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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access FUNCTIONAL VALIDATION OF RAP2.3-LIKE, AN APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) IDENTIFIED FROM INDIAN MULBERRY (Morus alba L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) SUPRIYA SANKRANTHI, D.S.; NATARAJA KARABA, N.Under present scenario of climate change crop plants are constantly exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors which affect crop growth and yield. Plants being sessile have evolved physiological, biochemical and molecular strategies to adapt to stressful situations. All adaptive mechanisms are tightly regulated by expression of specific genes. In eukaryotic system, gene expression is tightly regulated and transcription factors are the master regulators of the process. In a previous study, RAP2.3-like gene Apetala2/Ethylene responsive factor) was identified through global transcriptome analysis in mulberry. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the stress responsive nature of the gene under different abiotic stresses using in-silico as well as in-vivo expression analysis. Experiments have also been carried out to functionally validate the gene in model system. Tobacco transgenic plants overexpressing this gene, developed in a previous study were used for the analysis. T1 generation seeds collected from transgenic plants were screened and advanced to next generation. Molecular analysis of the transgenic plants indicated T-DNA integration and transgene expression. Leaf disc assay carried out in the select lines showed improved cellular tolerance. These select lines were further analyzed using in-vitro regeneration assay. The calli from the transgenic lines sustained growth under NaCl stress indicating improvement in cellular tolerance. Further experiments are needed to confirm the precise role of MaRAP2.3-like gene in imparting abiotic stress tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIOME DIVERSITY IN WILD AND DOMESTICATED FINGER MILLET SPECIES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) HEMAPRIYA, M.; UMA SHAANKER, R.Plant-microbiome interactions are ubiquitous in nature. Microbiome colonizing plant tissues without causing disease symptoms are often referred as endophytes. Endophytes play an important role in enhancing plant fitness by aiding the plant to combat stresses. Modern agricultural practices, crop domestication and selective breeding programs, however can alter microbiome composition of modern cultivars compared to their wild ancestors. In this study, attempt has been made to examine the likely role played by domestication pressure on microbiome diversity in finger millet (Eleusine) species. A total of 92 fungal and 46 bacterial endophytes were isolated from leaf tissues of wild and domesticated species. Overall, there was no significant difference in microbiome diversity between wild and domesticated species. However, the species differed with respect to their microbial communities. Intriguingly, none of the seeds of finger millet species were colonized by fungal isolates; rather they harbored bacterial endophytes. Fungal colonies were recovered from seed accessory tissues. It is likely that in the wild, the seed accessory tissues provision the seeds with the maternal microbiome for the next generation. On challenging the wild and domesticated species with blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea), it was found that the wild species, E.trystychum was resistant to blast infection, in contrast to the domesticated, E.coracana which was susceptible. Interestingly, endophytes from wild species were found to inhibit the growth of M. grisea. Overall, microbiome diversity may not have been reduced consequent to domestication; it certainly has altered the microbiome composition. This study shows potentially interesting implications in imparting resistance to disease.ThesisItem Open Access ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT AND IN SEEDLING GROWTH(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-01-01) AYESHA BEGUM, M.S.; UMA SHAANKER, R.Seed microbiome has a strategic importance as it connects the maternal microbiome with next generation, seedling microbiome. Seed microbiome (bacteria & fungi) can be viewed as the transfer of microbial memory of life history adaptions to the next generation. Against this background present study was taken up to study the role of endophytes during seed development and in seedling growth. Overall, 64 fungal endophytes and 32 bacterial endophytes were recovered from various pod tissues (pod coat, seed coat and cotyledon). These results indicated that the pod coat harbour rich diversity of microbiome compared to seed coat and cotyledon. Most of the seed coat and cotyledon isolates were subsets of those present in the pod coat. Treatment of developing pods of cowpea with bavistin and streptomycin sulphate decreased the microbiome richness in pod coat tissue compared to control pods. Based on the data it was evident that the pod coat tissue is the source of endophytes for both the seed coat and the cotyledon. Probably due to the impoverished microbiome, pods treated with bavistin and streptomycin sulphate, had significantly reduced average seed weight compared to control pods. Streptomycin sulphate treatment significantly reduced seedling vigour compared to control seeds. In summary these results indicate that seeds are rich sites of both fungal and bacterial endophytes and that removal of the endophytes through treatment with fungicide and antibiotic could compromise seed development and seedling growth. However more studies are required to clearly establish the role of endophytes at large in seed developmental processes.ThesisItem Open Access ROOT PHENOTYPING OF MUNGBEAN GERMPLASM LINES TO IDENTIFY THE DROUGHT TOLERANT LINES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) MANOJ RAMAPPA, MAREGUDDI; BHAUSAHEB, TAMBATMungbean is one of the most important pulse crop of India which plays a vital role in meeting the protein demand of human diet. These are cultivated in rainfed areas, thus that are often exposes to harsh environmental stress. Therefore their yield is limited. Thus a study was conducted at GKVK, Bengaluru to identify genotypes that perform better under drought. Among the 40 genotypes (resistant toYVM virus disease) assessed showed significant variation with respect to root traits. Z distribution indicated EC693358, EC693361 and EC693362 were high root types and VC6173B-10, PAU911 and IPM205-7 were low root types. These two contrast catogories of genotypes were subjected to drought stress (100%, 70% and 50% FC) following gravimetric method in greenhouse condition. A significant variation in physiological and yield parameters was observed within the contrast lines. Among them, EC693358, EC693361 and EC693362 were identified as drought tolerant lines and VC6173B-10, PAU911 and IPM205-7 were identified as drought susceptible lines based on performance under drought conditions. The high root types maintained high RWC (89.08%), low membrane damage (80.46 ms), lipid peroxidation (61.20 mg gFW-1), high proline (69.98 μg gFW-1) and chlorophyll content (0.83 mg gFW-1), higher pod weight (10.35 g) and seed yield (8.64 g) under stress conditions compared to low root types. This has revealed that high root types perform better under moisture stress.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL STRATEGIES TO MINIMISE UNPRODUCTIVE WATER LOSS IN RICE (Oryza sativa)-ANALYSIS USING GERMPLASM LINES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) NAGASHREE, A.N.; Sheshshayee, M.S.Transpiration is the function of both stomatal conductance (gs) and vapour pressure difference (VPD). During noon, high VPD results in stomatal closure and inevitably reduces CO2 diffusion for photosynthesis. However, transpiration increases unabated. This transpiration is generally less productive. With the imminent water crisis, increasing water productivity is inevitable. We hypothesized that reducing this unproductive water loss during noon hours will improve water productivity. Hence transpiration was apportioned between productive and unproductive among 37 diverse rice genotypes using novel phenomics platform. Significant genetic differences were noticed in morning, noon and nocturnal evapotranspiration (ET). To understand the phenomena of unproductive transpiration, four genotypes with similar leaf area and phenology were selected with distinct differences in ET and examined during summer of 2018. Since VPD drove transpiration, the four genotypes did not reveal noticeable differences in transpiration. However, the results revealed that the observed differences in water use efficiency (WUE) were primarily due to photosynthesis. The genotypes with high WUE had higher photosynthetic rate. Apparently the genotype with high photosynthesis had lowest water cost for carbon assimilation. Maintenance of photosynthesis over a long period of time in a day seems to be a better strategy to improve water productivity by decreasing water cost rather than conservative phenomenon of stomatal closure. Such genotypes will have great relevance in genetic enhancement of rice for aerobic cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE SELECTED MUNGBEAN GENOTYPES FOR FRUIT SET(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-08-06) TANUJA, MARASHETTIHALLY; Shankar, A. G.Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important crop in India and serves as a major source of dietary protein. Apart from the nutrition quality, crop performance is very low due to some of the physiological factors viz., insufficient partitioning of assimilates, poor pod setting due to high flower abscission. Thus a study was conducted at GKVK, Bengaluru to assess the influence of hormones, humic substances and urea spray treatments on flower drop, fruiting efficiency and seed yield. Physiological screening of 22 mungbean genotypes revealed that EC693358, C6-11-4 and C3-11-6 were high yielding genotypes with lower fruiting efficiency and VC3960-88, EC693362 and EC693363 were low yielding genotypes with higher fruiting efficiency. Results indicated the inverse relation between seed yield and fruiting efficiency. The contrasting genotypes for fruiting efficiency and seed yield were assessed with different foliar treatments which include hormonal mixture (NAA 20 ppm + GA 10 ppm + CK 5 ppm), brassinosteroid (0.1 ppm), planofix (0.5 ml/l), humic substances (3 ml/l) and 1% urea spray under both pot and field conditions. Significant interaction was observed between different foliar treatments and genotypes. Among the contrasting genotypes C6-11-4 showed highest total number of flowers, pod number and seed weight in both pot and field conditions. Among the treatments humic substances followed by hormonal mixture treatments showed highest total number of flowers, pod number and seed weight in both pot and field conditions. The C6-11-4 genotype under humic substances and hormonal combination (NAA+GA+CK) performed better and yielded high.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF THE FINGER MILLET [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] VARIETIES TO MOISTURE STRESS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-08-09) SANJEEV KRISHNA, SProductivity of finger millet under rainfed situations has reached a plateau in recent years. Varieties released over years are expected to perform differentially due to genetic erosion for their yield potential under rainfed conditions. Hence, the released varieties for cultivation in Karnataka were revalidated for their yield performance under optimal irrigation and drought conditions. The performance of genotypes under drought condition is dependent upon the development of root system. Hence, the released varieties were evaluated for root dynamics under moisture stress at early seedling (15-30 DAS) and grand growth (35-55 DAS) stage, in addition to field verification. Result show that in finger millet, root grows vertically from 15 to 45 DAS and thereafter it grows laterally upto 75 DAS, which coincides with the flowering. The shoot biomass was highly correlated with root biomass as compared to the root length both under optimal irrigation and moisture stress conditions. Hence, the root biomass is more important than the root length in determining the above ground biomass production. The variety, ML-365 and PR-202 produced higher root biomass compared to the Cv. GPU-28 both under optimal irrigation and moisture stress conditions and they were considered as relatively drought tolerant varieties. In field evaluation, mean ear weight followed by productive tillers and threshing percentage directly contributed to the grain yield under stress and optimal conditions. Varieties, ML-365, Indaf-9 and PR-202 produced grain yield similar to that of Cv. GPU 28. Based on the root traits and grain yield, ML-365 and PR-202 were comparable to the performance of GPU-28 under stress condition.ThesisItem Open Access RELEVANCE OF ROOT CHARACTERISTICS IN IMPROVING DROUGHT ADAPTATION IN TOMATO(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-11-30) RASHMI, K.; P. CHANDRASHEKARA, REDDYDue to limited availability of aerable land and the high market demand for vegetables around the world, solanaceous crops are cultivated under unfavorable environmental conditions leading to reduced quality and productivity of crops. One way to reduce losses in productivity of vegetable crops would be to graft them onto rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of external stresses on the shoot. In order to achieve this, identification of suitable root stock having superior root characteristics with higher level of root intrinsic cellular level tolerance (CLT) is highly relevant under drought stress condition. In this context, 100 tomato accessions were evaluated in brick structures under normal conditions to study the genetic variability for root architecture and CLT. Study indicated a wide and significant variation among the accessions for all the root traits and CLT. Based on root dry weight, total biomass and CLT, six contrasting lines (high root lines (HRL)-Arka Ashish (ACC 100), IIHR2617 (ACC 88), IIHR 2624 (ACC 74), IIHR 2622 (ACC 72) and low root lines (LRL) -IIHR2615 (ACC 86) and IIHR2613 (ACC 84)) were identified and further subjected to different levels of soil moisture stress viz., 100, 80 and 60 % FC by gravimetrical approach at whole plant level. Physiological, biochemical and expression studies were quantified; HRL’s performed well compared to LRL’s. Additionally, selected accessions were further assessed for salinity stress (whole plant level), oxidative and high temperature stress (Seedling level). HRL showed higher morphological, agronomical and ancillary parameters compared to LRL. Further, these accessions were validated by grafting approach, three types of grafted plants were generated (hetero, homo and ungrafted) to assess the drought stress response, morphological and yield parameters were recorded and analyzed. Stress imposition caused a significant reduction in various physiological, morphological and yield parameters in low root lines as compared to high root line plants.ThesisItem Open Access FUNCTIONAL VALIDATION OF USP-LIKE GENE CLONED FROM INDIAN MULBERRY (Morus alba L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-11-02) JEEVAN, A. R.; NATARAJA KARABA, N.Universal stress proteins (USPs) are a group of proteins, whose expression is stimulated by a wide range of stresses. Ubiquitously present in wide set of genomes ranging from archae to plants and animals, the biological and biochemical functions of these proteins are not completely uncovered. The present study examines the relevance of a USP like gene (MaUSP-like), previously identified and cloned from Indian mulberry, in imparting stress tolerance in model system tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In-silico expression analysis performed using the Arabidopsis homologue of MaUSP-like, and invivo analysis in mulberry indicated that the gene was responsive to diverse abiotic stresses. Experiments conducted using transgenic seeds (T1 generation) showed no significant impact on normal growth and development in tobacco. However, under salt stress, the transgenic seedlings exhibited better germination, seedling vigor with better lateral roots and total chlorophyll content than the non transgenic plants. Under osmotic stress (D-mannitol), the transgenic seeds had higher germination percentage, and exhibited better survival under heat stress. Transgenic plants showed better phenotype and recovery after drought, with significantly higher relative water content, cell membrane stability, root biomass and less water loss rate. There was delay in leaf senescence under salinity and drought stress in transgenic lines and transgenic cell lines sustained cell division under salt stress, in-vitro. The transgenic lines were found to be heat stable compared to non transgenic plants. The study demonstrates the role of MaUSP-like identified from Indian mulberry in improving cell tolerance and imparting abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco.
