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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo STUDIES ON THE FLORAL ARCHITECTURE, POTENTIALITY OF POLLINATORS IN ENHANCING THE FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF DRAGON FRUIT, Hylocereus spp. (Fam. Cactaceae(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-22) NAGABHUSHANA, REDDY; ESWARAPPA, GThe floral biology of Hylocereus undatus Haw. and Hylocereus polyrhizus Haw. in relation to floral visitors for enhancing cross pollination studied at farmer’s field, Suradenupura, Yelahanka, Bengaluru during 2021-22. Totally, 61 parameters with respect to morphology and floral biology were recorded. The flowering period initiated during 3rd week of April and required 17.75±0.96 and 19±2.58 days from bud initiation to flower opening in H. undatus and H. polyrhizus, respectively. Anthesis started at 19:00 hrs, reached maximum between 01:30 to 03:40 hrs and closed completely on next day between 11:30 to 12:00 hrs, while, anther dehiscence (14:00 hrs) started 5 hrs before anthesis. Pollen grains were viable (17:00 hrs) after 3 hrs of anther dehiscence, but stigma receptivity (23:00 hrs) started 9 hrs after anther dehiscence, after 6 hrs of pollen viability and 4 hrs after anthesis. Longevity of flower was 16 hrs and 30 minutes. Cessation of flowering is on 2nd week of September in H. undatus and 3rd week of October in H. polyrhizus. Sepals of un-opened flower buds secreted nectar and pollen is major floral reward for floral visitors. Heterostyly and protandry nature of flowers needs external agents for pollination. 14 floral visitors were recorded of which A. mellifera abundance was maximum. Fruit yield and quality attributes including total returns were maximum in open, diurnal and hand pollination compared to nocturnal pollination and control.ThesisItem Embargo EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT HIVE DESIGNS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STINGLESS BEE, Tetragonula iridipennis Smith IN SELECTED ECOSYSTEMS OF BENGALURU(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-22) NANDEESHKUMAR, C K; ESWARAPPA, GStudies on evaluation of different hive designs on performance of Tetragonula iridipennis Smith in five urban and peri-urban ecosystems of Bengaluru was carried out during 2021-2022. Totally, one hundred and sixty-eight floral plants (59 families) at (Botanical Garden, Bioversity and NBAIR) UAS, GKVK Bengaluru, ninety-nine floral plants (42 families) at Ethno Botanical Garden (I-AIM), Bengaluru, ninety-eight floral plants (38 families) at BBMP park, Sampigehalli lake, Jakkur, seventy-six floral plants (35 families) at Purva- Venezia Apartment, Bengaluru and fifty-six floral plants (33 families) at Farmer’s field, Tatva Vaidika Grama, Bengaluru were visited by T. iridipennis. The floral plants include ornamental plants, weeds, tree species, medicinal plants, fruit crops and field crops. The maximum number of floral plants provided both nectar and pollen compared to only pollen or nectar. The maximum number of floral plants that were visited by T. iridipennis, were flowered from January-December in selected urban and peri-urban ecosystems of Bengaluru which facilitated the better growth and development of T. iridipennis colonies. Five hive designs (HD) viz., HD- 1 (5575 cm3), HD-2 (23x10x10 cm3), HD-3 (30x10x10 cm3), HD-4 (18x15x5 cm3 (Brood chamber) and 18x15x4 cm3 (Honey chamber) and HD-5 (27x12x10 cm3) were evaluated for the growth and development of T. iridipennis in selected urban and peri- urban ecosystems of Bengaluru. Volume of brood cells, pollen pots, honey pots, colony, number of brood cells, pollen pots, honey pots, hive occupancy and weight of T. iridipennis colonies was maximum in HD -3 (30x10x10 cm3) compared to rest of hive designs.ThesisItem Embargo SCREENING OF Bacillus thuringiensis ISOLATES AGAINST GREATER WAX MOTH (Galleria mellonella L.) INFESTING Apis cerana AND THEIR MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-23) VENU, H S; SHYLESHA, A NGreater waxmoth, Galleria mellonella L. is an important pest of honeybees and remained as nightmare for beekeeping farmers. In the present study, the effectiveness of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated against Galleria mellonella. The biocontrol potential of NBAIR-BtGa gave pest mortality rate of 68 per cent followed by NBAIR-VGa1f (60%), and standard HD-1 (52%), with respective LC50 values of 257.03, 350.26 and 407.38 μg/ml. Whole genome sequencing of genomic DNA and plasmid of NBAIR-BtGa, NBAIR-BtVGa1 and NBAIR-BtVGa2 samples resulted in the identification of a size of 5.96, 0.81, 0.97 and 0.89 Mb, respectively consisting of 6109, 779, 971 and 903 protein coding genes, respectively. Through Cry gene profiling, a total of five Cry genes (Cry1Da1, Cry2Af1, Cry1Cb1, Cry1Ac18, and Cry1a14), two Cry genes (Cry1a14 and Cry2Ab), and two Cry genes (Cry2Aa1 and Cry1Ac5), respectively, were detected in the plasmids of the NBAIR-BtGa, NBAIR-BtVGa1, and NBAIRBtVGa2. Other insecticidal genes viz., Vip3Bb2, Cyt genes, Hemolytic enterotoxin, Zwittermycin A resistance protein, Hemolysin protein, Serine protein kinase, Bacillolysin, DEAD BOX helicase was also observed in this study have toxicity towards lepidopteran pests. The biosafety studies of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates on honeybees showed that the isolates were 70-80 per cent and 90 per cent safer to adults and larvae of honeybees, respectively. Bacillus thuringiensis strains were subjected to bioassay, biosafety, and whole genome sequencing (WGS), which demonstrated the strain’s efficacy as a biocontrol agent will facilitate the development of bioformulations for the management of Galleria mellonella.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON INSECT PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN DIFFERENT CROP GROWTH STAGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF A WEATHER-BASED PEST FORECASTING MODEL FOR PIGEONPEA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-07-19) HONNAKERAPPA, S. BALLARI; THIPPAIAH, MThe experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Gandhi Krsihi Vignan Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences,Bengaluru to know the diversity, effect of different sowing dates and weather forecasting model for major insect pests in pigeonpea. The crop was infested by forty insect pests belonging to twenty-seven families under eight orders at various phenophases. Thirtyspecies of natural enemies contributed significantly to decline in different pest populations. In pigeonpea ecosystem, coccinellids and hoverflies were found to feed on aphids, whereas spiders preyed on mirid bugs and pod flies. Similarly, braconid and eulophid parasitoids found parasitising pod borer complex. The highest species count of 23 at flowering and pod-forming stages and highest Simpson diversity, Margalef, Shannon Weiner and Berger-Parker Index value and lowest Pielou’s index value indicated that pigeonpea ecosystem had a rich diversity of insects and natural enemies at reproductive crop stage. Among major pests except, pod fly, early sown pigeonpea hadthe lowest populations than late sown crop. Similarly, late sowing resulted in increasedpod and seed damage, and decrease in grain yield. Relative humidity during morning hours exhibited a significant positive correlation (r=0.103*) with moth catches of during 2019–20. Weather forecasting model developed for by using present and historical data (2015 to 2019) for 12 standard meteorological weeks (SMWs) showed coefficient of determination (R2) value ranged from 0.40 to 0.84. The model was validated through 2020 year data and average accuracy of all 12 SMWs was 75.5 per cent. However, before being applied it in farmer fields, the derived models may be further validated in experimental fields with regard to forewarning of pest in real-time basis. Implementation of plant protection measure based on forewarning system may be useful improving yield and minimising cost of plant protection.ThesisItem Embargo Functional ecology and odour perception strategies of pollinators in onion, Allium cepa L.(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-09-28) DIVIJA, S. D.; Kamala Jayanthi, P. D.Onion, Allium cepa L. totally depend on pollinators for cross pollination as self-pollination is absent due to protandry. In insect-pollinated crop, the presence of flower is advertised by visual and olfactory cues. Currently, in A. cepa, there is no information on floral VOCs emissions vis-à-vis pollinator response. Keeping in view the above research gaps the present experiment was conducted during 2019-2021 at ICAR- IIHR, Bengaluru, India. A total of fifty-nine floral visitors corresponded to Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera were documented from onion. Anthophilous insects majorly visited A. cepa flowers to collect nectar (81.59%). Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry study revealed the temporal variation in the onion floral volatile emissions across the different time periods of a day viz., morning (0800-1100 hrs), afternoon (1100-1400 hrs) and evening (1400-1700 hrs). Electroantennogram (EAG) studies revealed that bees (A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata and T. iridipennis) significantly get attracted towards morning and afternoon volatile emissions of onion flowers. GCEAD studies revealed that floral visitors don’t cue on all floral volatiles, but only a few compounds in the floral bouquet to locate flowers. Onion plants under eCO2 had a positive influence on nectar, pollen and quantity of scent emission. Even with changed volatile profiles under eCO2 condition, the bees tend to respond in a similar way. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies with EAD active synthetic chemicals revealed that floral visitors not only rely on the most common compounds to forage, but as well may learn about other compounds specific to a flower to increase their foraging efficiency. This study will further strengthen our understanding in chemical ecology covering question of info chemicals involved in plant-pollinators interaction. This study serves as a pilot study for the future chemo-behavioral studies in onion pollinators where such information is very limited in the Indian context.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE BIO-ECOLOGY OF MEALYBUG, Phenacoccus madeirensis GREEN (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COTTON(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 42195) LEPAKSHI, N. M; jagadish, k .SThe female mealybug (P. madeirensis) completed its life cycle on cotton in 48.28 days, while male completed it in 22.40 days. Female nymphs exhibited three instars, without pupal stage, while the males had two instars, with pre-pupal and pupal stages. Nineteen plant species belonging to 12 botanical families were recorded as hosts of the mealybug, majority of them belonged to families Asteraceae (4), Amaranthaceae (3), Apocyanaceae (2) and Euphorbiaceae (2). Seven species of ants (Formicidae) under three subfamilies: Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Dolichoderinae, disseminated early instar nymphs and protected the mealybug from its natural enemies. Eleven species of predators and parasitoids were recorded on P. madeirensis, out of which eight were lady bird beetles (Coccinellidae), one was a green lacewing (Chrysopidae) and one was a gnat (Cecidomyiidae), of which, the encyrtiid parasitoid, Anagyrus amnestos (Rameshkumar, Noyes and Poorani) was most predominant. Duration of life cycle of male and female A. amnestos with honey was 18.66 days in male and 26.81 days in female and without honey, it was 17.12 days for male and 19.37 days for female. Its parasitization was significantly higher in second instar mealybug nymphs (77.00 %) compared to third instar nymphs (53.00 %). Parasitoid emergence was higher in third instar (25.20 %) than in second instar nymphs (20.00 %). Parasitization by A. amnestos on P. madeirensis across locations revealed it to be highest (32.11 %) on Abutilon indicum L. at Bengaluru.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF THRIPS, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON Capsicum annum L.(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 42195) SUBHASH, S; Kamala, Jayanthi P. Dhe chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, is an important pest on various commercially important vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops. The objective of our study was to understand its interaction with the host plant, Capsicum annum L. cv. Indra. Headspace samples were collected from different growth stages (pre-flowering, flowering and fruiting) of host plants as well as from healthy and thrips infested (herbivore induced) plant of C. annum and were subjected to olfactometer bioassays, GC-MS and GC-EAD with adult S. dorsalis. A positive behavioural response was observed when adults of S. dorsalis were exposed to fruiting stage volatiles and herbivore induced plant volatiles in olfactometer bioassays. GC-EAD with adult S. dorsalis revealed eight EAD-active compounds from 'fruiting stage host plant volatiles' and six EAD-active fractions from 'herbivore induced host plant volatiles'. The EAD-active fractions from 'fruiting stage' were identified as o-Cymene, 4-methyl-2-undecane, 3,6-Dimethyl decane, ,8-Elemene, n-Dodecane, Dodecyl iodide, 2,3,5-Trimethyl decane and n-Docosane and from herbivore induced host plant volatiles were identified as b-3-Carene, Octadecane, n-Docosane, 4-Methyl-2-undecane, Dodecyl iodide and Tricosane. Synthetic samples of all these compounds were tested individually and were significantly attractive to thrips except n-Dodecane, Dodecyl iodide and Tricosane. Furthermore, synthetic blends with the same concentration and ratio as in the natural headspace samples were also found to be highly attractive (P = 0.002 for fruiting plant volatile & P = 0.003 for herbivore induced plant volatile). In a dual choice test, thrips shows equal preference for the natural samples and the synthetic blends.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON THE INCIDENCE OF LEAF FOLDER, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (GUENEE) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN CAUVERY COMMAND AREA AND BIOCHEMICALS ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE IN RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 41100) VANITHA, B Kof rice n a larval population during the crop growth period varied from 0.00 to 0.81 larvae per hill. The maximum activity of larvae observed during August-September with significant ion with sunshine hours. The per cent leaf damage varied from 0.00 to 18.20 per cent. Maximum leaf damage of 18.20 per cent w relative humidity and significant negative correlation with sunshine hours. Of the 10 showed highly resistant reaction, 21 genotypes reacted as resistant and in and total free amino acids were higher in all susceptible varieties. Higher amount of total -1 recorded lowest larval population and per cent leaf damage, and also, acephate is the best in June, 2012 Department of Entomology (C. T. Ashok Kumar) THESIS ABSTRACT Investigation on the impact of weather parameters, field evaluation genotypes, biochemical basis for resistance and chemical control aspects of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) were conducted in V.C. Farm, Mandya during kharif 2011 and Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Seasonal incidence of leaf folder i popular variety Tanu revealed that, the negative correlat as recorded during second fortnight of September. Per cent leaf damage exerted a significant positive correlation with morning 0 genotypes screened under field conditions one genotype (NP-218) 78 genotypes showed moderately resistant reaction. None of the genotypes screened are susceptible. Biochemical basis for resistance revealed that the amount of total sugars, crude prote phenol was observed in all the resistant genotypes compared to susceptible varieties. Among the insecticides evaluated for their bioefficacy revealed that acephate 75 SP @ 675 g a.i. ha secticide in getting highest net profit and cost benefit ratio.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF DIPTERA (HEXAPODA: INSECTA) SPECIFIC Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner FROM DIFFERENT SOILS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 39884) SMITHA, GEORGE; KUMAR, A R VBacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) based pesticide formulations are being used extensively for the control of insect pests. The genes responsible for the toxin production have been isolated and introduced into the crop plants to protect them from insects. In both the cases, there is chance of development of resistance. New isolates with novel toxin genes are therefore, necessary for solving this type of problem. In the present investigation an attempt was made to isolate some local strains of Bt active against some important dipteran pests. The soil samples were collected from different parts of India, namely, Kerala, Meghalaya and Mizoram. A total of 80 Bacillus isolates were obtained. The microbiological characteristics of these isolates were observed. Most of them have similar morphological appearance and were capable of producing crystalline protein inside the cell. The test insects, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) bred well in the laboratory on artificial diets. Insecticidal effects of 80 isolates were detected. These results showed that some isolated bacteria were highly effective on Ba. cucurbitae and M. domestica. Among the eighty isolates studied using bioassay techniques, eight were found to be toxic to Ba. cucurbitae and seven to M. domestica. Five isolates were found to be common for the two test insects. The toxic isolates were subjected to PCR analysis. Six isolates showed amplification for cry2Aa gene for at least two primer pair combination. Three isolates showed amplification for cry11Aa gene for one primer pair. Cloning and sequencing of the last-step amplicons only can tell exactly the presence of genes. The study in essence demonstrated a great diversity of Bt isolates in the soils from different parts of India, that are active against Diptera. This is the first study from India to identify Bt cultures active against agriculturally important Diptera.
