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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION UNDER DIFFERENT FOREST TREE PLANTATIONS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-07-02) PARASHURAM CHANDRAVANSHI; Dr.(Mrs.) L. SUSEELA DEVINo AbstractThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SILICON ON NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN AEROBIC RICE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2009-11-12) KUMARA, B. H.; PRAKASH, N. B.Aerobic method is a new concept of growing rice. It is a production system, which concentrates in direct seeding and intermittent irrigation practices. Compared to lowland rice, requirements for aerobic rice in terms of water and labour were lower to an extent of 50 and 55% respectively. Rice is silicon (Si) accumulator plant and has been demonstrated to be necessary for healthy growth and high stable production. Nitrogen (N) has been and will continue to be the key input in augmenting India’s food grain production, particularly the rice. For most soils of the country, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by rice is very low and is about one-third of applied N. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Si and N management by adopting leaf colour chart (LCC) under aerobic rice. A field experiment was conducted during kharif-2008 at eastern dry zone soils of Shettigere Bengaluru, (North) in Karnataka. The cultivar used in this investigation was BI-34 and design was split plot with six main plots viz., control (No N), 60 kg N ha-1 (No basal + LCC-3), 90 kg N ha-1 (Urea at 30 kg N ha-1 as basal + LCC-3), 90 kg N ha-1 (DAP at 30 kg N ha-1 as basal + LCC-3) , 90 kg N ha-1 (calcium nitrate at 30 kg N ha-1 as basal + LCC-3) and 100 kg N ha-1 as urea (RDF) and two sub plots viz., with (calcium silicate at 2 t ha-1) and without Si treated plots. The results revealed a significant increase in number of tillers, productive of tillers, number of seeds per panicle, test weight, grain yield and reduction in per cent chaffy grain with the application of calcium silicate at 2 t ha-1 and 90 kg N ha-1 (urea at 30 kg N ha-1 as basal + LCC-3). The highest plant height, straw yield and N uptake were recorded with the application of calcium silicate at 2 t ha-1 and 90 kg N ha-1 (DAP at 30 kg N ha-1 as basal + LCC-3). The highest NUE was noticed with the application of Si and 60 kg N ha-1 (No basal + LCC-3). This study suggested the importance of Si and LCC based N application for achieving higher on grain yield, straw yield and NUE in aerobic rice.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY WEEDS AND ITS RELATION TO YIELD OF CROPS IN EASTERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2009-07-15) KIRAN GOWDA, S. G.; CHANNABASAVE GOWDA, R.An investigation was under taken to study effect of weed management practices on nutrient removal by weeds and its relation to yield of crops in eastern dry zone of Karnataka at MRS, Hebbal, Bangalore. Different weed management practices involving herbicides, mechanical weeding, hand weeding and intercropping were imposed in three major crops viz. finger millet, groundnut and maize. The results revealed that in finger millet, weed nutrient uptake recorded lowest in hand weeded plots compared to others, with 9.95, 1.08, 4.94, 3.65, 2.99, 1.74 kg ha-1 N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S respectively. In finger millet highest grain and straw yield was obtained in butachlor applied plots (4436.15 kg ha-1 and 8295 kg ha-1). In groundnut, pendimethalin applied plots recorded lowest nutrient uptake by weeds with 18.91, 2.15, 9.52, 3.32, 2.69, 3.07 kg/ha of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S respectively. The yield in pendimethalin 1.00 kg a.i. ha-1 at 3 DAS and hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS are on par with each other with 1564 kgha-1 and 1668 kgha-1 respectively. In maize crop weed uptake was reduced to minimum with 15.22kg N, 1.66 kg P, 7.26 kg K, 2.67 kg Ca, 2.23 kg Mg and 2.69 kgha-1 of S in hand weeded plots. Because of better control of weeds, higher maize grain (7257kgha-1 grain and 9680 kg ha-1 straw yield) yield in maize with cowpea intercrop and pendimethalin (30EC 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 3 DAS) was obtained. Efficient control of weeds is necessary to increase the yield. By controlling weeds we can reduce the uptake of nutrients by them, there by making it available to crops and reduce the cost on excess nutrients. We can go for combination of chemical, mechanical and hand weeding, so that we can achieve maximum weed control and higher yields.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MAJOR CASHEW GROWING SOILS OF SOUTHERN KARNATAKA USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2009-08-15) SRINIVASAN, R.; NATARAJAN, A.Identification, characterization, classification and suitability evaluation of soils of cashew growing areas of Southern Karnataka was carried out in Dakshina Kannada district. Six pedons were studied throughout the major cashew growing areas of Dakshina Kannada district representing the major climatic zones. The study area has got favourable climatic factors except rainfall that are highly suitable for cashew cultivation. Horizon wise soil samples were analyzed for soil morphological, physical and chemical properties classified and evaluated for their suitability for growing cashew. Among the soil-site characteristics, texture, coarse fragments and physiography were found to be medium to highly suitable for cashew cultivation. The soils were sandy clay loam to clay in texture, very deep in depth, dark brown to red in colour, strongly to moderately acidic in soil reaction, medium to high organic carbon status and low cation exchange capacity and base saturation. Among the exchangeable bases, exchangeable calcium was found to be low in most soils, followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium. Further, the soils were medium to high in available nitrogen, very low in available phosphorus, medium to high in available potassium and low to medium in available sulphur. Among the DTPA extractable micronutrients, iron and manganese were rich in most soils, which available zinc was deficient. Based on the characteristics, these cashew soils were classified as Ustic Haplohumults, Oxic Dystrustepts, Rhodic Kanhaplustults, Ustic Palehumults and Typic Paleustults. Soils of Pala hillock, Muchipadavu and Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Ullal were highly suitable for cashew cultivation with no or slight limitations, where as sites of National Research Centre for Cashew (NRCC) farm, Mulia and Palikudel have got moderate limitations of either of high rainfall, low soil depth, coarse fragments or topography. All other factor remained highly suitable to cashew.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS WITH HIGH PHOSPHORUS STATUS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-07-18) ANU, ALOCIOUS.; RAMAKRISHNA PARAMA, V. R.Phosphorus fertilizers are expensive due to shortage of phosphatic ores. There is need to explore alternative P sources. Towards this FYM, green manure and biofertilizers were experimented with to solubilize and mobilise fixed P in soil. The research activities were conducted at four levels during 2008-09 viz 1) collection of soils from three agroclimatic zones of Karnataka to assess the total P status of groundnut growing soils (141 soil samples) 2) Laboratory incubation study 3) Pot culture experiment and 4) Field experiment to assess the solubilization and transformations of different P fractions were conducted. Most of the soils showed P buildup especially Chintamani soil, which recorded higher available P (33.7-128.7 kg ha-1) and total P (605.3-975.5 mg kg-1). Laboratory incubation study and pot culture experiment were conducted at GKVK, Bangalore (Alfisol , pH = 4.91, Av. P2O5 = 141.29 kg ha-1and total P = 1456.2 mg kg-1 ) and the major fraction of phosphorus were in the order of Fe-P > RS-P > Al-P > Occl-P > Ca-P. The Sal-P decreased from 60.1 to 28.4 mg kg-1. The field experiment was carried out at Agricultural College Farm, Hassan (Av. P2O5 = 56.69 kg ha-1and total P = 846 mg kg-1). In Hassan soil, the P fractions were in the order of RS-P >Fe-P > Al-P > Ca-P > Sal-P > Occl-P. Irrespective of the treatment combinations, all the fractions of P increased with addition of P fertilizer and a major portion of it was fixed within seven days. Sal-P decreased drastically because of fixation especially in treatment receiving N, P and K (from 76.3 to 28.2 mg kg-1 in T3). Interestingly the integration of organics and inorganics along with biofertilizers (T11 to T15) retained higher level of Sal-P till the later stages mainly because of less fixation and solubilisation of the already fixed forms. Al & Ca-P mainly contributed to crop growth and between this Ca-P was found to be easily soluble. Groundnut growth, yield and P content (T12=0.55%) were found to be maximum in treatments which received half dose of P fertilizer, organic manure and multiple inoculation of biofertilizers. The Phosphatase enzyme activity was also studied. It increased with crop growth upto 30 DAS both in pot culture and field experiment and the activity was significantly higher in presence of VAM and organic matter. Thiobacillus thiooxidans was found to be active in acid soils and B. megaterium in neutral soils. In conclusion the findings of this study has a practical relevance in that the recommended quantity P fertilizer could be reduced to one half if organic manures are applied @ 10 t ha-1 along with multiple inoculation of biofertilizers (PSB and VAM) for groundnut in soils with high P status.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PERSISTENCE AND DEGRADATION OF PROPINEB IN SOILS AND ITS EFFECT AS A SOURCE OF ZINC FOR POTATO(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-07-02) ASHOKA, K. R.; Hanumantharaju, T. H.A field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the persistence and degradation of propineb in soils and its effect as a source of zinc for potato. Propineb residue degraded faster in potato under field condition when applied at 1400 and 2800 g a.i ha*1. However, the propineb was noticed in soil on the day of propineb spray. Degradation was faster at lower dose than higher dose of application with the half-life values of 2.3 and 2.5 days. The safe waiting period of 3.3 and 4.3 days was recommended for potato when applied at 1400 and 2800 g a.i ha-1 of propineb. Among the fungicide and among fertilizers, the higher potato tuber yield was recorded in 1400 g a.i ha-1 with B:C ratio of 4.4 compared to other treatments. The zinc content of potato leaves and potato tuber was higher in 2800 g a.i ha*1 of propineb followed by 1400 g a.i ha'1 of propineb, 1400 g a.i ha-1 of metiram, 1850 g a.i ha-1 of Zn-EDTA, 0.2 % ZnS0 4 .7 H2 0 and 20 kg ha*1 ZnS04.7H20 compared to control. Persistence and degradation was studied in Malur and Hassan soils at 25 and 50 Mg g '1 with field capacity and half-field capacity moisture regimes. The degradation pattern followed the first order kinetics. Degradation of propineb was faster under filed capacity than half-field capacity moisture regimes at both rates in both the soils. Higher degradation was noticed in Malur soil than Hassan soil at both the rates of application and moisture regimes. The half-life values ranged from 6.5 to 7.1 days for Malur soil and 6.9 to 7.1 days for Hassan soil when applied at 25 and 50 |ig g*1 of propineb under field capacity. Under half-field capacity the half-life ranged from 7.1 to 7.9 days for Malur soil and 9.2 and 9.8 days when applied at 25 and 50 jig g-1 of propineb.ThesisItem Open Access PERSISTENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF PYRAZOSULFURON-ETHYL IN TRANSPLANTED RICE ECOSYSTEM(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2009-07-10) NAVEEN, D V; CHANNABASAVE, R GOWDASorption studies were conducted with pyrazosulfuron-ethyl using the batch equilibrium technique and HPLC analysis. Four different paddy growing soils of Kathalagere, Mandya, Mudigere and Mangalore soil. The sorption isotherm (n) values were 0.104, 0.101, 0.085 and 0.165 of Kathalagere, Mandya, Mudigere and Mangalore soils respectively. Freundlich constants ‘K’, ‘Koc’ and ‘Kc’ values were range from 5.45 to 9.52, 1099.46 to 1436.12 and 32.24 to 49.07 in different soils and described in the order of Kathalagere > Mandya > Mudigere > Mangalore, which is also in the order of decreasing organic matter content in the soils. The coefficient of determination showed an improvement 96 per cent using quadratic functions, the cumulative desorption of five days was ranged from ranged from 22.3 to 41.1 mg kg- 1 in Kathalagere soil, 25.6 to 49.4 mg kg-1 in Mandya soils, 37.1 to 51.9 mg kg-1 in Mudigere soil and 39.9 to 55.7 mg kg-1 in Mangalore soil. To study persistence and residues of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in soil and ground water in transplanted rice ecosystem. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was applied at 25 g a.i. ha-1 and 50 g a.i. ha-1 with and without addition of FYM on flooded rice. The study revealed that the residue of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in soils ranged from 0.0103 and 0.0199 mg kg-1 respectively (T2 & T4) on 2nd day of application. And with out FYM the residues were 0.0116 and 0.0229 mg kg-1 respectively (T1 & T3). The degradation of the initial residue with the time taken in both the treatments were up to 35 days. The half-life of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl ranged from 17.7, 16.6, 21.8 and 19.3 days for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. After two weeks the residues were detected in ground water collected from both the piezometers which were applied with recommended and double the recommended dose of pyrazosulfuronethyl. A maximum of 0.0154 mg kg-1 on 21st day and minimum of 0.0023 mg kg-1 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl residues on 35th day were detected in underground water.ThesisItem Open Access STCR APPROACH FOR OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT SUPPLY FOR RAGI (Eleusine coracana (L.) Garten.) PRODUCTIVITY IN Alfisols(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-08-26) APOORVA, K. B.; Prakash, S. S.The field experiment on “STCR approach for optimizing integrated plant nutrient supply for ragi productivity in Alfisols” was conducted during kharif 2007 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, GKVK, Bangalore on red sandy loam soil. The results revealed that application of fertilizers and FYM on STCR basis along with dual microbial inoculation recorded higher grain yield (3740.5 kg ha-1) and straw yield (9485.9 kg ha-1) of ragi. Similarly, the available nutrient status of soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S significantly enhanced due to integrated use of fertilizers and FYM on STCR basis along with Azotobacter and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria inoculations. Higher values of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S content and uptake by ragi crop was noticed in treatment receiving fertilizers and FYM on STCR basis along with dual microbial inoculations. But there was not much significant improvement in physico – chemical properties of soil after harvest of ragi crop. However, organic carbon ranges between 5.1 to 5.4 g / kg. Azotobacter and PSB populations were higher in treatment with fertilizer and organic manure along with dual microbial inoculation (T8) or Azotobacter (T6) and PSB (T7), respectively. Application of fertilizers and FYM on STCR basis along with dual microbial inoculation resulted in higher gross returns, net returns, value added cost ratio, unit cost of production and productivity index compared to all other treatment combinations. The targeted yield in finger millet could be achieved within ±10 per cent deviation with integrated nutrient supply using STCR approach.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of potassium management on yield, nutrients uptake of finger millet and potassium dynamics in Alfisols(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-08-26) LAVANYA, T. N.; VASUKI, N.A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of potassium management on yield, uptake of nutrients and potassium dynamics in alfisols at GKVK, Bangalore. Finger millet variety GPU 28 was raised as a test crop. Available potassium content of soil was estimated at different growth period of the crop. Depth wise distribution of different forms of potassium was also studied. Soils after harvest were subjected to characterize potassium releasing power of soil. Among the treatments studied, the splits of potassium (100% NP + 2 splits of 100% K) followed by the application of super optimal dose of potassium (100% NP + 200 % K) significantly increased both biometrical parameters and yield of finger millet. Imbalanced application of fertilizers recorded significantly very low yield as well as content of all the nutrients. Application of potassium in splits and super optimal dose of potassium recorded significantly high content of all the nutrients expect Ca and Mg. The uptake of all the nutrients was in accordance with the yield levels. Application of lime along with the fertilizers increased the calcium content in finger millet. Sulphur content in finger millet was significantly lower in case of farmer’s practice, which includes sulphur free source (Urea+DAP), than corresponding P applied as Single Super Phosphate (SSP). Application of lime without potassium reduced the content of all the micro nutrients. Water soluble and exchangeable potassium decreased with increase in depth, whereas non exchangeable potassium increased with increase in depth. The available potassium in soil decreased as the growth of the crop attained towards physiological maturity. Application of potassium in splits recorded highest available potassium at all the periods of observation. Liming and subsoiling (100% NP + subsoiling) was found to be better than the treatments receiving NP alone in yield, uptake of nutrients and increased the availability of potassium also. The maximum cumulative potassium release and highest step K was recorded in treatments where split and super optimal level of potassium was applied and the lowest in treatments which were not treated with potassic fertilizers, whereas constant rate- K did not show any significant difference among the treatment combinations.