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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN CROPS: CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES CONTRIBUTING TO CELLULAR TOLERANCE IDENTIFIED FROM INDIAN MULBERRY (Morus alba L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-15) HARI SINGH MEENA; NATARAJA KARABA NPlants often encounter various stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, etc., which result in reduced plant growth and yield. Indian mulberry (Morus alba L.), widely cultivated in Asia for fruit and silk production, is a stress-tolerant tree crop. This study has attempted to identify and functionally validate genes associated with drought stress response from this hardy crop. A drought transcriptome generated in a previous study (Sequence Read Archive ID: SRX9004356, SRX9004357, SRX9004358 and SRX9004359) was analyzed to identify the stress-responsive genes. Over 1000 genes were differentially expressed and based on the relative fold change and their role in stress tolerance responses, 109 genes were evaluated by in silico expression. Ten select genes were subjected to in vivo expression analysis to examine their relevance under drought and salinity stresses. These genes were found to be induced under these stresses and contribute to cellular-level tolerance in mulberry. To investigate the importance of two uncharacterized genes, designated as MaDUF1068 and MaRRM1-like, the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) approach was employed using the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The PTGS indicated that these genes have a role in plant developmental processes. MaRRM1-like and MaUSP1-like genes from mulberry were validated through overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum. Overexpression of mulberry genes improved photosynthetic efficiency and stress tolerance compared to wild-type and vector control. MaUSP1-like expressing plants showed a 27-30% increase in biomass and increased tolerance to drought and salinity. The study showed that mulberry has diverse drought-responsive genes and that MaUSP1-like and MaRRM1-like genes are vital in reducing abiotic stress damage and promoting stress tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE POTATO MINI-TUBERS PRODUCTION IN AEROPONIC SYSTEMS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-07-28) SRIKANT; B. Mohan RajuAvailability of a good quality and disease free planting material at affordable price is a major constraint in potato cultivation and therefore, warrants different approaches. Among several approaches, aeroponic technology seems to be the most promising. However, aeroponic technology requires maintenance of growth conditions both inside poly house and in aeroponic chambers for effective tuberization as the tuberization is greatly influenced by temperature, photoperiod, hormonal level and nitrogen status. Towards producing quality and disease free mini-tubers under aeroponic system, misting cycles and nutrients formulations were standardized and followed in the entire study. Further, using less photosensitive cultivar identified based on allelic variations in CDF1 gene, temperature effect on tuberization was examined by exposing the root zone to regulated and unregulated emperatures with shoot zone exposed to poly house temperature. Accordingly, in normal growing season like rabi, 29 and 12 mini-tubers per plant were produced with and without root zone temperature regulation respectively. Similarly, even during non-optimal growing season like kharif, relatively a good number of mini-tubers were produced upon root zone cooling suggesting the importance of regulating root zone temperatures. Although root and shoot zone temperature regulation is important, cooling root zone seems to be more crucial. In addition, warm white and far-red LED lights have shown improved growth rates and tuber yield. Further, cytokinin application also showed increased mini-tuber production by enhancing the expression of tuberization genes. Such enhanced expression of positive and downregulation of negative regulators of tuberization were also noticed under root zone cooling and with light regulation. Finally, combined interventions of the said factors have significantly improved the mini-tuber production even under non-optimal kharif condition suggesting the importance of regulating all the growing conditions for effective tuberization and tuber yield in potato.ThesisItem Embargo ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION AMONG TRAITS IN QTL-NIL AND THE ASSESSMENT OF MOLECULAR NETWORKS IN MARKER ASSISTED BACK CROSS PROGENIES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-30) POOJA BHARTI; SHESHSHAYEE, M SA set of 260 DCBC3F4 lines developed by introgressing root traits and WUE through marker assisted back cross breeding were phenotyped for target traits and yield along with the parents under semi-irrigated aerobic conditions. Based on the phenotyping, 25 transgressive near isogenic lines (NIL) differing in root and WUE viz., HD+HR, HD+LR, LD+HR and LD+LR were selected for further characterization. The performance of these selected NILs was significantly better than the recurrent parent (IR64) across various seasons and locations. The consistency of traits across seasons demonstrated the stability of the QTLs and NILs. Based on Marker class analysis the 25 lines were classified into phenotypic classes differing in root traits with low Δ13C and higher yield. All low root types possessed alleles of RM 2584, RM 1388 and RM 16 from AC-39020. On the other hand, high root types had RM 2584 and RM 1388 alleles from AC-39020 and RM 16 alleles from non-donor parent. Further, from the 25 NILs, six lines were selected based on marker/QTL combination and an additional seven lines from among 260 DCBC3F4. These lines were characterized for physiological traits in the MLM phenomics facility. All the 13 TILs identified as superior transgressive seggregants, performed better than the recurrent parent. Further, the NILs with donor marker alleles RM 2584 and RM 1388 allele and non-donor allele of RM 16 had significantly higher root traits. The marker RM 16 seemed to be associated with genomic regions that act like negative regulator of root growth. Scientific investigations reported in literature also suggests RM 16 as negative regulator. Bioinformatics and co-localization study suggested that gene Os03g43400 present within RM 16 region was the candidate gene responsible in inhibiting lateral root growth.ThesisItem Open Access DISRUPTION OF GENOME INTEGRITY TO CREATE GENETIC VARIABILITY BY EDITING (USING CRISPR CAS9) THE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH DNA MISMATCH REPAIR AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THEIR RELEVANCE IN CROP IMPROVEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-08-03) KARTHIKA, V.; SHANKAR, A. G.Genetic variation is crucial for crop improvement because of narrow variability in many species. We adopted a gene editing approach to create variations in the rice genome by targeting the mismatch repair genes (MMR), Mut S Homolog 1 (MSH1), Mut S Homolog 2 (MSH2) and Mut L Homolog 1 (MLH1). The hypothesis is that any disruptionin these genes leads to altered DNA mismatch repair that create indels and reprogrammed genome, resulting in altered phenotypes. The guide RNA with high specificity and least off targets were designed, cloned to a suitable binary vector pRGEB 32. Transgenic plants were developed by both in vitro Agrobacterium tissue culture approach and modified in planta agrobacterium mediated direct embryonal axis transformation approach. Putative transformants were identified by selection against hygromycin. Sequencing analysis confirmed 4 edited plants in MSH1 gene and 1 edited plant in MSH2and 3 edited lines in MLH1 gene. These gene edited lines exhibited morphological variation with respect to plant height, tiller number, biomass etc., compared to the wild type plants. The flanking sequence analysis confirms that the observed phenotype is not due to the interference of transgene integration in the rice genome but due to the mutation in the MMR genes. The existing mutant plants have to be stabilized by crossing with its wild type counterpart and such stabilized lines could be a potential source to create more segregating population or act as donor lines in breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access ON THE MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ASSOCIATION MAPPING PANEL OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) GERMPLASM FOR DROUGHT ADAPTIVE TRAITS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-07-13) MANJUGOUDA, I. PATIL; SHESHSHAYEE, M. SFinger millet is nutritive crop and grows well in resource limited environments. However, though a hardy species, finger millet is quite sensitive to drought and heat. Improving specific traits is known to impart lasting tolerance to abiotic stresses like drought. Previousresearch suggests that WUE, water mining and acquired tolerance have great relevance fordrought stress. We screened a panel of 350 diverse finger millet germplasm accessions including wild varieties and landraces for important drought adaptive traits in two seasonsPlants were grown in specialised Root-study structures. Significant genetic variability was noticed in these traits across seasons, indicating a strong genetic control. The panel wasalso investigated for acquired tolerance adopting the temperature induction response (TIR) technique. Specific contrasts for root traits and acquired tolerant traits, drought susceptibility index (DSI) have been identified. The trait donor lines, GE 832, GE 4962 and GE 4596 can be used for future crop improvement programs.Introgression of complex physiological traits requires the help of molecular markers and hence an elaborate GWAS analysis was performed using more than 15 million SNPs obtained from the whole genome re-sequencing of the entire panel. These SNPs were separately identified on the A and B sub-genomes of the cultivated tetraploid finger millet. Additionally, we identified 43 polymorphic SSR markers from five largest super-scaffolds of the draft genome of finger millet. The genetic diversity and population structure analysis detected a total of 671 alleles which ranged from 3 to 33 alleles per locus with PIC values varying between 0.39 and 0.94.The GWAS analysis detected 259 significant marker-trait associations. Also, association mapping by SSR markers through linkage disequilibrium discovered 67 significant marker trait associations. This analysis is the first of its kind in tetraploid species.ThesisItem Open Access IMPROVEMENT OF RESILIENCE TO ABIOTIC STRESS USING ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI IN TOMATO(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-07) PALLAVI, N; NATARAJA KARABA, NEndophytes, which include fungi and bacteria are present ubiquitously and reside in the intracellular spaces of the plants symbiotically. Endophytes have been gainingimportance for their role in improving stress tolerance in the host plants. In the present study, fungal endophytes (FE) isolated from harsh environmental conditions were employed to enhance drought and salinity stress tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus were found to be predominant as indicated by morphological and molecular analysis. Among ten endophytes evaluated, four endophytes sustained growth under PEG- and NaCl-induced stress conditions. Tomato varieties namely, Arka Vikas, Arka Saurabh, Arka meghali and Arka Abha were screened under PEG-8000 and NaCl-induced stresses and Arka Saurbhwas found to be stress-sensitive. Colonization of F. incarnatum (K-23) and Fusarium sp.,(P-10) significantly improved seedling growth under PEG stress whereas F. equiseti (SF-5) and F. incarnatum (K-23) enhanced tolerance for NaCl-induced stress. The best two fungi were further evaluated under rainout shelter conditions for improving drought tolerance in tomato. Colonization of K-23 and P-10 improved photosynthesis and plant growth in tomato under non-stress conditions followed by yield traits and qualityparameters under drought stress conditions. The select FEs also improved the growth of tomato under protected conditions. However, there was no significant difference in yield under-protected and field conditions. Hormone profiling of the plants colonized with K-23 and SF-5 indicated a significantly higher content of auxin (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) under stress conditions. Global metabolome analysis indicated a greater number of differentially accumulated metabolites in endophyte-enriched seedlings under stressful conditions. This study demonstrated that habitat-adapted endophytes could be effectively used to improve abiotic stress tolerance in a sensitive variety of tomato.ThesisItem Embargo DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DOUBLED HAPLOIDS GENERATED FROM F1 ANTHERS OF DROUGHT ADAPTIVE TRAITS PYRAMIDED PARENTS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-10-13) KAVITA, KOTYAL; MOHAN RAJU, BDrought tolerance is highly complex phenomenon regulated by many relevant drought adaptive traits. Therefore, drought tolerance can be best achieved when all the relevant drought adaptive traits are pyramided onto an agronimically superior background. Pyramiding of traits through conventional breeding takes much longer time while, doubled haploid (DH) technology hastens the breeding cycle and hence, helps pyramiding traits and developing completely homozygous lines in short time. Therefore, in the present study, with an objective of pyramiding drought adaptive traits, TIL14 (Trait introgressed line 14), having root and water use efficiency traits was crossed with a epicuticular wax donor genotype, AC 35310 and produced F1 seeds and later, raised F1 plants. Panicles where anthers were at early to mid uninucleate stage were collected, pretreated with standardized cold temperature and subsequently, cultured on standardized growth media containing basal N6 media + 2mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5mg/L Kinetin and kept in dark gave good callusing. When regenerative calli were cultured on standardized regeneration media having N6 basal media + 2mg/L Kinetin + 1mg/L NAA showed good regeneration. As androgenic plants have a mixture of haploids, diploids and doubled haploids (generated through spontaneous doubling), the diploids were identified through polymorphic markers and the remaining androgenic plants were hardened and subsequently, allowed to grow to maturity. Out of 385 androgenic plants, 162 plants survived after hardening accounting to 42.07 % and out of which, only 42 plants set seeds while, others did not to indicate that they are haploids. When characterizing these lines for drought adaptive traits and productivity, they showed significant and wide variability for the pyramided traits as well as grain yield. Based on this, DH33A and DH30.1 were identified as the best lines as they have all the pyramided drought adaptive traits with relatively good grain yieldThesisItem Open Access STUDYING THE IMPORTANCE OF ACQUIRED TOLERANCE TRAITS TO EXPLOIT THEIR POTENTIAL IN CROP IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-08-03) LEKSHMY, V. S; Sheshshayee, M .SDrought tolerance in water limited aerobic conditions, from agronomic perspective is mostly achieved by maintaining yield. Plants have adopted various tolerance mechanisms mainly constitutive traits, and “acquired tolerance” traits (ATTs). ATTs are the traits that significantly upregulated when plants experience milder stress and are considered in the context of providing tolerance to plants when stress becomes severe. The present study demonstrated the relevance of precise stress imposition in capturing ATTs. An initial experiment was to understand plant responses to rapid and gradually progressing induction stress in contrasting genotypes. Induction stress showed significant recovery growth in both AC 39000 (tolerant) and BPT 5204 (susceptible). Further, to dissect the subcomponent and phenotyping technique for ATTs, a precise moisture stress was imposed using the novel drought-simulator phenomics platform, with its transpiration-interfaced automated irrigation. Gradually stressed plants showed a reduced oxidative stress level especially, a lower ROS content with increased scavenging activity. Genetic diversity for ATTs in 17 accessions from 3K panel showed a significant variation in ATTs especially for the superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH. ), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and proline content. Further, a set of 90 diverse genotypes were examined to understand the genomic mechanisms of ATTs in drought tolerance. Genome wide association studies identified 43 genetic loci with significant genotype to phenotype association. Among the candidate genes identified, Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) and drought induced 19 protein (Di19), were showed a significant fold change expression. The relevance of AdoMetDC and Di19 was further highlighted by a metabolome analysis in a tolerant genotype, which demonstrated a larger accumulation of polyamines and lower senescence. An integrated phenomics, physiological, and genomic approach allowed us to unravel the genetic control of natural variation in ATTs in 3K panel, and provide a foundation for further studies.ThesisItem Open Access IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF DOUBLED HAPLOIDS FROM KRH-4 RICE HYBRID AND DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY HAPLOIDS AT EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-05-08) CHAITANYA, GHALAGI; MOHAN RAJU, BIn vitro androgenesis is an attractive biotechnological technique that provides rapid transformation of heterozygous hybrids into homozygous lines and thus significantly reducing the duration of breeding cycle. Although, it is recognized as a valuable tool, its application has been limited due to difficulties in induction of embryogenic calli, frequent regeneration of albino plants, low plant regeneration ability and poor acclimatization of in vitro grown plantlets in pot or field condition. The present study therefore aims at developing relatively a large number of doubled haploid (DH) lines from KRH-4 rice hybrid by optimizing the androgenic protocol, specifically to make indica rice anther culture easier and more efficient as well as successfully acclimating the in vitro plantlets under ex-vitro conditions. Accordingly, with new protocol, more number of DH lines were produced and with improvised hardening protocol, seedling mortality of in-vitro grown plants was reduced significantly. In addition, study also discovered phenotypic markers that distinguish haploids from doubled haploids at a very early growth stage enabling for commercial production of DH in rice similar to maize by addressing high cost of ploidy analysis and maintaining haploids until maturity. Thus, this finding establishes acute leaf apex’ shape as an accurate visual marker to rapidly identify haploid rice lines at an early developmental stage in a cost-effective manner with high accuracy like flow cytometry. Additionally, present study also assessed the stress response of selected haploids and DH rice lines under phenomics facility. The selected haploid lines observed to show lower growth and physiological response to moisture stress conditions than selected DH lines. Further, when characterized under aerobic condition, DH lines showed variation for a few growth and yield attributes and based on the yield, best DH lines were identified. These lines can form as potential lines for crop improvement or for release as varieties.
