reported were time taken for sanctioning the loan and lengthy formalities for issuing KCC.
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    Growth and forecasting studies of coffee in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) M A, Nagendra; Kumar, Mahesh
    The present study entitled ―Growth and forecasting studies of coffee in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka‖ is based on growth trend and ARIMA models for forecasting coffee yield in Chikkamagaluru. The secondary data on coffee area, production and yield were collected for 1992 to 2018 from Coffee Board India, Bengaluru and www.indiastat.com. The data from 1992 to 2016 were used for analysis of forecasting wheat yield and the data for 2017 to 2018 were kept for model evaluation. Trend analysis and validity tests were also calculated. With the help of above facts, it was found that the ARIMA (1,0,0) model is best fitted among all the models namely ARIMA (0, 0, 0), ARIMA (0,0,1), ARIMA (0,1,1), ARIMA (0,1,2), ARIMA (1,0,1), ARIMA (1,0,2), ARIMA (2,0,0), ARIMA (2,0,1), ARIMA (2,1,0), ARIMA (2,1,1), ARIMA (2,1,2). The parameters of all these models were computed and tested for their significance. Various statistics were also computed for selecting the adequate and parsimonious model i.e., t-test and chi-square test. This is supported by low value of MAPE, MAE, RMSE, BIC for forecasting of coffee yield in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka. Forecasting of coffee yield for the next four years was employed based on ARIMA model. The results showed that there was a rapid increase in the yield of coffee. This study also computes the confidence intervals at 95% limits both lower and upper for the forecasts done four periods ahead for the time series data of productivity of coffee by using the best fitted ARIMA (1, 0, 0) model. Further, study was done for trend analysis, it was found that the trend is likely to be increasing order of coffee area and production where as it is in decreasing order in case of productivity. The overall trend seems to be linear and increasing in case of area, production but linear and decreasing in productivity of coffee. A validity tests were also done by using Kendall test, Spearman test, Pearson test and Mann Kendall test, it was found that all are highly significant.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Dynamics of Coffee ( Cofffeaarabica spp.) production and marketing in Kodagu district of Karnataka
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) M.P., Abhishek; Kumar, Amalendu
    The present study aims at studying the dynamics of Coffee (Coffeaarabica spp.) production and marketing in Kodagu district of Karnataka.The total sample size for the current study was 120 constituting 40 planters each from three taluks of Kodagu district. Multistage type of sampling was used to select the ultimate sample and the data required were collected based on the records and recalls of the sampled respondents. Karnataka state was selected purposively at first level as it is the leading producing state of coffee in India accounting for 68 per cent of total production. In Karnataka, Kodagu district is selected purposively which alone holds half of the production in the state.Coffeaarabica is grown in all the three taluks namely Madikeri, Somwarpet and Virajpet in the selected district. Therefore, all these three taluks were selected purposively. A list of all the coffee growing villages was prepared in the selected taluks, one village or two from each taluk was selected randomly keeping in view the availability of adequate number of respondents. A list of planters according to the estate size was prepared and there after categorized into two broad categories i.e., small (below 10 ha) and large (above 10.01 ha) following Coffee Board’s standard categorization. From each taluk, a sample of 40 planters (small and large) was selected randomly. The compound annual growth rate for area in Karnataka as well as India has encountered a positive rate of growth which is 0.0004 and 0.0172 respectively. The growth rate was statistically significant in Karnataka at 5% level of significance whereas in India it was statistically insignificant. The compound growth rate of production was observed to be -0.0092 and -0.0117 in Karnataka and India in the same order and was statistically significant in both the cases at 5% level of significance. The compound annual growth rate of productivity (kgs/ha) registered a declining and negative growth rate with -0.0097 and was statistically significant at 5% level of significance in Karnataka and -0.0285 in India which was statistically insignificant at 5% level. The Compound Annual Growth Rate of export of coffee from India also has encountered a positive growth of 0.04 (4.15%) which was insignificant statistically at 5 % level of significance. India’s share in total export has also encountered a positive growth of 0.02(2.12%) which was statistically significant at 5 % level of significance. Compound growth rate of quantity and value encountered a negative growth with compound growth rate of -0.79 and -0.45 respectively during the time period 2010-2019 which were insignificant statistically at 5 % level of significance. The Cuddy Della Valle’s instability Index (CDVI) worked out for the quantity, value and unit value. The results showed an instability of 8.29, 6.16 and 6.40 per cent respectively in export of coffee from India. The cost of establishment consists of initial investment in the first year andvarious fixed costs and variable costs involved during the gestation period (upto forth year from planting). The total cost of establishment borne by smalland large plantations were Rs.5,41,232.47/- per ha and Rs.5,26,693.46/- per ha in the same order.The investment was somewhat higher in small plantation (Rs.5,41,232.47/- per hectare) than large plantation (Rs.5,26,693.46/- per hectare). The total annual cost of maintenanceof coffee plantation was Rs.1,44,792.8/- per hectare and Rs.1,41,786.8/- per hectare in the same order for small plantations and large coffee plantations. The per hectare discounted Net Present Value (NPV) of cash inflow was higher (Rs1,32,064/- per ha) on small plantation compared with that of large plantation (Rs.1,75,247/- per ha) for the whole 30 years of life span, signifying the economically viable proportion of the coffee plantations. Further, the NPV on large plantation was more than the small plantation. It might be because of the higherrealization of returns in case of large plantations. The IRR on small plantation recorded (11.76 %) was lesser than large plantation(12.35%). The lending rate in banks are usually 10 per cent (commercial banks) for the long term loans and the IRR was found to be greater than the lending rate in both the small estates as well as large estates which depicted that coffee enterprise had a good repayment capacity in the long run. The Benefit-cost ratio was worked out and seen to be 1.10 and 1.13 in case of small estates and large estates in the same order in the study area. The figures were found to be higher in case of large planters which indicated that large estate owners gained more from the investment on the coffee plantations than that of small planters. The PBP was found to be 7.9 years in case of large plantation and 8.4 years in small farms. Hence, the time required to cover the initial investment was found to be around 8 years in context of a longer life span of coffee estates which would be sufficient to yield good income and improve the economy of the investor. There are various constraints which all the stakeholders in the coffee chain face. Out of which the major constraint that was reported to be problematic to the coffee growers was the infestation of Coffee stem borer with a Garrett mean score of 78.34.The coffee growers reported that a huge loss in yield has occurred every year, due to the infestation of coffee stem borers. Once the stem borer infests a coffee plant, the whole plant has to be uprooted or else it destroys the whole estate as per the views of respondents. Inappropriate price realized for the produce is the major constraint faced by the planters during marketing of produce with Garrett Mean Score of 55.3. Lack of proper transportation facilities comes next with the Garrett mean score of 54.85. The major problem faced by the middlemen while undertaking marketing operations was the lack of transportation facilities in the research area with Garrett Mean Score of 52.2. Increase in transportation cost on the other hand increases the cost of marketing and ultimately price spread in marketing chain. Higher moisture content in the procured coffee is the major constraint faced by the coffee curers with Garrett Mean Score of 75. The ideal moisture content for dried coffee is 12 per cent. Anything greater than this, would damage the quality of coffee. Unavailability of transportation facilities is also a prime problem with Garrett Mean Score of 45. The prime constraint hindering the export of coffee from India was higher expenses incurred during coffee production in India with Garrett Mean Score of 78.34. Cut throat competition faced by the exporters from other coffee producing nations on two criteria i.e.,quantity and price is the other main constraint faced by coffee curers with Garrett Mean Score of 60.72. The analysis, in nutshell, concludes that disease attack and adverse climatic conditions are the major constraints which has more impact during production and responsible for low remunerative price realized by planters. The analysis also observed that marketing of produce through proper marketing channel at right time and place plays a crucial role as large no of planters felt that middle men caused adversely leading to the uneconomic prices.Based on the research findings, the following suggestions have been made for improvisation. The scientific practises coupled with low cost techniques is necessary to enhance the productivity of soil in the study area as well as in the coffee growing areas. As coffee is an export oriented crop, easing the regulations on movement of the commodity between the borders may help reducing the price spread. Coffee Board need to, intervene in the marketing of coffee,in order to check the malpractices followed by the middlemen. Special loans can be provided by the public sector banks to the planters for a simplified disbursement of loans to the planters which could help planters during the peak operations period. The extension work has to be strengthened which exposes growers to the innovations which is utmost necessary for improving the industry. The gravity of pest and diseases attack has drastically increased in the recent past. Hence, measures have to be taken like development of integrated disease and pest management in order to eradicate these pests and diseases before they take over the entire coffee estates.