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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS OF Simarouba glauca AND Calophyllum inophyllum AGRO-FORESTRY TREE SPECIES(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-02-24) PRASANNA KUMARA, M; Hattappa, SField experiment, “Studies on decomposition of leaf litter and nutrient dynamics of Simarouba glauca and Calophyllum inophyllum agro-forestry tree species” was conducted at GKVK, Bengaluru and ARS Hassan during winter and summer 2014-15. The experiment comprising of sixteen treatments consisting of two tree species, two depths, two locations in two seasons, laid out in factorial RCBD with three replications. The leaf litter production quantified for two seasons during winter and summer (November to April 2015) in Simarouba and Calophyllum at two locations revealed that the highest leaf litter fall was recorded during winter in Simarouba (24.33 kg tree-1 month-1) and lowest in Calophyllum (2.7 kg tree-1 month-1) during summer. The microbial activities showed significant differences at 90 days after leaf litter decomposition in two tree species. The urease (102.09 μg NH4 -1 g-1 soil 2hr-1), DHA (112.6 μg TPF g-1 soil day-1) and phosphatase (29.2 and 23.3 μg PNP g-1 soil) activity was recorded highest in Simarouba plantation compared to Calophyllum plantation. The available soil nutrients were significantly higher at 90 days after leaf litter decomposition in Simarouba plantation (N-193.8 kg ha-1, P-32.6 kg ha-1, K-362.6 kg ha-1 and S-29.7 ppm) compared to Calophyllum plantation (N- 174.5 kg ha-1, P-25.6 kg ha-1, K-246.41 kg ha-1 and S-24 ppm), respectively. The Simarouba tree species litter had a higher initial nutrient content and released its nutrients faster with higher proportion than the Calophyllum tree thus significantly higher soil fertility was obtained in Simarouba agro-forestry system.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR GENETICS OF STERILITY MOSAIC DISEASE (SMD) RESISTANCE IN PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-12) PRAKASH, G. PATIL; SHASHIDHAR, H. EThe present investigation was carried to understand the genetics of resistance to SMD in pigeonpea. Genetic variability was studied among 70 pigeonpea genotypes for twelve leaf morpho-anatomical traits. Analysis of variance and descriptive statistics revealed presence of higher variability for these traits. The traits such as trichome numbers, length on both surfaces of leaf and leaf chlorophyll content showed highest GCV, PCV, broad sense heritability, genetic advance for direct selection. Screening of 70 genotypes against Bengaluru isolate of SMD revealed, only two cultivars (ICPL 7035 and BRG 3) and 11 wild genotypes were resistant. Correlations study on extreme 23 resistant and susceptible genotypes revealed significant negative association of trichome numbers on both leaf surfaces with other leaf traits. While, significant positive correlation was observed for trichome lengths on both surfaces of leaf with leaf thickness. The specific leaf area, weight, trichome numbers and length on lower surface of leaf showed higher discrimination function in relation to per cent disease incidence. Biochemical analysis revealed all susceptible genotypes with higher mean protein content (15.96) compared to resistant genotypes (9.06). SSAP and TRAP markers were developed based on active retroelement CcRT8 and two R genes. SSR markers revealed BRG 3 and ICP 7035 were the best resistant donors. The frequency distribution graph of F6 84RIL population against SMD revealed platykurtic (Kurtosis= -0.019) and negatively skewed (Skewness= -1.124) suggesting involvement of two or more genes for resistance. Parental polymorphism revealed, out of 55 SSR primers 40 were polymorphic between ICP 8863 (S) × BRG 3(R). Through bulk segregant and single-marker analysis three markers viz., AHSSR 50150, AHSSR 34130 and AHSSR 20125 were found closely associated with SMD resistance and explaining 21, 8 and 6 per cent of phenotypic variations. The information generated will be very useful for resistance breeding in pigeonpea.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND AGRO ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN PERI URBAN AND RURAL AREAS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-25) ROOPA, H. S.; Chinnappa Reddy, B. VThe present study was carried out with an overall objective of economic impact of urbanisation on rural and peri-urban farming household across irrigated and rainfed situations. Primary data were collected from 160 farmers, 80 each from rural (Ramanagara taluk) and peri-urban (Hoskote taluk) region. Among 80 farmers, 40 farmers each under rainfed and irrigated situation were considered. Time series data on area under all crop categories were considered for 26 years ( 1986 to 2012). Over the years, area under crop categories like cereals, pulses and oilseeds had shown negative growth rate, whereas perennials like coconut, mango and eucalyptus had shown positive growth rate. Agro ecosystem services such as fertility status and pollution factors influence agricultural land values to an extent of 20 to 25 per cent. Farmers in the peri-urban areas used urban and industrial waste contaminated water as source of irrigation and were able to realize additional net income of about Rs 28,425 per acre. Sample farmers viewed that the urbanisation had negative impact on men, women as they were losing interest in farm and allied activities and inculcated fancy towards the nearby urban areas, whereas they felt there was positive impact on children because of exposure to better education system. Urbanisation had negative impact on farming community as there was fear of encroachment . of agricultural lands,. non availability ·of labour for agricultural activities etc. Urbanisation had positive impact on landless labourers as there was ample job opportunities on farm and also on non-farm sectors. Sale proceedings of agricultural land revealed that investments on the real estate· (0.27) had fetched better returns, followed by investment on agricultural lands (0.20).ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) THROUGH MUTATION BREEDING(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-12) CHITTI, BHARATKUMAR; Nandini, RBambara groundnut (Vigna subterrnea L. (Verdc.) termed as a potential crop of future is said to have its origin in Africa. It is considered to be a completely balanced food rich in protein (25-28%) and quantitatively superior to other pulses due to essential amino acids methionine and lysine. The present investigation was undertaken to utilize mutation breeding to genetically improve the self pollinated underexploited protein rich crop. The objectives of the study include determination of LD50 value, genotypic sensitivity, effectiveness and efficiency of EMS and isolation of economically important lines in two varieties of Bambara groundnut SB-42 and S-165A.The seeds were treated with EMS concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 per cent. EMS concentration of 0.3 per cent was determined to be LD50 value for both the varieties. Comparing the mutagenic effect on various biological parameters S-165A was more sensitive than SB-42. At 0.3 per cent EMS concentration a higher number of chlorophyll mutations were recorded compared to other treatments. Morphological mutations in SB-42 were identified to be more than in the variety S-165A.In M1 generation a negative shift in plant height was observed per cent mean over control in all concentrations of EMS. In M2 generation, days to flowering, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant and shelling percentage exhibited a higher per cent increase over control. Based on Chisquare test for yellow mosaic virus disease resistance, the resistance was governed by single recessive gene and mutant families F-91, F-94, F-35, F-92, F-105 in SB-42 and F- 9,F-86,F-1, F-7 and F-19 in S-165A families exhibited tolerance to yellow mosaic virus disease under natural conditions. Variability for characters like number of plants per plant, pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant in M3 generation was higher and mutant families F-62, F-82, F-105, F-35 in SB-42 and F-7, F-14, F-9, F-1 in S-165A recorded high yield, high protein and high methionine content.ThesisItem Open Access Transcriptional regulation to enhance drought tolerance in plants: Co-expression of AhBTF3, AhNF-YA7 and EcSAP-ZF in rice and characterization of novel regulator, EcTAF6 in model system(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-12) PARVATHI, M. SREEKUMAR; Nataraja, KarabaDrought adversely affects crop productivity in tropical countries. To improve crop drought tolerance, modern approaches like molecular breeding and/or transgenesis are used to pyramid traits. In this study, an attempt was made to manipulate transcriptional regulation by co-expressing three stress responsive transcriptional regulators (TRs), AhBTF3, AhNF-YA7 and EcSAP-ZF to enhance cellular tolerance under drought in rice. The putative transgenic plants tolerant to glyphosate were confirmed for transgene integration and expression. The T2 plants exhibited better growth performance under nonstress conditions compared to wild type. The superior stress response of transgenic lines was evidenced in excised leaf disc and seedling level assays under multiple abiotic stresses. The selected lines had better pollen viability and grain yield than wild type, post drought at reproductive stage. Superior T3 lines displayed enhanced tolerance to transcription and translation inhibition, and organellar stresses. Six promising lines have been forwarded to T4 generation for productivity analysis. Additionally, efforts were made to prospect novel TRs from dry-land crop, finger millet, by analysing a drought stressed leaf transcriptome data. This led to the identification and cloning of EcTAF6, a subunit of transcription pre-initiation complex. Expression analysis of TAF6 in finger millet and Brassica rapa revealed responsiveness to multiple stresses. Two splice variants of EcTAF6, probably resulting from alternative splicing, were discovered in stressed leaf cDNA. The functional characterisation of TAF6 by down regulation using Virus Induced Gene Silencing approach in Nicotiana benthamiana, and Arabidopsis attaf6 mutants demonstrated its relevance under stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis have been developed to over-express EcTAF6 which are to be evaluated further. This study, for the first time, indicated that TAF6 could be a key regulator in multiple stress response networks. In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that basal transcriptional regulators can be the novel candidates for enhancing cellular tolerance of crops under drought conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STACKING OF UPSTREAM REGULATORY GENES TO CONFER ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-03) PATIL, MAHESH; Chandrashekara Reddy, PRice cultivation under aerobic condition has phenomenal relevance in terms of saving water. But reduced water availability and high VPD affecting crop growth and productivity. Thus it is important to improve adaptation of rice under aerobic condition by improving water relations and cellular level tolerance (CLT) mechanisms. Improving CLT to sustain cell metabolic activities has relevance under stress and among several CLT mechanisms, protein synthesis and stability are crucial. From this context, an attempt has been made to validate three regulatory genes i.e. Pg47 (Pennisetum glaucum 47, a RNA helicase), OseIF4E (Oryza sativa translational initiation factor 4E) and PgHSF4 (Pennisetum glaucum heat shock factor 4) involved in protein synthesis and protection in a model system tobacco. Transgenics expressing single and multigene cassette showed higher tolerance to diverse stresses viz. salinity, ER, heavy metal, drought and osmotic stress, besides showing enhanced expression of few stress responsive genes compared to wild type under stress. However, lines expressing multigene cassette showed superior phenotype and tolerance over lines expressing single genes with significantly higher protein content and lesser malondialdehyde level. This demonstrated the significance of co-expressing more than one stress specific genes/TFs over single gene. To improve adaptation of rice under semi-irrigated aerobic conditions rice transgenics co-expressing multigene cassette were developed in the background of AC39020 genotype having superior water relations. True transformants were identified based on glyphosate tolerance. The transgenics showed improved tolerance to salinity, ER and heavy metal stress apart from drought stress. Under drought stress, many promising transgenic lines showed reduced spikelet sterility and higher yield compared to wild type. The study provides proof of concept that maintaining efficient translation and protein protection improves CLT and transgenic is a potential option to combine or pyramid the relevant traits to improve field level tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF YEASTS IN PLANTATION AND FRUIT CROPS OF HASSAN DISTRICT(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-02) YALLAPPA, M; Mallesha, B. CLeaves and fruits samples of plantation (Coffee, Cardamom and Cocoa) and fruit (Sapota, Guava, Carambola and Ficus) crops were collected from Hassan district along with their geographical coordinated points. Totally 84 yeast isolates were isolated from leaves and fruits. All 84 yeast isolates morphological characteristics were studied and screened for wine production, biocontrol activity and plant growth promotional activities. Greenhouse evaluation of selected efficient yeast isolates for plant growth promotion in tomato crop was studied. Among 84 yeast isolates maximum alcohol content (6.25 %) was recorded by MZF- 1 in wine production, higher IAA was produced by TCL -1 (0.387 μg/ml) and maximum GA3 was produced by the MZL -1 (0.642 μg/25ml). The yeast isolate TCL -1 recorded maximum plant growth parameters in spraying and root dip method of inoculation in the greenhouse experiment. Yeast isolate ACL – 1 showed higher per cent inhibition of Pythium sp. (29.41 %), Fusarium sp. (23.52 %) and Rhizoctonia solani (18.18 %). Based on the partial sequence of 18S rRNA gene of the yeast isolates MZF-1 isolate is identified as Candida boidini, TCL-1 as Meyerozyma caribbica, MZL-1 as Candida dosseyi and ACL-1 as Candida intermedia from the sequence analysis and compared with other 18S rRNA gene sequences of yeasts from database (NCBI).ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BEAN COMMON MOSAIC VIRUS (BCMV) INFECTING COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-01) MANJUNATHA, N; Rangaswamy, K. TThe etiological agent causing cowpea mosaic was identified as Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) on the basis of RT-PCR and electron microscopy. An approximately 750bp PCR product corresponding to coat protein (CP) region of virus and the presence of long flexuous filamentous particles measuring about 952 nm in size typical to genus potyvirus were observed under electron microscope. The characterized virus isolate genome had 10054 nucleotides, excluding the 3’terminal poly (A) tail. Comparison of polyprotein of virus with other potyviruses showed similar genome organization with 9 cleavage sites resulted 10 functional proteins.The pairwise sequence comparison of individual genes, P1 showed most divergent, but CP gene was less divergent at nucleotide and amino acid level. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on multiple sequence alignments of the polyprotein nucleotide and amino acid sequences of cowpea BCMV and potyviruses, showed virus is closely related to BCMV-HB. Whereas, Soybean variant of china (KJ807806) and NL1 isolate (AY112735) showed 93.8 % (5’UTR) and 94.9 % (3’UTR) homology respectively with other BCMV isolates. This virus transmitted to different leguminous plant species and produced systemic symptoms under greenhouse conditions. Out of 100 cowpea genotypes screened, three genotypes viz., IC 8966, V 5 and IC 202806 showed immune reaction in both field and greenhouse conditions. Single marker analysis (SMA) was revealed out of 4 SSR markers linked to BCMV resistance, M135 marker explains 28.2 % of phenotypic variation (R2) and Polymorphic information content (PIC) value of these markers was ranged from 0.23 to 0.37. The correlation and regression analysis showed rainfall and minimum temperature had significant negative impact and strong relationship with aphid population, whereas weak correlation was observed with disease incidence. In present study aphid population had non-significant impact and weak association with disease incidence. Path coefficient analysis revealed most of the weather parameters exerted their indirect contributions to the aphid population and disease incidence except minimum temperature.ThesisItem Restricted A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIVELIHOOD STATUS IN IRRIGATED AND RAINFED FARMING SITUATIONS IN CENTRAL DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-12-01) YASHODHARA, B; Narasimha, NThe present study was carried out in two districts of central dry zone in Karnataka state during 2014-15 to compare the livelihood status of irrigated and rainfed farmers. Data was collected from a sample of 90 farmers from irrigated area (Davanagere and Harihara taluks form Davanagere district) and other 90 farmers from rainfed area (Challakere and Molkalmuru taluks from Chitradurga disrtict) using pre-tested interview schedule through personal interview method. Standardized scales to measure livelihood status was developed and used in the study. The study indicated that 44.4 per cent of farmers had high level of livelihood status, followed by medium (37.8 %) and low level of livelihood status (17.8 %) in irrigated situation. In rainfed situation, 43.3 per cent of farmers had low level of livelihood status followed by 38.9 per cent had medium and 17.8 per cent had high level of livelihood status. The findings revealed that 40.0 per cent of the farmers took crop production, 20.0 per cent crop production with diary in irrigated situation and in rainfed situation 33.3 per cent of respondents practiced crop production with dairy & sheep rearing, 18.9 per cent crop production with sheep, 15.6 per cent crop production alone. High cost of inputs, lack of remunerative prices and high labour cost are major constraints faced by irrigated farmers and uncertainty of rainfall, lack of remunerative prices and inadequate irrigation facility are major constraints faced by rainfed farmers. Reducing the input cost and increase the support price are the major suggestions suggested by irrigated farmers. Ground water recharge programmes and linkage of different water bodies are the major suggestions suggested by rainfed farmers.