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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPOPEPTIDES PRODUCING Bacillus subtilis AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENS(2022-12-28) RUQIYA, S.Bacillus subtilis an endospore forming soil bacterium, popular for its biocontrol potential against numerous phytopathogens. In the present study we isolated several isolates of Bacillus subtilis from the soils of Western Ghats of Karnataka. They were initially characterized based on morphological parameters. The further confirmation of these Bacillus subtilis isolates were done by PCR amplification of 16S rRNAgene. The presence of lipopeptide genes i.e., surfactin (srfA) at 420 bp size, (srfAA) at 201 bp size, (sfp) at 675 size, fengycin (fenD) at 430 bp size, (fenB) at 675 bp size and bacillomycin (bmyB) at 410 bp size, confirmed through PCR using gene specific primers. Based on maximum number of gene, lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis strain WGBS1 was chosen for characterization using MALDI TOF where surfactin and fengycin were confirmed by 1058 and 1478 m/z ratio respectively. Dual culture bio-assay of Bacillus subtilis strain WGBS1 was carried out against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Alternaria alternata that resulted in the inhibition of 42.38, 50.21 and 43.03 per cent respectively. The antagonistic activity of lipopeptides isolated from WGBS1 was tested on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Alternaria alternata at the concentration of 100 μl/ml showed the highest inhibition percentage i.e., 93.63, 98.76 and 97.98 per cent respectively. These promising bioassay results and molecular confirmation of lipopeptides producing genes describes the immense biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis strain WGBS1 and thus can find widespread applications in the field of agriculture as a potent bio-inoculant agent.ThesisItem Embargo RESPONSE OF BIOINOCULANTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF HORSEGRAM [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc](2022-12-10) SHIVADIKSHA; NAGARAJU, K.A field experiment was carried out during rabi to study the response of bioinoculants on growth and yield of horsegram under field condition. Screening and characterization of Rhizobium through isolation from root nodules of horsegram. Out of 30 isolates isolate HR-8 was efficient for acetylene reduction assay (32.49 n mol of C2H4h-1), IAA production (20.52 μg/ml of medium), Phosphate solubilization (3.70 SI) and siderophore production (55.37%). Further isolate HR-8 was subjected to molecular characterization through 16S rRNA sequencing and was identified as Rhizobium etli. Application of Rhizobium etli and other bioinoculants(Bacillus megatherium and Glomus mosseae) either alone or as consortium Rhizobium etli, Bacillus megatherium and Glomus mosseae in horsegram have significantly stimulated higher population of nitrogen fixers (6.11×104 CFU g-1 soil) and phosphate solubilizers (4.23×104 CFU g-1 soil). Further, higher microbial biomass carbon (398.78μg g-1 soil), nitrogen (44.75 μg g-1 soil) and phosphorus (49.42 μg g-1 soil); enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase (6.43 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) and urease (42.49 μg NH4+-N g-1 soil h-1) was observed. While the application of consortium of bioinoculants viz., Rhizobium etli, Bacillus megaterium and Glomus mosseae had significantly higher growth and yield parameters viz., number of branches (11.16), number of nodules (12.11), chlorophyll content (3.09 %), number of pods per plant (32.61) and yield (9.46 q/ha) in horsegram. Therefore, it is evident from this study that the application of consortium of bioinoculants have significantly enhanced the biological properties of rhizosphereThesisItem Embargo INFLUENCE OF BIOINOCULANTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) UNDER FIELD CONDITION(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-13) SRINIDHI, L; NAGARAJU, KThe influence of bioinoculants on the growth and yield of blackgram under field condition was conducted during rabi season through a field experiment. Screening and characterization of Rhizobium through isolation from root nodules of blackgram. Application of bioinoculants to blackgram, either alone or in consortia with Rhizobium mesosinicum BG7, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae), have significantly increased the activity of microorganisms including N2 fixation, phosphate solubilization and spore load of AM fungi, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, enzyme activities like dehydrogenase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase and growth and yield parameters of blackgram. Rhizobium mesosinicum BG7, Bacillus megaterium and Glomus mosseae along with different doses of RDF were used as microbial consortia of bioinoculants and they greatly increased growth and yield parameters like the number of branches, nodules, fresh weight of nodules, chlorophyll content and plant N and P content in pulses. As a result, it is clear from this study that applying bioinoculants in consortia considerably improved the biological characteristics of rhizospheric soil, growth and yield of pulse crops when compared to soil administered with solely inorganic fertilizers.ThesisItem Embargo INTERACTION OF DROUGHT TOLERANT BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES WITH BENEFICIAL BACTERIA ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GRAIN AMARANTH (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)(2022-12-05) DIVYA, S. K.; KRISHNA NAIK, L.Plants harbours many bacterial endophytes which affords beneficial effects to the host plants. The present study was undertaken to analyse the interaction effect of drought tolerant bacterial endophyte and beneficial bacteria on growth and yield of Grain Amaranth Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. In this study, bacterial endophytes were isolated from roots, shoots and leaves of weed plant species like Ageratum conyzoides, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus viridis and Tridax procumbens from dry regions and screened for growth promotion characters under in-vitro condition and taken for greenhouse study. Out of the 50 endophytic bacterial isolates, through screening and standardization at (20 %) of polyethylene glycol (-0.51 MPa), eight isolates were selected based on their performance. The endophytic bacterial isolates AVS2B and CDS1A further screening under both stressed and non-stressed conditions were able to solubilize phosphate and potassium, produce ACC deaminase, HCN, NH3, siderophore, proline, phytohormones like IAA, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid. Molecular characterization through 16S rRNA sequencing using specific primers were used and the two isolates were identified as Alcaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas taiwanensis. In greenhouse studies, inoculation with bacterial endophytes along with beneficial bacteria improved the plant growth and yield in Grain Amaranth in comparison to control plants. The present study strongly suggests that characterized bacterial endophytes and beneficial bacteria in combition used as potential agents of growth andyield enhancement in Grain Amaranth.ThesisItem Embargo DYNAMICS OF SOIL MICROFLORA ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF ALFISOL(2022-12-03) SONIYA SRI, A.; Dr. H. C. GIRISHAAn investigation was conducted to study the dynamics of microbial population, biomass and enzymes during crop growth stages in soils of different agroforestry systems (AFS). The experiment was conducted in the premises of University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, which belongs to eastern dry zone with Alfisols, during the year 2020-21. Soil samples were collected from seven different AFS comprising Mango, Pongamia, Jamun, Mahogany, Melia, Cashew and Teak, with and without intercropping combinations. Soil samples were collected during 30, 60 and 90 days of intercrop growth and analyzed for microbial count comprising bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, free-living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizers, by serial dilution and plating on appropriate media. Soil pH, EC, SOC and soil available N, P and K values were determined by appropriate methods. The soil microbial population (rhizosphere) dynamics has shown an increasing trend till flowering stage and dropped towards harvesting stage in all agroforestry systems. Soil dehydrogenase activity and urease activity was noted to be high during flowering stage and among the systems, mango based AFS was found with maximum activity of enzymes (6.25 μg TPF g-1hr-1 on 60 DAS and 32.49). Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had been documented to be quantitatively higher in intercropped plots than fallow plots. Available soil nutrients (P and K) were relatively higher in fallow plots than intercropped; available soil nitrogen was noted to be maximum in pongamia+ cowpea system (248.84 kg/ha on 90 DAS), attributed to biological nitrogen fixation by N2 fixers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STALK ROT OF MAIZE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POTASSIUM(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BANGALORE, 2022-04-13) NAVEEN KUMAR, T. N.; ASHA, N. NThe actinomycete isolated from maize rhizosphere soil was identified as Streptomyces rochei CMB47 with 98.60 per cent similarity. The bioinoculants viz., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride were obtained from the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, V. C. Farm, Mandya and used in this study. In vitro screening of four bioinoculants was done by dual culture method against Fusarium verticillioides, a maize stalk rot pathogen. The per cent growth inhibition by B. subtilis (67.06 %), P. fluorescens (49.11 %), T. viride (48.08 %) and S. rochei CMB47 (59.07 %) was measured. The microbial consortium was developed by using four bioinoculants. A field experiment was conducted at ZARS, V. C. Farm, with thirteen treatments consisting of various potassium levels (0, 75, 100, and 125 percent of RDK), microbial consortium and F. verticillioides. The pathogen was inoculated at 60 DAS and after seven days microbial consortium was applied. Potassium at 125 % recommended dose + microbial consortium + F. verticillioides (T10) and 100 % RDK + consortium + F. verticillioides (T7) recorded lower stalk rot incidence (disease rating scale) of 2.27 and 2.87 respectively. These treatments recorded significantly higher growth, kernel yield (7.76 and 7.73 tons/ha) and stalk yield (11.83 and 11.79 tons/ha). T10 and T7 had highest cost-benefit ratio of 2.12 each, showed reduced disease incidence, improved growth and yield. Absolute control has showed lowest growth and yield. The microbial consortium consisting of bioinoculants improve disease control, crop growth and yield.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PRESERVATIVES AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERIC PACKAGING TO INCREASE THE SHELF LIFE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (Pleurotus eous)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-08) AADHILAKSHMI, S; Dr. UMASHANKAR, NMushroom is a good source of protein, vitamins, fibres, minerals and essentialamino acids essential to human nutrition. Short shelf life is a major impediment to theprocessing and distribution of mushroom. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of preservatives and modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) to extend theshelf life of pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eous). Mushrooms were treated withpreservatives viz acetic acid -1% and 2%, potassium metabisulphite ‘KMS’-0.1% and 0.2%, sodium chloride-5%, packed in polypropylene cover and stored at 4 °C. Analysisof physical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory evaluation were carried out.Results indicated that application of 0.2 % KMS on mushroom had higher shelf life (12 days) compared to other treatments. Hence, it was further used in the packaging studies.The combined effect of KMS, packaging film (HDPE and LDPE) and MAP viz., Highoxygen packaging (HOP), medium oxygen packaging (MOP), low oxygen packaging (LOP) and atmospheric air (ATM) were evaluated. The mushroom packed in MOP+0.2%KMS had highest shelf-life up to 16 days compared to control (3 days). Mushroompreserved with 0.2% KMS+HDPE+MAP presented better results compared to 0.2% KMS+LDPE+MAP. Mushrooms packaged in HDPE+MOP showed the lowest weightloss (2.76 %). Despite the lowest bacterial count for sample in HDPE+LOP, mushroompackaged in LDPE+MOP (6.88) had highest overall acceptability but there was no significant difference between HDPE+MOP (6.71). Therefore, outcome of this studypromotes new possibility of combining MAP with preservative to prolong the shelf life ofpink oyster mushroom.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF STARTER CULTURE FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF HOMEMADE RICE BEER OF TIPRA TRIBE OF TRIPURA STATE(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2021-12-15) KHUMBARTI DEBBARMA; Narayanaswamy, B.Rice beer is an integral part of socio-cultural life of the different tribal communities residing in Tripura. But the shelf life of rice beer is less because of lack of sterility and use of mix culture starters for fermentation. Hence the study was conducted to develop efficient promising starter culture for rice beer preparation. Yeasts (TCY1, TCY2, TCY3, TCY4, TCY5, TCY6, TCY7, and TCY8) and lactic acid bacteria (TCL1, TCL2, TCL3, TCL4 and TCL5) were isolated from Chuwan (traditionally used starter culture). Isolates TCY2 and TCL1 were selected on the basis of ethanol tolerance and used for development of starter culture for rice beer preparation along with reference strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 171 and Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2656 and Moringa, Tulsi and Guduchi leaves. The standardization of quantity of Moringa, Tulsi and Guduchi leaves (1g, 2g, 3g and 4g) for starter culture preparation was done and the results revealed that starter culture containing 1g Guduchi leaf and yeast isolate TCY2; and 1g Moringa leaf and LAB isolate TCL1 recorded the highest population. For consortia fermentation of rice beer, the starter culture containing 1g Tulsi leaf with 1:2 ratios of TCY2 and TCL1 produced the maximum alcohol content of 6.82%. The rice beer made with 10% starter culture containing 1g Guduchi leaf and yeast isolate TCY2 yielded the highest alcohol content of 6.96% with better organoleptic characteristics and long shelf life of up to 30 days in both ambient and refrigerated storage conditions.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF BIO CONTROL AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION POTENTIAL OF YEAST ISOLATES FROM NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2020-10-22) VINDHYA BUNDELA; NAGARAJU, K.Microorganisms are natural option in replacement, partial or total of the synthetic chemicals by direct and indirect mechanism. In this study, fifty yeast isolates from the rhizosphere, phylloplane of solanaceous crop, fruit juices, whey and sauerkraut were assessed for their bio-control and plant growth promoting traits. Totally 16 yeast isolates were characterized for utilization of different carbon sources, extracellular amylase, cellulases and proteolytic activity. They were screened for in-vitro bioassay against fungal and bacterial pathogens and siderophore production. Among these isolates, YCAP1 showed maximum inhibition against fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (40%) and Pythium sp (33.33%), whereas YPI6 against Fusarium oxysporum (43.76%). Few yeast isolates showed antagonistic activity against bacterial pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas oryzae. Index for phosphorus, potassium and zinc solubilization was found in the range of (0.22-2.33), (0.28-4.62), (2.76-3.33) respectively. Highest IAA was produced by YPI6 (53.71ug/ml), and maximum GA was produced by YCAP1 (42.39ug/ml). Biocontrol efficiency and seedling vigour index were found highest in plants treated with YCAP1, YSK2 and YPI6 isolates against Fusarium oxysporum in all four solanaceous crops (tomato, brinjal, chilli, and capsicum). Based on 18s rRNA sequencing YCAP1 was identified as Pichia kudriavzevii and YSK2 as Pichia kluyveri. Pot experiment on tomato plants revealed that the consortium of yeast isolates significantly increased various plant characters. Present study, therefore suggests the use of yeast as biofertilizers might be beneficial for vegetables to enhance growth and induce resistance against pathogens.
