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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIVERSITY OF BEETLE ACROSS THE RURAL-URBAN GRADIENTS OF BANGALORE DISTRICT(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) JAGADEESH, KANASOGI; JEMLA NAIK, D.Urbanization is a dominant process of land alteration converting rural undisturbed areas into urban land. Now a days, the world is facing greatest ever biodiversity crisis due to urbanization, which leads to extinction of many species of plants and insects. The present study examined changes in abundance and diversity of beetles across the rural-urban gradients of Bangalore district during 2017-18. Using four methods of collection (light trap, sweep net, malaise trap and bee bowl) a total of 20,978 beetles of 271 morpho-species belongs to 30 families were collected. Among beetles, Staphylinidae contribute 72 per cent followed by Scarabaeidae and Carabidae. The light trap was found more efficient and effective for beetle collection as ninetythree per cent of total beetles were collected compared to other methods used in the study. The abundance and diversity of beetle were recorded more in post monsoon compared to pre-monsoon. During both the seasons, highest number of beetles were collected from rural gradients (8034) followed by peri-urban (6580) and urban gradients (5006). Shannon diversity index value was highest in peri-urban areas (H’=3.85) followed by rural (H’=3.81) and urban (H’=3.62). But, there were no significant differences were observed in both abundance and diversity of beetles across the gradients. Beetle diversity had shown positive correlation with diversity of vegetation. The present findings suggest that beetle can be used as a bio-indicator as it contributes 40 per cent of total insects species collected. Further, ecological health of a given area can be determined easily using beetle diversity.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF RIDGE GOURD GENOTYPES AGAINST LEAF MINER, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) AND FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) KAVYASHREE, B.A.; Thippaiah, M.An investigation on screening of ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula(L.)Roxb.] genotypes against leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) was undertaken during the year 2017-2018. The level of leaf miner and fruit fly infestations varied significantly between the genotypes and age of the crop. Significantly low level of leaf miner infestation was recorded in Jaipur long and Naagin genotypes. The highest fruit infestation by fruit fly was recorded in the genotype, Vdg-1and lowest infestation was recorded in Naagin genotype. The infestation of fruits also varied across the age of the fruits, the lowest infestation of fruits was recorded at initial growth and highest at later stage of the crop. Further, all the seventeen ridge gourd genotypes were categorized into highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately resistant, resistant and highly resistant genotypes based on leaf miner and fruit fly infestation. None were found to be highly resistant and resistant genotypes. Six genotypes viz., Dmrg-1, Jaipur Long, Arka Sumeeth, Mandira, Nandini and Naagin recorded less infestation by both leaf miner and fruit fly infestation. Whereas, four genotypes viz., Erg-4, Vdg-1, Torilong Krishna, Ns-3 recorded high leaf miner and fruit fly infestation. The genotypes having significantly higher quantities of phenols and tannins and less quantity of total sugars and reducing sugars were found to be important biochemical traits in reducing leaf miner and fruit fly infestation. These traits may be explored while breeding for leaf miner and fruit fly resistant genotypes in ridge gourd crop.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF SPIDER MITE SPECIES INFESTING SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AND BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF MITE INFESTED PLANTS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-08-01) SAFEENA MAJEED, A.A.; Srinivasa, N.Biology, reproduction and demography of four spider mite species infesting three medicinal plants was carried out at four different constant temperature & humidity conditions (20°-32°C; 62-85%) including damage symptomology and leaf biochemical changes subsequent to mite feeding. Female of Schizotetranychus baltazari on Murraya koenigii and Oligonychus mangiferus & Oligonychus thelytokus on Ichnocarpus frutescens developed faster (8.50, 7.10 & 8.74 days, respectively) at 30⁰C, while development of Tetranychus hirsutus female on Gymnema sylvestre was faster (10.12 days) at 32⁰C. Demography of these spider mite species revealed higher Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase (rm) values of 0.097, 0.091, 0.095 & 0.095 females/female/day and higher Net Reproductive Rates (Ro) of 33.24, 26.60, 68.11 & 68.11 female offsprings/female/generation for S. baltazari, O. mangiferus, O. thelytokus & T. hirsutus, respectively. Higher fecundity (21-31 eggs/female) and lower Mean Generation Time (14-29 days) of O.mangiferus explained the reason for its greater abundance compared to O. thelytokus (19-27 eggs & 15–32 days) on the same host plant, I.frutescens. Adaxial feeding of S.baltazari on curry leaves resulted in grey spotting, discrete peelings of leaf cuticle, greyish-white appearance of the entire leaf, withering & defoliation. O. mangiferus & O. thelytokus feeding caused yellowish white spots, drying, withering & premature leaf-drop and T. hirsutus feeding produced orange-yellow spots & profuse webbings with large number of congregating individuals showed intuition for dispersal. Spider mites’ sap feeding damage on leaves resulted in significant reduction in carbohydrates (42–91%), proteins (55–69%) and flavonoids (18–65%), but alkaloid content increased in damaged leaves by 92% in M. koenigii, 220% in I. frutescens and 14% in G. sylvestre.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NEW INSECTICIDE MOLECULES AGAINST COTTON MEALYBUG, Phenacoccus solenopsis TINSLEY (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) AND THEIR SAFETY TO ITS NATURAL ENEMIES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-07-01) NIDHEESH, T.D.; Jayappa, A.H.Seven different insecticide molecules were evaluated against solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley on cotton and their effect on natural enemy fauna was determined. In a preliminary laboratory experiment, these molecules with unique modes of action were tested for their efficacy at three different concentrations (i.e., below recommended, recommended and above the recommended concentrations). Based on the results of preliminary trial, these insecticides were assessed for the efficacy in the laboratory at recommended dose. Among the insecticides tested, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.40 g/l and dinotefuran 20 SG @ 0.25 g/l exhibited significantly highest mealybug mortality at different hours after treatment (24 to 120 HAT), followed by pymetrozine 50 WG @ 0.60 g/l and azadirachtin 1% EC @ 2.00 ml/l. However, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran were found to be deleterious for the growth and development of two natural enemies viz., Aenasius arizonensis and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, whereas, azadirachtin 1% EC, buprofezin 25 SC and pymetrozine 50 WG were found to be least toxic by causing minimum mortality of both the natural enemies, among all the treatments. Therefore, pymetrozine 50 WG @ 0.60 g/l and azadirachtin 1% @ 2.00 ml/l could be used as safer alternatives to profenophos 50 EC (standard check) in the management of P. solenopsis in cotton, without adversely affecting the performance of A. arizonensis and C. montrouzieri.ThesisItem Open Access ERYTHRONEURINI LEAFHOPPERS (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE: TYPHLOCYBINAE) ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS IN KARNATAKA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-11-16) JYOTHI RAYAR; Thippaiah, M.The tribe Erythroneurini is the largest under the subfamily Typhlocybinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with 64 genera and 278 species in India of which 31 genera and 75 species were reported from Karnataka. The present study after the examination of 4855 specimens collected from various districts of Karnataka namely, Bagalkote, Belagavi, Bengaluru, Chamarajanagara, Chikkaballapura, Chikkamagaluru, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad, Gadag, Kodagu, Mysuru, Raichuru, Ramanagara, Shivamogga and Vijaypura, revealed the presence of 44 species belonging to 20 genera of erythroneurines. This also included one new subgenus of Thaia Ghauri and 10 putative new species belonging to Cubnara Dworakowska, Helionidia Zachvatkin, Hepneriana Dworakowska, Matsumurina Dworakowska, Seriana Dworakowska, Tautoneura Anufriev and Thaia. Ambara murthyi (Mathew & Ramakrishnan), Empoascanara niazii (Ahmed & Samad), Empoascanara plamka Dworakowska, Tautoneura erythropunctata (Ramakrishnan & Menon), Watara sudra (Distant) and Zyginopsis major Dworakowska are new records for Karnataka. Illustrated keys to 33 genera and 61 species found in Karnataka are given. 15 species of Erythroneurini leafhoppers were collected on 19 plant species grouped under following five families, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae and Rhamnaceae. Of these, species of Ambara, Empoascanara, Thaia and Qadria Mahmood were collected on economically important crops like sugarcane, paddy, wheat, ragi, bajra and ber and species of Cassianeura Ramakrishnan & Menon, Diomma Motschulsky, Hajra Dworakowska, Hepneriana, Ratburella Ramakrishnan & Menon, Tautoneura and Watara Dworakowska were found associated with ornamental plants like Cassia fistula L., Hibiscus tiliaceus L., Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd, Erythrina crista-galli L., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Helicterus isora L. and Bauhinia variegata (L.) Benth., respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS IMPARTING RESISTANCE AGAINST AMERICAN PINWORM, Tuta absoluta (MEYRICK) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) AND THRIPS SPECIES IN TOMATO(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-12-27) PRITHA GHOSH; JAGADISH, K. S.Investigations on morphological and biochemical factors imparting resistance against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and thrips species in tomato revealed that egg and larval load of T. absoluta were found to be significantly higher during summer 2018-19, followed by rabi 2017-18 and kharif 2018-19. Four thrips species were recorded namely Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny and Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan from the field screening. Pheromone trap catches of T. absoluta had significant negative correlation with rainfall (r = -0.35*) and relative humidity (r = -0.61*) and significant positive correlation with temperature (r =0.76*). Laboratory bioassays confirmed the resistances of wild accessions of tomato against T. absoluta and TOSPO vector, S. dorsalis by recording significantly lower egg load and higher larval mortality as compared to the susceptible check. Higher acylsugar content had a negative impact on T. absoluta larvae and resulted in reduced pupal weight. Dense glandular trichomes showed highly significant positive correlation (R2=0.94*) with acyl sugar content. Total glandular trichomes showed significant negative correlation with egg load (R2= 0.89*). Wild accessions showed contrasting differences in their green leaf volatile profile as compared to susceptible genotypes. Among biochemical parameters, acyl sugar, tannin, phenol, monoterpene and sesquiterpene contents were found at significantly higher quantity in resistant wild accessions as compared to susceptible genotype.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON BEHAVIOUR AND CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF MELON FLY, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-12-27) SUBHASH, S.; CHAKRAVARTHY, A. K.The volatiles of host plant stimulate a wide range of behavioural response in the insects that are associated with them. The melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) being oligophagous in nature deals with widely cultivated cucurbitaceous crops. Nevertheless, their mechanism of finding preferred host plant as well as conspecific mate and the molecular basis of olfaction is unknown. In this study, we show the ovipositional preference of melon flies and the behaviour eliciting host chemical cues. We studied the response of melon flies to immature and mature stage fruits of four different cucurbits. The gravid female flies preferred the mature ridge gourd fruits over other cucurbit hosts. On further investigation analytically the eight specific molecules which the melon fly uses in locating their host, viz., 1-Octen-3-ol, α-Pinene, p- Cymene, p-Ethyl-benzaldehyde, Methyl salicylate, p-Cymen-7-ol, Benzoic acid, 4-ethyl methyl ester and Heptacosane were identified. On molecular front, we developed the transcript assembly of melon flies antennae using the Illumina Next Seq 500 system. A total of 21,504 unigenes along with 137 chemosensory genes responsible for the odour detection mechanism in flies were covered. The homology model of 23 select odour binding proteins was built and In-silico docking analysis was performed against the eight host identified chemical cues. Docking results disclosed that 1-Octen-3-ol had very interactive energy with the selective odour binding proteins (5, 7) than any other ligands. Our results suggest that the flies deploy unique proteins to determine the specific molecules present in their preferred host ecospace. Further, we established that the synthetic blend of behavioural active chemical cues is equally attractive to gravid melon flies when compared to natural fruit sample. This study opens up huge arenas to evaluate the identified chemical cues in the field ecosystem for its potential to trap female melon flies.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION, MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAFHOPPERS IN PHYTOPLASMA ASSOCIATED SESAME PHYLLODY(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-12-12) PALLAVI, D.; VIJAYKUMAR, L.The investigation on molecular detection, mechanism of resistance and management of leafhoppers in phytoplasma associated sesame phyllody was undertaken at college of Agriculture, V. C. Farm, Mandya and Department of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore from 2017 to 2019. The peak leafhopper population and incidence of phyllody were noticed during second fortnight of April in Summer and first fortnight of October in Kharif during 2017 and 2018, respectively.The phytoplasma was detected from infested sesame plants and leafhoppers through molecular techniques using different primers viz., P1/P7, SECA1/A2,Tuf and obtained 1.8kb, 840bp and 490 bp product size, respectively. The genomic DNA of symptomatic plants and leafhoppers were found to be associated with phytoplasma belongs to 16SrI ‘Candidatus phytoplasma asteris’group. The detection of phytoplasma also confirmed using loop mediated amplification assay. The field evaluation of twenty seven sesame genotypes against leafhoppers and phyllody resulted in identifying four highly resistant genotypes. Among the biochemical constituents studied for resistance and susceptibility, the total phenols showed significant negative association with infestation, while, total sugars, reducing sugars, total free amino acids and crude proteins indicated significant positive relationship with incidence of phyllody. The studies on impact of feeding by leafhoppers on plant morphological and biological attributes in different genotypes under controlled and open field conditions revealed higher incidence, enzymes and nutrients levels in open field than controlled condition. Among nine insecticides evaluated against leafhoppers and phyllody, seed treatment with imidacloprid 48FS @ 5ml/kg with foliar spray of thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.3g/L was found effective in reducing incidence along with higher seed yield, net returns and C: B ratio compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION ECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE COFFEE WHITE STEM BORER, Xylotrechus quadripes CHEVROLAT (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-10-10) FAKEERAPPA R. PATTAN; BELAVADI, V. V.The present investigation on the population ecology and reproductive biology of Coffee White Stem Borer (CWSB), Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has confirmed that there is only one brood out of the same clutch of eggs with typically one age structured population. Earlier it was hypothesized that there were two broods out of the same clutch of eggs. This study also confirmed that, there were two flight periods (summer and winter) every year. The overall sex ratio of CWSB was female biased. Mating behaviour, fecundity and longevity of female beetles of CWSB was investigated under laboratory conditions. Pairs of male and female beetles maintained in cages showed that the female beetles approached the males and mated multiply to lay eggs. In a single pairing event, the female copulated multiply with the mounted male (on an average 5.07 ± 1.49 times) and laid a batch of eggs. Following an egg laying bout, the female mated again with the male and oviposited. This intermittent mating and egg laying continued throughout the lifespan of the female. To test the hypothesis that, females of CWSB mated multiply to enhance fecundity, a series of experiments were conducted. Females that mated intermittently laid a greater number of eggs (140.72 ± 42.50) than a singly mated female (31.3 ± 6.08). On an average a female (intermittently) mated 12.2 times and was able to lay 140.72 ± 42.50 eggs. The maximum number of eggs per clutch was observed in the fourth clutch (19.3 ± 6.61). 85.71% of eggs were laid within six clutches and later the number of eggs per clutch decreased as did the frequency of mating. However, females which mated multiply had significantly reduced lifespan than virgin females.
