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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF INSECTICIDAL GENES IN Bacillus tliuringiensis ISOLATES FROM WESTERN GHATS OF CHIKMAGALUR AND GOA(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) ASHWTNI B. K.; J.H.KULKARNINo AbstractThesisItem Open Access BEER PRODUCTION FROM SWEET SORGHUM GRAINS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) SEEMA MESTA; GEETA S. SHIRNALLINo AbstractThesisItem Open Access FUNCTIONAL AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS FROM WESTERN GHAT REGIONS OF UTTARA KANNADA DISTRICT(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) MEGHA Y. J; A.R. ALAGAWADIInvestigations were carried out on functional and molecular diversity of 52 fluorescent pseudomonads from Western Ghats of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Thirty seven of them were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas Jluorescens, 13 as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two isolates as Pseudomonas aureofaciens based on the morphological, biochemical and physiological properties. Out of the 52 isolates, 44 were inhibitory to one or the other plant pathogens tested. While 14 were inhibitory to R. solanacearumj 10 were inhibitory to X. campestris, 32 to F. oxysporum and 24 to R. bataticola.Twenty two isolates showed inhibition against 2-3 pathogens. All the 44 isolates with biocontrol activity showed HCN production including 15 high HCN producers. Ten isolates tested for antimicrobial metabolite production showed production of one to two metabolites some of which were found to inhibit X. campestris, F. oxysporum and R. bataticola. The amount of Pi released from TCP ranged from 1.78 to 15.44 per cent where as the amount of lAA and OA produced ranged from 80 to 760 jag/1 and 24.8 to 262.8 |ig/l of broth respectively. Forty seven of them recorded the alkaline protease activity in the range of 0.50 to 6.18 mg tyrosine/mg protein/hour. Molecular diversity of fifteen isolates along with five reference strains was analyzed by RAPD-PCR. The dendrogram constructed had six clusters with maximum genetic similarity of 0.73 and minimum genetic similarity of 0.00. The diversity analysis of 52 fluorescent pseudomonad isolates using diversity indices for the pooled data showed higher Shannon^s index of 0,67 suggesting their high diversity in the study area. An evenness index of 0.61 indicates the dominance of one species over others. A low richness index suggested unequal distribution of fluorescent pseudomonads in different forests.ThesisItem Open Access DELIGNIFICATION AND BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRORESIDUES(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) RAGHAVENDRA B. HAVANNAVAR; GEETA SHIRNALLIThe agricultural crop residues such as paddy straw, wheat straw sind sugarcane bagasse are abundantly available having rich source of sugars. Ethanol can be blended directly in petrol, upto 20%. Presently, 5% of ethanol is being blended along with diesel for transportation in few states in India. This indicates the demand for ethanol. In the present study, pre-treatment process was developed for hydrolyzing paddy straw, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse to get maximum fermentable sugars and further conversion to ethanol by fermentation process. The substrates were powdered into two different particle size 1 cm and less than 5 mm. The powdered substrates were pre-treated \vith 1.5% and 2% sulphuric acid and alkali (sodium hydroxide) at the concentrations of 2% and 3%. Among these, the substrates with particle size less than 5 mm and pre-treated with 3% alkali has given maximum cellulase content in sugarcane bagasse 0.695 g/g followed by wheat straw 0.593 g/g and paddy straw 0.560 g/g. The maximum hemicellulase content was observed in paddy straw 0.132 g/g followed by sugarcane bagasse 0.123 g/g and wheat straw 0.117 g/g. The delignified substrates (with 3% NaOH) were subjected for microbiological and commercial cellulase enzyme pre-treatment for further saccharification. Among fungal cultures Trichoderma reesei has yielded maximum reducing sugar in all the substrates. The commercial cellulase enzyme yielded maximum reducing sugar as compared to that of fungi. The hydrolysate thus obtained was used for screening of yeast cultures. Among these, the substrates pre-treated with commercial cellulase enzyme were recorded maximum ethanol compared to the substrates pre-treated with Trichoderma reesei. Among yeast strains Pachysolen tannophilus NCIM 3445 has showed comparatively higher ethanol yield in all the substrates. The chemical delignification process developed followed by the cellulase enzyme treatment yields maximum reducing sugars and yeast Pachysolen tannophilus was identified suitable for ethanol production.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, SCREENING AND SELECTION OF EFFICIENT POLY-p-HYDROXYBUTYRATE (PHB) SYNTHESIZING BACTERIA(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) CHANDRASHEKHARAIAH P. S.; K. S.JAGADEESHIn the present study, an attempt was made to isolate efficient PHB producing bacteria from different environmental samples. A total of eight samples were collected and 656 bacteria were isolated and 24 bacteria were collected from the Departmental culture collection. Out of these, 101 were found to be PHB positive based on viable colony staining method using Sudan Black B. All the 125 PHB positive isolates were subjected to quantitative estimation of PHB production. PHB jdelds varied from 0.010 to 0.160 g/100 ml. Ten promising bacterial isolates were selected based on their PHB yields. They were EJC2, EJC5, KJC7, NJC3, FJC4, MJCIO, TJCl, BJC7, B25 and DJC6. The culture parameters were optimized for all the 10 isolates. Glucose was found to be the best carbon source for maximum PHB production by all the isolates. Ammonium sulphate supplementation at 0.1 per cent was found to be optimum. Maintaining the C:N ratio of 20:1 using the best C and N source was found to be optimum. Maintaining the pH of the medium at 7.0 was found optimum. In order to reduce the cost of PHB production.whey and waste water of a soft drink industry were tested as cheaper substrates. Although they supported PHB production, the yields were rather low when compared to those on standard media. However, the jdelds could be improved to some extent, by supplementation with glucose at 1 per cent level. But, the advantage is that the biowastes can not only be disposed off but also value added product like PHB can be obtained. DJC6 reduced COD of whey by 43 per cent, thus functioning as a bioremediating agent. Out of ten natural promising isolates, DJC6 and BJC7 were found to be the most efficient PHB producers. Under optimized conditions, DJC6 produced a PHB jdeld of 1.100 g/100 ml while BJC7 produced 0.85'90 g/100 ml. DJC6 performed better than the reference strain R. eutropha in PHB production. DJC6 and BJC7 were tentatively identified as Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. respectively, based on the morphological and biochemical tests. Scale up studies in 3 litre bottle fermenters were conducted under the optimized conditions. Pseudomonas sp. DJC6 produced a PHB yield of 1.100 g/100 ml which is marginally higher than 1.033 g/100 ml produced by K. eutrophaThesisItem Open Access BIODEGRADATION AND BIOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY OF MILKY WHITE MUSHROOM {^CalocminHiC^(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) ADINATH A. KARNAWADI; VEENA SAVALGIThe experiments were conducted at Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2004-05 for screening and selection of different substrates viz., paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, maize stalks, potato baulms for the production of milky white mushroom, Calocybe indica. Also different casing materials viz., well decomposed FYM, biogas slurry, lignite, vermicompost and sheep and goat manure in combination with garden soil (1:1 w/w) were tried for mushroom cultivation using paddy straw as a single substrate. The yield and nutrient content of mushrooms were examined. Meanwhile, biochemical changes that occurred in the substrates during the growth of mushrooms were studied. The study of chemical composition of substrates indicated the significant variation in all chemical constituents of four substrates used. The lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, organic carbon, C:N and dry matter of substrates showed a significant reduction during growth of a fungus. But, nitrogen content was increased over a period of mushroom growth. Out of four substrates studied, paddy straw alone realized the highest bioefficiency (138.88%) and followed by maize stalks (133.16%). Paddy straw also recorded significantly more number of buttons (6.4), minimum time for completion of the spawn run, pin head formation and days for first harvest (14.2, 7.4 and 8 days, respectively) and maximum shelf life (5.8 days). Nutritionally, mushrooms from maize stalks recorded high protein (32.43%) and carbohydrates (46.98%), which were on par with paddy straw. The mushrooms from paddy straw recorded highest fat (3.63%). Meanwhile, both moisture and crude fibre of mushrooms were shown non-significant results. As compared to other casing materials used, well decomposed FYM+garden soil (1:1 w/w) has shown significantly higher bioefficiency (137.14%) and maximum number of buttons (6.50). But, shelfiife, days taken for pin head formation and first harvest were shown non-significant results. Nutritionally, mushrooms varied significantly with highest protein (30.98%) and fat (3.81%) in well decomposed FYM+garden soil (1:1 w/w) and carbohydrates in sheep and goat manure+garden soil (1:1 w/w) (47.09%). Meanwhile, moisture and crude fibre content were found to be non-significant.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, SCREENING AND SELECTION OF EFFICIENT CHLORPYRIPHOS DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) ANUJA GEORGE; K. S. JAGADEESHThe focus of the present study was to develop bacteria capable of bioremediation of chlorpyriphos contaminated soil. This was attempted by isolating 28 bacterial isolates from chlorpyriphos enriched soil samples and screening for biodegradation of the pesticide. Of the screened bacterial isolates, 13 grew on mineral salts medium containing 100 ppm chlorpyriphos as the sole carbon source. There was only a slight increase in the release of chloride when the medium was supplemented with additional carbon sources such as succinic acid, glucose and maltose (@ 1 g/1). The most promising chlorpyriphos degrading bacteria were Pseudomonas sp. JA 15 and Enterobacter sp. JA 8 which degraded the pesticide by 98 and 93 per cent respectively in 7 days. Calcium alginateimmobilized Pseudomonas JA15 strain resulted in complete degradation of chlorpyriphos by 100 hours. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of all the isolates revealed appearance of an unknown metabolite having Rf value in the range 0.15-0.19. The enzyme involved in chlorpyriphos degradation by Pseudomonas JA15 isolate was found to be extracellular. These efficient strains were selected for the bioremediation of chlorpyriphos contaminated soil. The bioaugmentation of the strains alone and in combination to the contaminated soil resulted in higher degradation rate than was observed in uninoculated soils. The dual inoculation resulted in 97 per cent degradation in two weeks. The phytotoxic effects of the pesticide on germination and growth of cowpea were counteracted by the strains. The population of chlorpyriphos degrading bacteria in the polluted soil was found to increase throughout the period of investigation due to breakdown of the pesticide. There was also a significant increase in the population of total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere due to inoculation with any of these strains. And, cowpea root exudates were found to support growth and multiplication of Pseudomonas JA 15 strain.ThesisItem Open Access INTERACTION OF Glomus fasciculatum AND Azospirillum sp. ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-30) CHANDRAGIRISH M.S.; J. H. KULKARNIThe present investigation was carried out to identify the appropriate inoculation method of Azospirillum sp. in tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with and without a mycorrhizal fungus namely Glomus fasciculatum under field conditions. The Azospirillum sp. strain Azo Ve: : lac Z population was found to be significantly high in rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of tomato plants on dual inoculation of Glomus fasciculatum and Azospirillum sp. The dual inoculation also significantly influenced the extramatrical spores in rhizosphere soil and root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi over the single inoculation of any one endophytes. Similarly, the plant height, root and shoot biomass and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus also increased in plants inoculated with both endophytes. In nursery study, proliferation of Glomus fasciculatum and Azospirillum sp. in tomato seedlings improved in dual inoculation over the single inoculation of the two endophytes. The shoot biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by tomato seedlings were significantly increased on dual inoculation at 30 days, compared to other treatments. In main field, the pre-colonized tomato plants showed the superior colonization of Azospirillum sp. and mycorrhizae in endorhizosphere compared to the root dipping of seedlings with Azospirillum sp. during transplantation and uninoculated plants supplied with 75 and ICQ per cent N and P. The population of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria were also significantly increased in plants when the endophytes were dual inoculated at nursery stage. The symbiotic synergism of both Azospirillum sp. and mycorrhizae resulted in the improved plant growth, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and yield parameters. The dual inoculation in nursery was found to be advantageous over root dipping method of Azospirillum sp. and resulted in saving 25 per cent of fertilizer input namely nitrogen and phosphorus.ThesisItem Open Access MINERAL PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF AZOSPIRILLUM(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-01-02) VEENA, P. PATIL; P.U KRISHNARAJThe aim of the present study was to isolate Azospirillum from different crops and assess their molecular diversity, screen these isolates for their activity and mobilize pqq containing construct into MPS negative isolates and study the expression in these native Azospirillum isolates. Thirty isolates were isolated from different crops. This work reports about the presence of Azospirillum even in medicinal plants endorhizosphere e.g., ashwagandha, stevia, and Vitex nigundo. The ability of the isolates to fix atmospheric nitrogen ranged from 10.12 to 19.22 mg N per g of malate. All the isolates produced lAA, expect five all produced GA. Among the 30 isolates screened, 12 were found to be MPS negative but complemented for MPS activity with PQQ supplementation, indicating that they lacked genes for PQQ synthesis. Among these A75 and A10 isolates showed MPS activity when PQQ was added into MSM and these were AmpR and Tef^. Hence, a construct pJSKlS containing Pqq synthase gene(s) with AmpR and Kan^ as.marker was mobilized into Azospirillum A75 and AlO. The resultant transconjugants showed slight solubilization on MSM medium than their respective wild types, indicating that the PQQ gene (s) in pMCG898 was not sufficient to complement MPS activity in Azospirillum isolates A75 and AlO. However, the transconjugants showed a significantly higher Pi release of 24 and 111 per cent Pi release respectively than their respective wild types in TCP broth.