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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo ASSESSING THE ESSENTIALITY OF A FEW GENES IN BUD BREAK AND RESUMPTION OF GROWTH IN MULBERRY(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-29) SHRIDHAR, S.; NATARAJA KARABA N.Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a perennial tree system economically cultivated for its foliage production. To improve foliage production and the sustainability of the sericulture industry, achieving early and rapid bud break is essential. However, the molecular mechanism regulating bud break in mulberry is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify genes involved in regulating the mechanism of bud break in mulberry. Over fifty genes belonging to key pathways in bud break were selected from a previously generated transcriptome, and their relevance was assessed through in-silico expression analysis using e- northern expression browser available at the Botany Array Resource (BAR) platform. Further, in-vivo expression analysis was carried out using qRT-PCR for 19 genes representing multiple pathways at different time intervals post-induction of bud break. Expression analysis showed that mulberry bud break is tightly controlled by phytohormones, symplastic connectivity, cell cycle and redox signalling. Key genes such as GA signalling genes, symplastic connectivity restoration genes, branching signal integrator genes, and sugar transporter genes were significantly upregulated post-induction of bud break, indicating their positive role in bud burst. In contrast, genes linked to ABA signalling and perception, strigolactone signalling, MADS-box family, and antioxidant-system-linked genes were significantly downregulated post-bud break induction. Further, two uncharacterized genes, DUF1068-like and RRM-like, were functionally validated using post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay using tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing vector in Nicotiana benthamiana for their role in growth and development. Silencing of both RRM and DUF1068 resulted in increased axillary bud break and branching, indicating their crucial role in bud growth and development. Overall, the study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying bud break in mulberry and highlighted the importance of various regulatory pathways involved in this process.ThesisItem Embargo INFLUENCE OF ACQUIRED TOLERANCE IN IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF COWPEA GENOTYPES UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-29) ADARSH KUMAR, M.; PRAKASH KOLERCowpea is mainly grown in the arid and semiarid regions at the global level. Studies have shown that temperature above 35oC affects the physiological processes and decreases the grain yield of cowpea. Hence, identification of thermotolerant genotypes is necessary. In this regard, one hundred ninety-one genotypes were screened for yield attributes under field conditions at two locations (Bangalore and Raichur). The crop was exposed to a higher mean maximum temperature by 7.2oC at Raichur compared to Bangalore during the entire crop growth period. The plants experienced high levels of heat stress at Raichur compared to that of Bangalore which led to increase in mean leaf temperature, decreased mean SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), total dry matter (TDM) and other yield attributing traits studied. Tolerant cowpea genotypes showed minimum reduction in total dry matter compared to susceptible genotypes between two locations. Further 20 contrasting genotypes differing in total dry matter were identified and screened for cellular level tolerance using temperature induction response approach (TIR). The contrasting genotypes selected at the field level exhibited similar levels of thermotolerance, wherein the tolerant genotypes showed minimum reduction in root length and maximum seedling survival compared to the susceptible genotypes. The tolerant genotypes IC-402172, EC-458453, EC- 458470, NBC-21, NBC-14, EC-394708, CB-10, IC-458430, IC-249588 and EC-458490 which exhibited the tolerance for high temperature at both field and TIR can be used for further crop improvement programme. Present study revealed that few cowpea genotypes can sustain the temperature up to 35oC without compromising the total dry matter.ThesisItem Embargo ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN CROPS: CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES CONTRIBUTING TO CELLULAR TOLERANCE IDENTIFIED FROM INDIAN MULBERRY (Morus alba L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-15) HARI SINGH MEENA; NATARAJA KARABA NPlants often encounter various stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, etc., which result in reduced plant growth and yield. Indian mulberry (Morus alba L.), widely cultivated in Asia for fruit and silk production, is a stress-tolerant tree crop. This study has attempted to identify and functionally validate genes associated with drought stress response from this hardy crop. A drought transcriptome generated in a previous study (Sequence Read Archive ID: SRX9004356, SRX9004357, SRX9004358 and SRX9004359) was analyzed to identify the stress-responsive genes. Over 1000 genes were differentially expressed and based on the relative fold change and their role in stress tolerance responses, 109 genes were evaluated by in silico expression. Ten select genes were subjected to in vivo expression analysis to examine their relevance under drought and salinity stresses. These genes were found to be induced under these stresses and contribute to cellular-level tolerance in mulberry. To investigate the importance of two uncharacterized genes, designated as MaDUF1068 and MaRRM1-like, the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) approach was employed using the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The PTGS indicated that these genes have a role in plant developmental processes. MaRRM1-like and MaUSP1-like genes from mulberry were validated through overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum. Overexpression of mulberry genes improved photosynthetic efficiency and stress tolerance compared to wild-type and vector control. MaUSP1-like expressing plants showed a 27-30% increase in biomass and increased tolerance to drought and salinity. The study showed that mulberry has diverse drought-responsive genes and that MaUSP1-like and MaRRM1-like genes are vital in reducing abiotic stress damage and promoting stress tolerance.ThesisItem Embargo NANO UREA AND NANO ZINC: IMPACT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH IN FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)(2023-02-02) BASWARAJ; Dr. A.G. SHANKARThe productivity of rain fed crop mainly depends on early seedling establishment and agricultural practices like fertilizer use. A good seedling establishment depends on the seedling vigour index which is agronomical trait and sign of potential seed germination, seedling growth and tolerance to adverse climatic factors. It significantly improves the speed, uniformity and the percentage of germination and it also depends on fertilizer application. But major limitation of conventional fertilizers is low nutrient use efficiency and high cost. One important approach to address this issue is to use nano fertilizers. Nano particles are having high surface area, high reactivity, better catalytic activity and rapidly dispersible properties which support better uptake of nutrients in turn increases the yield. We did the germination experiment among the finger millet genotypes and selected the low and high seedling vigour varieties which are GPU 28 and KMR 204 respectively. These varieties used for nano fertilizer application by different treatments like seed priming(1ml/L), foliar application(2ml/L) and combination of both by nano urea and nano zinc in pot culture and compared with recommended dose of fertilizers. We didn’t get any significant results for nano urea when compared to recommended dose of fertilizers but nano zinc showed better performance like recommended dose of fertilize in root length, shoot length biomass and as well as yield parameters. Lower lipid peroxidation and accumulation of free radicles was observed in nano zinc but not in nano urea indicating significance of nano zinc in improving finger millet productivity.ThesisItem Embargo CHARACTERIZATION OF DOUBLED HAPLOID RICE LINES FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND THE PYRAMIDED DROUGHT ADAPTIVE TRAITS(2023-01-11) MEGHANA, J.; MOHAN RAJU, B.Numerous pertinent drought adaptive features control the exceedingly complex phenomenon of drought tolerance. Therefore, the ideal way to improve drought tolerance is to pyramid all the relevant drought adaptive features onto an agronomically superior background. Pyramiding traits using traditional breeding methods takes longer than it does with doubled haploid (DH) technology. Towards pyramiding drought adaptive traits, TIL 14 (Trait introgressed line) having root and water use efficiency traits was crossed with cellular level tolerance donor line, AC 39000 and anthers from the resultant F1 plants were cultured in-vitro and spontaneously developed DH lines were produced previously. In the present study, developed DH lines were phenotyped for pyramided drought adaptive traits such as cellular level tolerance (CLT), root and water use efficiency (WUE) to check whether or not the pyramided traits found in them. Accordingly, wide variability found among DH lines for pyramided drought adaptive traits and some of the DH lines had all the pyramided traits with the traits value similar to and in some cases, more than the parents. Further, DH lines also showed wider variability for growth and productivity both under aerobic and puddled condition with greater stability. Based on traits value and grain yield, two best DH lines namely, DH-121 and DH-22 were identified as potential lines. When these best DH lines were examined for stress response, they were found to be tolerant to both PEG induced osmotic stress and NaCl induced salinity stress over their susceptible counterparts suggesting the importance of pyramiding drought adaptive traits together.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan mills sp.) CONTRAST LINES FOR ZINC CONTENT(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40870) RAGHAVENDRA, K; SHANKAR, A GZinc is one of the important micronutrient for proper growth and development of plants, animals and humans. Though its requirement is very small, plants do experience deficiency of this element. Zinc deficiency causes inhibition of growth and reduction in yield because it is a cofactor of more than 300 enzymes and the concentration in the seed is also less, which has a direct bearing on human health and more than 49% of human population globally suffers from Zn deficiency. There are two approaches to improve Zn acquisition by crops, agricultural strategies like Zn fertilization and another approach is to exploit genetic variation for Zn acquisition and transport to grains. With this background an attempt was made to assess the reconfirmation of seed zinc content of pigeon pea germplasm lines of 25 low and 25 high Zn types in root structure, 15 low and 15 high Zn types in field, 5 low and 5 high Zn types in pot experiment. Results revealed that in root structure, there is genetic variation exists among pigeon pea genotypes. Soil application of zinc and foliar spray + soil application of zinc in field and pot experiment increased all physiological and growth parameters and leaf, stem and seed zinc content 1.62 to 4.52 mg /100g in root structure, 1.54-4.05 mg /100g in low types, 3.29-7.75 mg /100g in high types in field and 1.86-3.66 mg /100g in low types, 5.05-6.26 mg /100g in high types in pot compared to control. The high zinc types will provide high Zn through natural food to humans. They also used to develop mapping population for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) breeding.ThesisItem Open Access Population genetics of an endemic tree species Myristica malabarica Lam., and evaluation of ecological niche model(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40865) SHIVA PRAKASH, K. N; Uma Shaanker, RIn recent years, ecological niche models (ENM) have become a popular tool to define and predict the “ecological niche” of a species. The ENMs have been extensively used in locating rare and threatened species and in rationalizing the choice of habitats for species re-introduction. An implicit assumption of the ENMs is that the predicted ecological niche of a species actually reflects the adaptive landscape of the species. Thus sites that are predicted to be highly suitable would be expected to maximize the local fitness of species’ population in contrast to sites predicted to be unsuitable. Till date there is no published evidence in support of this assumption. We attempt to evaluate this assumption. Using an ecological niche modeling tool (DIVA-GIS (version 7.3, htpp://www.diva-gis.org) we predicted the potential geographic distribution and habitat suitability classes (from highly suitable to poorly suitable) of an economically important and vulnerable tree Myristica malabarica.Lam occurring in the Western Ghats, India. We located populations of M. malabarica naturally occurring in three of the predicted habitat suitability classes, namely-highly suitable, moderately suitable and poorly suitable and evaluated them for direct and indirect measures of fitness. Populations of M. malabarica at habitat sites predicted to be highly suitable sites by ENM had a significantly greater number of stems and higher regeneration index (number of saplings for every adult) compared to populations in poorly suitable habitat. Further, individuals in highly suitable sites exhibited significantly less fluctuating asymmetry (FA)-an index of greater genetic homeostasis and significantly higher specific leaf weight (SLW)-an index of primary productivity, compared to individuals in the poorly suitable habitats. Finally, the populations in the highly suitable habitats had a significantly greater number of alleles and a larger proportion of private or rare alleles compared to those from less suitable sites. These results for the first time provide an explicit test of the ENM with respect to species’ fitness. We discuss the implication of these results in the context of designing viable species conservation and restoration programmesThesisItem Open Access Assessment of the contribution of physiological traits to grain yield during crop improvement of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.)(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40865) SWETHA, T. N; NANJA REDDY, Y. AFinger millet is an important food crop of southern peninsular India. The productivity has increased over the years substantially through crop improvement, and reached a plateau in the recent years. Understanding the physiological traits that have contributed to yield enhancement would enable to break the yield barrier. Hence, the present study was undertaken to identify important physiological traits that would be utilized in future breeding efforts. In the present study, significant yield improvement (45 kg.ha-1 year-1) has been registered in varieties released over the years (1939- 2009). Such yield improvement was taken place in three phases viz., improvement of land races (1939-1976) through increased biomass, development of Indaf varieties (1978 – 1996) through harvest index and development of GPU and MR varieties (1996-2009) through further increase in biomass. However, in the last few years yield has been stagnated due to lower biomass even though HI was high. Therefore it would be apt to consider biomass or its components as a selection criterion in future-breeding programmes. The mean and total earhead weight and threshing percent have contributed directly towards improvement of HI while; the improvement of biomass was due to accumulation of biomass at earhead emergence and post-anthesis period and the TDM at earhead emergence (EHE) was directly influenced by days to EHE, AGR and NAR and; positively associated with LAI and leaf width. The photosynthetic rate, the light interception, leaf width and vein number were also improved over the years. This investigation is a detailed analysis of the physiological parameters that contributed to yield improvement in finger millet. Leaf width, leaf vein number, leaf area, and photosynthetic rate as registered in variety, GPU-28 are important physiological traits that should be considered to improve biomass and grain yield further.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of transgenic pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Mill. Sp (L)) plants overexpressing Citrate synthase gene(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40873) MANASA, K M; AFTAB HUSSAIN, I S
