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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo DEVELOPMENT OF SALT TOLERANT VERSION OF KMP-149 RICE VARIETY THROUGH MARKER ASSISTED BACKCROSS BREEDING(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-05-31) SANDESH G M; C. A. DEEPAKRice is a major cereal that nourishes more than half of the global population but productivity of rice is greatly affected by soil salinity across the world which is the second most widespread abiotic stress after drought. In the present investigation 36 rice genotypes were identified as saline tolerant following screening in 100 mM NaCl salt solution with six genotypes having new haplotype. Further, we have developed salt tolerant versions of KMP-149 through marker assisted backcross breeding by successful introgression of Saltol QTL into the genetic background of KMP-149 from the donor FL478 using Saltol QTL linked markers. While SSR markers RM8094, RM3412 and RM10748 were used in foreground selection, 77 unrelated polymorphic markers were employed for background selection. Backcrossing the F1s harboring Saltol QTL with KMP-149 as recurrent parent resulted in BC1F1 population. The foreground selection among BC1F1 plants revealed 14 triple positive plants, which were backcrossed to generate BC2F1. Background selection in plants morphologically similar to KMP-149 showed highest genome recovery of 79.87 % and 90.26 % at BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations, respectively. Foreground selection among selected 70 BC2F2 plants identified 15 homozygous Saltol QTL positive plants with highest genome recovery of 93.51%. Similarly, in BC3F1 generation 11 plants were having Saltol QTL and had a highest genome recovery of 95.45%. In BC2F3 generation, six lines were identified as tolerant to salt stress with a visual salt injury score of 3 on screening for salinity tolerance at 100 mM NaCl concentration. BC2F2 and BC3F1 plants possessing Saltol QTL had grain and plant type comparable to that of KMP-149. Hence, improved version of KMP-149, with tolerance to salt stress, appear promising for enhancing rice production in salinity-affected soils.ThesisItem Embargo BIOEFFICACY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AGAINST MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.) UNDER POLYHOUSE CONDITIONS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-05-31) PRAVEEN RANADEV; K. NAGARAJUThe bioefficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against major insect pests of gerbera was studied under polyhouse conditions. Out of the 81 fungal isolates isolated from two agro-climatic zones of Karnataka, India, 16 isolates showed insecticidal activity and were identified as Metarhizium spp. Beauveria spp. Aspergillus spp. Lecanicillium spp. Isaria spp. and Hirsutella spp. Additionally, the 16 isolates were examined for cuticle degrading enzyme activity, namely chitinase, protease and lipase. The enzymes activity of Beauveria sp. and Lecanicillium sp. ranged between 0.87-1.21 U/ml, 0.1-0.32 U/mL, and 0.28-0.43 U/mL, respectively. The leaf discs treated with Lecanicillium sp. (ENPF-24 & ENPF-41), Beauveria (ENPF-60) and Hirsutella sp. (ENPF-58) showed significantly higher mortality rate in test insects (aphids, thrips, mites and whitefly). The LC50 and LT50 were determined by probit analysis and the lowest LC50 (9.4×104, 1.5×105 and 1.5×105 conidia/mL) and LT50 (5.7, 5.89, and 5.51 days) were recorded from Lecanicillium sp. (ENPF-41). Sabouraud’s dextrose was found to be the best medium to produce entomopathogenic isolates. Further, Among the agro-wastes, the isolates produced significantly higher conidial in sorghum grains fortified with 10% molasses, followed by the treatment, 25% paddy husk + 25% Bagasse + 25% PMS + 25% Crushed Sorghum grains + 10% molasses. Subsequently, six virulent strains of entomopathogenic fungi were molecularly identified as Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium lecanii, Isaria fumosorosea and Hirsutella thompsonii. Under polyhouse conditions, the application of biocontrol agents reduced the gerbera pest population by 35-50%. Native entomopathogenic fungal isolates performed better than reference strains.ThesisItem Embargo DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF CORE SETS IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max L. Merrill) GERMPLASM(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-05-25) KAVERI CHAWAN; P. RavishankarThe development of a reduced representative set from a large base collection enhances its role in crop improvement. Considering the size of current soybean germplasm (2000 accessions) obtained from IISR (Indian Institute of Soybean Research), Indore, Madhya Pradesh, felt the difficulty in conserving, characterizing, and evaluating it, an attempt was made to develop a core set in order to increase its usage in breeding. A set of 2000 germplasm accessions along with 3 check varieties were characterized for 13 qualitative traits and 7 quantitative traits following augmented design at GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru. Substantial polymorphism for qualitative traits and genetic variability for quantitative traits in the germplasm were observed. A total of eight core sets were developed using seven quantitative traits data following standard stratified clustering approach. Qualitative trait-based statistics such as chi-square test, class coverage and Shannon-Weaver diversity index were used as validation criteria to examine homogeneity, retention of qualitative traits-based classes, and polymorphism diversity respectively. Quantitative trait-based univariate statistics (mean and variance) and standardized multivariate statistics (SMD%, CR%, VD% and VR%) were used to assess the representativeness of core sets. A Core set of 15 per cent size developed using logarithmic sampling with preferred allocation strategy was identified as the best representative of the base collection. This core set is suggested as a priority resource for use in breeding programme. To identify trait specific accessions from the core set, 300 (15% core size) soybean germplasm accessions were characterized for 13 qualitative traits and 7 quantitative traits using augmented design at two locations, viz., GKVK Bengaluru and KVK Dodballapura, during Kharif 2022. Based on early flowering, less plant height, early maturity and higher expression of accessions for other four traits, single trait-specific and multiple trait-specific accessions were identified. Twenty five accessions were found promising for combination of desirable traits.ThesisItem Embargo EFFECT OF FERTIGATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN AEROBIC RICE-COWPEA CROPPING SEQUENCE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-05-15) JAYANTHI, T.; P. K. BASAVARAJAA field experiment was undertaken at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru to study the effect of fertigation on growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency in aerobic rice-cowpea cropping sequence during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Hybrid rice was tested under aerobic condition with 16 treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design. Treatments includes Control, 100% RDF through conventional fertilizers (CF) as per package of practice (PoP), application of RDF with CF through fertigation at 4 and 8 days interval and also different doses (30, 50 & 100%) of fertilisers through recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and soil test crop response (STCR) approaches using water soluble fertilizers (WSF) through fertigation at 4 and 8 days interval (DI). The results indicated that, significantly higher plant height, tillers hill-1 and total dry matter accumulation hill-1, panicles hill-1, test weight, filled grains panicle-1, panicle length, grain yield (62.98 q ha-1) and straw yield (85.26 q ha-1) of aerobic rice were recorded with 100% STCR dose through fertigation of WSF at 8 DI over soil application of 100% RDF through CF as per PoP. Similarly, significantly higher uptake of primary and secondary nutrients by rice was recorded in treatment receiving fertigation with 100% STCR dose through WSF at 8 DI. However, significantly higher available N, P2O5 and K2O contents in soil were recorded in fertigation with 100% STCR dose through WSF at 4 DI. Treatment with 100% RDF through CF at 4 DI recorded significantly higher B: C ratio (2.74). In the residual study with cowpea crop, treatment with 100% RDF through WSF at 8 DI for aerobic rice recorded significantly higher plant height, branches plant-1, total dry matter accumulation plant-1, pods plant-1, pod length, seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield (12.94 q ha-1) and haulm yield (26.17 q ha-1) of cowpea.ThesisItem Embargo IDENTIFYING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL EFFECTOR PROTEINS FROM Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae CAUSING LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE IN RICE AND USE OF SMALL MOLECULES IN DISEASE RESISTANCE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-05-05) SWATHI, S. PATIL; M. K. PrasannakumarRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple commodity, providing food for nearly half the global population. The bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most destructive diseases afflicting rice fields. The morphological, biochemical and pathogenicity characteristics of ten Xoo isolates from various rice-growing regions in India were used to differentiate them. The pathogenicity assay determined that all isolates were virulent on the susceptible variety TN-1, with the KA isolate producing significantly more lesion length, in planta bacterial count, xanthomonadin, and exopolysaccharide. Through dual transcriptome analysis of contrasting rice cultivars (TN-1 and RP-Bio226), disease resistance genes such as ARK1AS, mla1, RPM1, RPS2 and RPP-13 protein 1 were found to be upregulated in RP-Bio226 in response to Xoo infection. In the susceptible variety, the production of the susceptibility gene OsSWEET11 was upregulated, whereas it was downregulated in the resistant cultivar RP-Bio226. Many type 3 secretion system proteins, including PthXo1, XopN, XopW, HrpB2, SctJ, and SctN were identified in Xoo infecting the susceptible variety, but none in the resistant variety. RP-Bio226 produced higher levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion than the susceptible variety TN-1. Using plants expressing OsSWEET11- gRNA, the OsSWEET11 gene was characterised using the CRISPR Cas9 gene editing technology. Gene editing was confirmed in the transgenic plant S21 with change in amino acid from isoleucine to leucine at position 263 and leucine to isoleucine at position 266. S21 also displayed a resistant reaction to Xoo. In addition, a novel small molecule 6-[(3- oxido-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-3-ium-5-yl)oxy]2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-1-ium-1-olate was identified through a chemical genomics approach, targeting the effector protein PthXo1 to confer resistance against Xoo in the TN-1 variety. The plants sprayed with the small molecule immediately following Xoo inoculation exhibited a significant decrease in lesion length and in planta bacterial count compared to the control.ThesisItem Embargo DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM FOR AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-30) JAGADEESH, U.; Muthuraju, R.A total of 173 microorganisms were isolated and qualitatively screened for lignocellulolytic activities and further screened based on quantitative and number of lignocellulolytic enzyme production like FPase, CMCase, β-glucosidase, Xylanase, Laccase, Mnp and Lip. The promising lignocellulolytic isolates viz. UASFW, UASFK2, UASBW1 and UASAP2 were selected and were identified as Phanerochaete chrysosporium UASBLCF_01, Purpureocillium lilacinum UASBLCF_02, Bacillus inaquosorum UASBLCB_03 and Streptomyces viridosporus UASBLCA_04, respectively at genomic level with compatibility study. In an in-vitro study using these isolates a consortium was developed based on their degradation potential using paddy straw, sugarcane trash and maize stover as substrates. The developed lignocellulolytic consortium showed highest degradation potential, steady decrease in Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) compared to the control. The C: N declined to 18.86 in paddy straw, 16.98 in maize stover and 22.70 in sugarcane trash at 90 days after composting. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed modification in the surface structure of the degraded material. Further, lignocelluloytic consortium was tested for its degradation potential when amended with cow dung, FYM @ 10%, urea (@ 2% & 4%), human urine (1:1 & 2:1 dilution) using paddy straw, sugarcane trash and maize stover substrates. The results revealed that, in all substrates amended with cow dung @10%, FYM and urea @4% (T6) showed faster degradation and found statically on par when substrates were amended with urea @2% (T5), human urine of dilution 1:1 (T7) and 1:2 (T8) where cow dung and FYM were common. Hence, urea @2% and human urine @1:2 dilution were optimized for large scale compost production of all the three substrates along with cow dung @10%, FYM @10% and consortia. In a field study, 100% RDF + urea enriched paddy straw compost (T4) produced better baby corn growth and yield and improved soil biological parameters.ThesisItem Embargo EVALUATION OF HIGH PROTEIN RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES OF RICE Oryza sativa L.(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-24) LAKSHMEESHA R; HARINIKUMAR, K. M.Protein malnutrition had direct impact on the human growth and development. Breeding for high protein content and high yielding ability is always a challenging task. In the present study, 1,256 recombinant inbred lines derived by crossing Samba Mahsuri and HPR 14 were evaluated for various agronomic traits and total grain protein content. Wide range of variability was observed for many phenotypic traits recorded during summer and kharif seasons. Pearson correlation coefficient indicated the presence of significant positive association between yield and other agronomic traits, which could be indirectly used for improving yield. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 200 RILs were selected for protein estimation and validation of SSR markers linked to seed protein content. The protein content among these selected RILs ranged from 14.99 mg/g to 28.11 mg/g. Utilization of markers linked to QTLs/genes controlling protein content helps in selection of high protein alleles in the genotypes. Among four SSR markers, RM520, RM555 and RM 205 significantly associated with protein content with 10, 9.49 and 7 per cent of phenotypic variation, respectively. By looking into the phenotypic performance and protein content, seven lines (>20.646 mg/g) viz., BH-RIL-00317, BH-RIL-00339, BH-RIL-01101, BH-RIL-00334, BHRIL 01107, BH-RIL-00421 and BH-RIL-00465, lines were shortlisted for multi-location testing to assess their yielding ability and could be released as variety for commercial cultivationThesisItem Embargo EFFECT OF WATERSHED-BASED INTERVENTIONS ON SOIL KEY PROPERTIES, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, YIELD, UPTAKE AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SELECTED CROP IN SELECTED LAND USE SYSTEM OF APPANAHALLI SUB WATERSHED OF GUBBI TALUK, KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-30) SAYANTIKA BHATTACHARYA; CHIKKARAMAPPA, T.An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of watershed based interventions on soil key properties, carbon sequestration, yield, uptake and nutrient content of ragi crop in three land use systems (upland, midland and flatland) of Appanahalli sub watershed of Gubbi Taluk, Karnataka. Surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at 320 m grid interval and collected ragi straw along with ear heads were transported to laboratory and analysed. The results were compared with the previous study of 2017. Soils of Appanahalli sub watershed were grouped into five textural classes viz, sandy loam, loamy sand, sandy clay, sandy clay loam and clay with a bulk density value of 1.43 Mg m-3. The pH of the soil varied from strongly acidic to moderately alkaline with EC value of 0.16 dS m-1 and cation exchange capacity value of 19.81 dSm-1. Soil was medium in organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and K2O, high in sulphur, low in B with sufficient content of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The mean values of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were 366.73 μg g-1 and 42.08 μg g- 1, respectively. Concentration of macro and micro-nutrients were more in flatland when compared to upland. Very labile carbon, labile carbon, less labile carbon, non-labile carbon, inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon and active carbon values were more in flatland of the watershed. Soil organic carbon stock in Appanahalli sub watershed is 1.46 kg m-2 and a total of 0.20 Mg C ha-1 has been sequestered in the period of four years. Grain yield (23.28 q ha-1) and straw yield (27.12 q ha-1) of finger millet grown in sub watershed were higher in flatland compared to upland because of surface accumulation of nutrients and organic matter. In comparison with earlier study of 2017, no significant variation was observed in soil nutrients and finger millet yield except soil available nitrogenThesisItem Embargo SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS AND EVALUATING ITS EFFICACY ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY IN ALFISOL(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-30) RASHMI, C. M.; PRAKASH, S. S.Nano phosphorus fertilizers namely hydroxyapatite (NP1), nano rockphosphate (NP2) and carboxy methyl cellulose coated hydroxyapatite (NP3) were synthesized and characterized using PXRD, SEM, FTIR and DLS techniques which confirmed all the synthesized materials having nano material characteristics. Incubation study was conducted for 120 days using the synthesized nano phosphorus materials. The results revealed that saloid bound P, aluminium bound P, iron bound P, calcium bound P and reductant soluble P content decreased while occluded P, organic P and total P content (142.7 to 144.06 mg kg-1) increased with incubation time. To evaluate the efficacy of nano P fertilizer in maize, a field experiment was conducted with eleven treatments replicated t hrice. The results revealed that T9 treatment recorded significantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes and yield (73.59 q ha-1) of maize. The nutrients (macro and micronutrient) content in maize kernel and stover were significantly higher with the application of 75% RDP through SSP along with nano P fertilizers (Either 5% RDP through soil application or 1% RDP through foliar spray or both). Available N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S content in postharvest soil were increased in 100% RPP treatment. Higher PUE (38.20 %) was found in T9 treatment. Higher B:C ratio of 3.03 was recorded in T10 treatment. The content of saloid bound P, aluminium bound P, iron bound P, reductant soluble P and Ca bound P content in soil decreased while content of organic P, occluded P and total P in soil increased with crop growth period in all the treatments which received 75 % RDP through SSP along with nano P fertilizers. From this investigation, it is confirmed that soil application of nano-P @ 5% RDP or foliar application @ 1% RDP or combined application can reduce 25 per cent application of conventional P fertilizers
