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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access RELEVANCE OF ROOT CHARACTERISTICS IN IMPROVING DROUGHT ADAPTATION IN TOMATO(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-11-30) RASHMI, K.; P. CHANDRASHEKARA, REDDYDue to limited availability of aerable land and the high market demand for vegetables around the world, solanaceous crops are cultivated under unfavorable environmental conditions leading to reduced quality and productivity of crops. One way to reduce losses in productivity of vegetable crops would be to graft them onto rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of external stresses on the shoot. In order to achieve this, identification of suitable root stock having superior root characteristics with higher level of root intrinsic cellular level tolerance (CLT) is highly relevant under drought stress condition. In this context, 100 tomato accessions were evaluated in brick structures under normal conditions to study the genetic variability for root architecture and CLT. Study indicated a wide and significant variation among the accessions for all the root traits and CLT. Based on root dry weight, total biomass and CLT, six contrasting lines (high root lines (HRL)-Arka Ashish (ACC 100), IIHR2617 (ACC 88), IIHR 2624 (ACC 74), IIHR 2622 (ACC 72) and low root lines (LRL) -IIHR2615 (ACC 86) and IIHR2613 (ACC 84)) were identified and further subjected to different levels of soil moisture stress viz., 100, 80 and 60 % FC by gravimetrical approach at whole plant level. Physiological, biochemical and expression studies were quantified; HRL’s performed well compared to LRL’s. Additionally, selected accessions were further assessed for salinity stress (whole plant level), oxidative and high temperature stress (Seedling level). HRL showed higher morphological, agronomical and ancillary parameters compared to LRL. Further, these accessions were validated by grafting approach, three types of grafted plants were generated (hetero, homo and ungrafted) to assess the drought stress response, morphological and yield parameters were recorded and analyzed. Stress imposition caused a significant reduction in various physiological, morphological and yield parameters in low root lines as compared to high root line plants.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana) TRANSGENIC PLANT CO-EXPRESSING GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SALINITY TOLERANCE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-10-10) PUSHPA, B. N; Shankar, A. G.Saline soils are an increasing problem in current agriculture as it leads to decrease in crop yield and quality. To maintain growth and productivity under stress conditions, plants have evolved different strategies such as compartmentation and extrusion of excess cytosolic Na+ into the vacuole and apoplast of the cell respectively. Even low Na+ levels in cytoplasm affect the protein function. Hence the expression of chaperon that stabilizes protein structure and function has relevance. To achieve this, a single gene (OsSOS1) and two multigene (PgNHX1::OsSOS1::AtAVP1 and PgNHX1::PgHSF4::AtAVP1) constructs, were developed and transgenic finger millet (GPU28) plants are generated through Agrobacterium mediated transformation. A modified direct shoot regeneration from SAMs was standardized for finger millet transformation and regeneration, because of rapid and effective regeneration capacity. PCR amplification of trans genes has confirmed the presence and integration of transgene. The salt stress response of the multigene (PgNHX1::OsSOS1::AtAVP1 and PgNHX1::PgHSF4::AtAVP1) transgenics and single gene (OsSOS1) transgenic plants was assessed in hydroponic system. Physiological studies such as cell membrane stability, chlorophyll stability index and H2O2 content were estimated to assess salt tolerance capacity. It is reported that the coexpression of (PgNHX1:OsSOS1:AtAVP1) genes involved in both compartmentalization (PgNHX1 and AtAVP1) and extrusion mechanism (OsSOS1), conferred greater salt tolerance to transgenic finger millet than that of the single gene (OsSOS1), multigene (PgNHX1::PgHSF4::AtAVP1) and WT. The PgNHX1:OsSOS1:AtAVP1 transgenic plants performed better in the presence of 250mM NaCl while WT plants exhibited chlorosis and died within 30days. These results clearly demonstrate that multigene transgenic plants Cooverexpressing PgNHX1:OsSOS1:AtAVP1, have better salt tolerance capacity compared to WT. This could have been mediated by both compartmentation of excess Na+ from cytosol into the vacuole and extrusion into apoplastic region, nullifying the toxic effects of Na+ in the cell.ThesisItem Open Access VALIDATION OF MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH DROUGHT ADAPTIVE TRAITS – AN APPROACH USING TRAIT SPECIFIC MAPPING POPULATIONS IN RICE (Oryza sativa)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-11-18) SMITHARANI, J. A.; Sheshshayee, M. S.The promise that molecular breeding holds, led to the discovery of large number of QTLs for specific drought adaptive traits by both association and bi-parental mapping methods. Though marker assisted breeding has the potential in accelerating crop improvement, the diverse traits used by investigators and the diverse genetic backgrounds of populations used has significantly complicated the process of breeding. Though there are numerous published data available online on QTLs for drought adaptive traits, validation of those linked markers/QTLs are still in the preliminary stage. In this study we reported a strategy to identify consensus genomic regions conferring variability in physiological traits associated with drought adaptation in rice. The parental genotypes that have been used in developing mapping populations were initially phenotyped to assess variability in drought adaptive traits like roots and WUE. Based on the results, four contrasting pairs, IR-64×Norungan, IR-64×Kallurandaikar, Madhukar×Swarna and IET- 15963×Thanu were identified. RILs developed from these contrasting pairs were extensively phenotyped for drought adaptive traits like roots and WUE. A set of SSR markers reported from Department of Crop Physiology and from literature were screened initially to determine the parental polymorphism. Bulk segregant analysis of RILs (high and low bulks) differing in root weight, lead to a more precise validation of markers. With the combined approach of bulk segregant analysis and whole population genotyping, our results suggest that RM161 can be considered as a promising marker. Further, scanning of QTL region of RM161 showed presence of more than 200 genes that are involved in cellular metabolism, transport and signal transduction, transcription and hormonal regulation under abiotic stress and yield improvement in rice. While these genes can be used in molecular biological understanding of root growth, RM161 flanked by RM188, RM31 can be effectively used for transferring deep root traits in molecular breeding trails.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE IN TOMATO THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL, METABOLITE AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-10-05) LOKESHA, A.N.; A. G. SHANKAR, A. G.Temperature is one of the important environmental factors which affect the plant growth and development. In order to assess the high temperature tolerance mechanism in tomato, three susceptible and three tolerant genotypes were grown under high temperature conditions (40±2°C). Susceptible genotypes showed significant decrease in photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm ratio under high temperature stress. Fruit quality parameters like TSS, acidity, Vitamin C content, total phenols and flavonoids, total carotenoids and lycopene were also highly affected in the susceptible genotypes compared to tolerant genotypes under stress. Pollen germination and viability were significantly reduced thereby fruit yield was also markedly decreased in susceptible genotypes. The tolerant genotypes recorded significantly better root growth compared to susceptible genotypes. With regard to metabolomics, sugars, amino acids, phenols, flavonoids, polyamines and some of the stress related hormones were highly accumulated in tolerant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes under stress. Some of the vitamins and organic acids were also up regulated under stress in tolerant genotypes. GC-MS/MS data revealed that tolerant genotype recorded higher content of aroma compounds compared to susceptible genotype under stress. This study provides a compendium of metabolite levels from leaves and flowers of tolerant and susceptible genotypes of tomato under control and high temperature stress. The qRT-PCR study clearly showed genes like NCED, P5CS, spermidine synthase, TPS12 and TPS20 were highly up regulated at different stages of high temperature stress in tolerant genotype compared to susceptible genotype. Further, there is an urgent need to analyze all the metabolites of biosynthetic pathway (including intermediates) to understand the rate limiting step of each pathway both under control and high temperature stress conditions.ThesisItem Open Access BIOPROSPECTING ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FOR SALINITY STRESS TOLERANCE AND EVALUATING THEIR RELEVANCE IN IMPARTING TOLERANCE TO SALT SUSCEPTIBLE PADDY GENOTYPE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-05-31) MANASA, K. M.; UMA SHAANKER, R.Soil salinity is a major threat to agriculture, affecting the crop growth at all the growth phases and decreasing the production and productivity of crops. Attempts to obtain better plant phenotype through conventional and gene pyramiding approaches are laborious and less fruitful at the field level. An alternative and emerging strategy is the plant-biotic approach, where microorganisms such as endophytic fungi are being explored to make plants resilient to salt stress. Endophytes are symptomless, ubiquitously present in all plants. The aim of this study was to isolate endophytic fungi from salt adapted plants, and a) evaluate their tolerance to salinity stress and b) explore, if such endophytes are also able to impart tolerance to salt sensitive paddy genotype, IR-64. A total of 270 endophytic fungi isolated from nine halophytes plant species were assigned to 50 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) which were further identified using ITS primers. Twenty-seven fungal isolates from 13 genera were recovered, with Fusarium as the dominant. Of the various fungi, two, namely, Fusarium incarnatum and F. chlamydosporum were found to be highly tolerant to salinity stress. Cross-infection of these halotolerant fungi to sensitive paddy genotype, IR-64 showed increased plant growth at 200 mM NaCl. Plants enriched with endophyte showed significant increase in various parameters such as assimilation rate, chlorophyll content, membrane integrity, pollen viability, shoot and root dry weight along with decreased Na+:K+ ratio at 6 dSm-1 and 8 dSm-1. There was a nearly 50 % increase in productive tillers, spikelet fertility and grain yield in plants enriched with halotolerant endophyte at 8 dS m-1. There was also a trans-generational effect of endophyte enrichment. Overall the study provides a proof of concept that endophytes from plants adapted to extreme habitats could be effectively used to modulate plant responses to abiotic stresses such as salinity.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN IRON ACQUISITION AND TRANSPORT IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2018-12-24) NISARGA, K.N.; Aftab Hussain, I.S.Iron is an indispensable plant micronutrient and its deficiency severely impairs crop growth. Although iron is abundant in soil, it is not readily available to plants due its low solubility, especially under high pH condition. In crops, like rice even aerobic soil conditions affects iron acquisition and further accentuated with increase in soil pH. However, genotypes differ in iron acquisition under these conditions. In view of this, the emphasis is to identify rice accessions differing in iron acquisition and aim is to characterize and identify the relevant mechanisms associated with iron acquisition. Among 200 genotypes grown under aerobic condition, few contrasting lines were identified varying in shoot and grain iron content. These selected genotypes showed considerable variation in shoot and grain Fe content under aerobic condition. Further, characterisation of selected rice genotypes showed reduced root, shoot and active iron content under high pH condition. The tolerant genotypes JBT37/128 and PS-369 showed higher chlorophyll content, root and shoot iron content, translocation index, Ferric chelate reductase activity and phytosiderophore release at high pH condition compared to relatively susceptible genotypes like CTH-1 and JBT-3/60. In JBT37/128 and CTH-1 genotypes under iron deficiency conditions we have examined the expression profile of reported iron deficiency responsive genes (OsIRO2, OsIRT1, OsNAS1, OsTOM1, OsNRAMP1, OsYSL15) and 10 putative Fe deficiency responsive genes, shown to be expressed in microarray analysis of other studies. JBT37/128 showed higher expression level compared to CTH-1. The differential expression could also be due to altered expression of microRNA’s regulating these genes. In CTH-1 the expression of microRNA’s (Osa-miR531b, miR1848 and miR2104) was high and target genes was low. The differentially expressed genes in tolerant type could be potential candidate genes to improve iron acquisition in rice under iron deficiency condition.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZING AND ASSESSING THE BIO-EFFICACY OF NANO ZINC SYNTHESIZED BY BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL APPROACH(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2018-12-22) RAMESHRADDY; SHANKAR, A. G.Zinc (Zn) is one of the important micronutrients for plant and human nutrition. Soil Zn deficiency is a major problem and hence, adequate Zn supply during crop developmental stages are recommended to improve the Zn content in the edible parts and also to improve productivity. However, excess use of Zn fertilizers has detrimental effect on soil and plant health. Hence, it is need of the hour to have formulations of Zn with improved use efficiency for a given input. In this context, present investigation was taken up to study the impact of Zn Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by biological (Cassia fistula leaf extract) and chemical approaches on uptake, translocation and growth of maize plants. Nano ZnO particles were characterized using SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD and UVVIS-NIR. The efficacy of nano ZnO particle was studied at high soil pH condition and at high phosphorus levels. The nano ZnO treated plants showed better growth. In addition, under the water stress and PEG stress conditions the nano ZnO treatment showed an improved tolerance by maintaining higher SOD and proline content with less MDA and ROS depicted by NBT stain. Localization study showed that nanoparticles are mostly restricted to root cortex cells. The field grown maize plants showed significantly higher growth, yield, leaf Zn and seed Zn content with ZnO nanoparticles application. With respect to biosafety component, the nano ZnO treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell found more viable compared to ZnSO4 and ZnNO3 application. Biologically synthesized nano ZnO particle performed on par with chemically synthesized nano ZnO particles and these nano ZnO treatments were superior to bulk ZnSO4 for all of growth and yield traits in addition to high grain Zn content.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLED HAPLOID RICE LINES AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-02-08) DEBINA SANASAM; Mohan Raju, B.Doubled haploid technology has the greatest advantage of generating completely homozygous lines from any segregating population and contributes in shortening the breeding cycle of new varieties. With an aim of identifying the best DH lines which can be popularized as varieties, the present study was taken up to develop DH lines using anthers of KRH4 rice hybrid through androgenesis technique. Panicles with uninucleate to early binucleate stages microspores were collected and pretreated with cold and mannitol and cultured on basal N6 medium with Auxin and Cytokinin in 1:1 ratio in which a good callusing was observed. Similarly, with regeneration media, good regeneration was obtained. With polymorphic SSR markers, diploids were identified and eliminated, while with flow cytometry analysis, true haploids and spontaneously formed doubled haploids were identified. The true haploids (colchicine treated) and spontaneously formed doubled haploids were hardened and raised them in greenhouse conditions. The seeds from these plants were labeled as DH-0 generation seeds and altogether, seeds were produced from 27 DH plants out of which 21 lines were initially characterized during kharif 2016 and the remaining 6 lines during summer 2017 both under aerobic condition and identified some promising DH lines. The promising DH lines were characterized likewise both during summer and kharif 2017 both under puddled and aerobic condition. When analyzed for stability, the traits were indeed shown to be stable. Further, the truthfulness of the DH lines over generations was checked and found to be true DH lines. Based on these, it can be inferred that the DH lines are stable across seasons, locations and over generations. The DH lines were also found to have good cooking quality as well. Finally, based on the yield potential, two DH lines namely, DH 4 and DH 19 were nominated for All India trial.ThesisItem Open Access Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer for Basta herbicide resistance in tobacco(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK BANGALORE, 2001-06-27) HALESH, G. K.; PRASAD, T.G.