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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF CROP ROTATION ON SOIL FAUNA IN ORGANIC FARMING ECOSYSTEM(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2014-07-02) GOLIVE PRASANTHI; N. G. KUMARThe investigation on the impact of crop rotation on soil fauna in organic farming ecosystem was carried out at the ZARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, during 2013. Soil application of 20 tonnes of FYM/ha+introduction of native fauna recorded significantly higher soil mesofauna, soil total Acari, cryptostigmatids, other Acari, other invertebrates and macro fauna like ants and beetles compared to other treatments during the cropping season. The highest population of total soil mesofauna was noticed 105 days after germination. Application of 20t of FYM ha"' significantly increased the soil organic carbon content(0.82%), available phosphorous(68.80 Kg/ha), available potassium(314.36 Kg/ha), exchangeable calcium(6.58 meq/lOOg), exchangeable magnesium(3.58 meq/lOOg), microbial biomass carbon(l 10.90 pg /g), microbial biomass nitrogen(10.87 pg /g), Dehydrogenase (296.37pg TPF/ g soil). Acid phosphatase (32.57pg PNP/ g soil). Alkaline phosphatase (15.77pg PNP/ g soil) and urease(l 11.54pg NH4"'/ g soil) in the soil compared to recommended fertilizer alone treatment. The same treatment also recorded higher plant biomass, root biomass, Rhizobium nodulation and grain yield(16.01 q/ha) compared to recommended package practices (12.90 q/ha) and recommended fertilizer alone(11.48 q/ha). Soil mesofauna abundance recorded a significant positive relationship with available phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, Dehydrogenase and urease. Abundance of mesofauna played an important role in the formation of available phosphorus, potassium. Ex calcium. Ex magnesium and alkaline phosphatase. Soil moisture and atmospheric minimum temperature showed significantly positive and negative relationship with the abundance of soil mesofauna. These factors together with rainfall exhibited significant influence on the abundance on the mesofauna(67%).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE HOST PLANT RESISTANCE TO GREEN LEAFHOPPER, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida.) (HEMIPTERA : CICADELLIDAE) AND DETERMINATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF RESISTANCE TO IT IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-09-23) SOUMYA M., SHETTAR; Jagadish, K. S.Investigations on the infestation of leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida.) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and host plant resistance studies were carried out during 2015-2017. Field screening of totally 411 genotypes during four seasons revealed that the overall incidence of mean population of leafhoppers ranged from 0.50 to 5.66 per plant and the hopper burn injury grade ranged between 0 to 5. Based on injury grade 10 entries (RH-95-C-1, AHT 12, OPV 2,CMS 103 B, KBSH 53, KBSH 72, OPV3, NCP 198,KBSH 1 and AHT 13) were shortlisted as resistant ,while nine genotypes viz., DRSF 108,RHA 284, EC 734840, EC 734844, NCP 22, NCP28, KBSH 41, Morden and UASB 560 were shortlisted as highly susceptible to leafhopper. Their resistance was confirmed and glass house conditions. The spatial distribution of leafhopper studied on sunflower entries during different developmental stages of the plant (at 45 and 75 DAS) revealed that the maximum leafhopper population confined the middle portion of the plant canopy, followed by top portion. The significantly lowest population of leafhoppers was recorded on bottom portion of canopy. Though leaf thickness did not confer any resistance against green leafhoppers, trichome length and trichome density in resistant entries did not support the build up of green leafhopper population. Biochemically, the resistance in sunflower could be attributed to low levels of total soluble sugars and total soluble proteins and increased levels of phenols.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INCIDENCE AND MASS TRAPPING OF SOUTH AMERICAN TOMATO LEAF MINER Tuta absoluta (MEYRICK) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) USING SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-14) SHRUTHI, R.; D. JEMLA, NAIKStudies on the incidence and mass trapping of South American tomato leaf miner T. absoluta using sex pheromone traps were undertaken at four villages in and around Bangalore rural district during 2016-17. Incidence was recorded from September to December 2016, which revealed that two peaks of moth catches during September 1st week (164.30 moths/trap) and September 4th week (158.00 moths/traps). The influence of maximum and minimum temperature on trap catches was found statistically significant, the significant influence of minimum temperature on leaf damage was found and the fruit damage was positively correlated with evaporation and negatively with rainfall. In another study from November 2016 to February 2017 revealed that two peak of moth catches were observed during January 2nd week and January 1st week (283.20, 255.40 moths/traps/week) respectively. The maximum temperature significantly correlated on trap catches, leaf and fruit damage. Field studies on mass trapping of South American tomato leaf miner were conducted, the four trials of five different trap densities (i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40 & 2 traps/acre) were evaluated for mass trapping of moth. The results revealed that T. absoluta moths responded to all five different trap densities, where 30 traps/acre recorded maximum mean number of moth catches (1533.14, 1037.85, 674.22, 1494.22 moths) and less fruit damage (15.30 %, 18.23%, 15.48%, 15.54%) in all trials.ThesisItem Open Access INSECT PESTS OF COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-14) MANTESH, SORATUR; Shivamurthy, NaikThe present investigation revealed eight insect pests on cowpea, namely stem fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli Tryon), aphids (Aphis cracivora Koch), Leafhopper (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb.), weevils, pod sucking bugs (Riptortus pedestris Fab.), spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata Geyer), blue butterfly (Lampides boeticus Linnaeus) and termites. The major natural enemies recorded were coccinellids, syrphids, green lace wing and spiders. Ten cowpea genotypes were screened for stem fly, aphids and pod borers, of which KBC-2, KBC-8 and KBC-9 were found resistant to stem fly and KBC-2, PGCP-13 were promising against aphids. Against pod borers, KM-5, KBC-8, KBC-9, PGCP-3, PGCP-5, PGCP-6, PGCP-13 and IT-38956-1 were highly resistant and KBC-2 and C-152 were moderately resistant. Among the insecticides evaluated, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.30 ml/l (95.66 & 100 % protection), profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/l (92.45 & 99.83 % protection), chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l (84.90 & 100 % protection) and quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/l (81.69 & 100 % protection) gave highest protection against leafhopper and aphids, respectively. Least pod and seed damage was observed in chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l (8.88 & 9.00%) treatment, followed by profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/l (13.33 & 14.33%). The maximum grain yield (11.20 q/ha) and favourable B:C ratio ( 2) were evident from the plots treated with profenophos 50 EC, followed by chlorpyrifos 20 EC treated plots (11.10 q/ha and 1.98).ThesisItem Open Access BIO-ECOLOGY AND ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF PATCHOULI, TULSI AND MINT (FAMILY : LAMIACEAE)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-03) TRIVENI, B.; Jagadish, K. S.Totally, 76 species of insect pests were recorded on Patchouli, Tulsi and Mint, of which 16 species were recorded on patchouli, 25 on camphor tulsi, 6 on lavanga tulsi, 7 on Krishna tulsi, 3 on Rama tulsi and 19 on mint. On patchouli, Pogostemon cablin L. highest incidence of weevil, grasshoppers and aphid were recorded during November. On camphor tulsi (Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gurke) population of all stages of tingid bug, Cochlochila bullita (Stal.) was highest during August, but absent during December. Peak incidence of Perilla leaf moth, Pyrausta phoenicealis Hub. was during September, it was lowest during November - December. On Lavanga tulsi (O. gratissimum L.) peak incidence of tingid bug nymphs was observed during February and that of tingid bug adult and total tingid population was observed during March. Incidence of scale insect, Drepanococcus chiton Green. was highest during December. On Krishna tulsi (O. sanctum L.) peak incidence of tingid bug nymphal and total tingid bug population was high during September, whereas tingid bug adult population was highest during August. On Rama tulsi (O. sanctum L.) peak population of both tingid bug nymphs and total tingid bug population were highest during August, whereas, adult population was highest during September. In mint (Mentha arvensis L.) peak incidence of all three leaf hopper species was highest during November. Totally 21 species of natural enemies were recorded on the 76 pests of Patchouli, Tulsi and Mint. The incubation period of C. bullita was 9.37 days, nymphs took 14.85 days to complete five instars, total developmental period occupied 24.18 days. Pre-oviposition period was on 30th day of pivotal age. The mean time required to complete the generation (T) was 26.88 days. The innate capacity (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) in number was 0.2632 and 1.32 females per female per day, respectively. Among four botanicals evaluated against C. bullita under laboratory conditions, NSKE (4%) was significantly superior and gave 100 per cent reduction of both fourth and fifth instar nymphs, whereas, pongamia oil (1.50 ml/l) gave 47.77 per cent reduction of adults after 24 hrs of treatment.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES AND THEIR ROLE AS SEED PROTECTANTS IN THE HARVESTER ANT Trichomyrmex scabriceps (Mayr) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-07-30) ARAVINDA; CHANDRASHEKARA, K.A diverse array of resources is utilised by ants for their growth and survival. Ants are predatory, phytophagous, nectariorous, and grainivorous etc. Grainivorous ants are commonly called as “harvester ants”. The seed cleaning and other behaviours of harvester ant T. scabriceps was observed in the laboratory queen less ant nest (Formicarium). The results showed that, they perform self-grooming behaviour more frequently than antennation, followed by seed cleaning by mandibles, wall cleaning, allo-grooming, and abdominal wagging. The role of exocrine glandular secretion of these ants as seed protectant was also evaluated, the results suggest that these ants only mechanically clean the seeds in nest and they may not involve the use of any glandular secretion as antimicrobial seed protectants. Antimicrobial activity of 50 per cent acetonitrile:water extracts of head, thorax, and abdomen of T. Scabriceps was evaluated in vitro, against Gram-positive bacterium Escherichia coli and Gram-negative bacterium Staphylococcus aureus using “spot on lawn method” of bioassay. Among three body parts, head and thorax extracts does not shown any antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus. Whereas abdomen extracts showed antimicrobial activity only against E. coli but not against S. aureus. Separation of antimicrobial peptide fractions of abdomen extracts was carried out using RP-HPLC. Among 14 fractions collected, only fraction-1 and fraction-2 showed in vitro antimicrobial activity in “spot on lawn method” bioassay. This study showed that T. scabriceps perform different behaviours in nest ant there may not be any association between antimicrobial peptides in the ants and seed cleaning behaviour.ThesisItem Open Access FAUNA OF TENUIPALPID MITES ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT PLANTS IN BENGALURU & NEARBY PLACES AND SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF Raoiella macfarlanei PRITCHARD & BAKER(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-07-24) BALAJI NAYAK, M.; Chinnamade Gowda, C.Study was undertaken on the fauna of tenuipalpid mites associated with fruit plants in Bengaluru & other nearby places and some biological aspects of Raoiella macfarlanei during 2016-17. Tenuipalpid mites were collected on 28 species of fruit plants belonging to 22 botanical families from five different locations and the taxonomic identification was carried out. The results revealed the presence of 15 species of tenuipalpid mites under five genera. Genus Brevipalpus was from represented by maximum number of six species, followed by Tenuipalpus (four), Raoiella & Terminalichus (two each) and Pentamerismus (one). Brevipalpus yothersi is a new record to India and Tenuipalpus guptai, Tenuipalpus yousefi & Terminalichus karachiensis are new records to Karnataka. The development of Raoiella macfarlanei both female and male was faster on host plant Syzygium cumini (21.70 & 18.93 days at 30°C and 26.88 & 25.71 days at room temperature (21-22°C)) compared to that recorded on Syzygium jambos (24.16 & 21.04 and 29.98 & 28.25 days, respectively). Preoviposition and Oviposition periods for mated female was lower (4.47 & 35 and 3.92 & 27.10 days) on Syzygium cumini at both the temperatures (at room temperature & 30°C, respectively) compared to that recorded on Syzygium jambos (5.53 & 35.40, 4.16 & 28.00 days). Net Reproductive Rate and Mean Generation Time were higher on S. jambos at both the temperatures (22.11 & 53.39 at room temperature and 19.55 & 41.50 at 30°C) compared to that recorded on S. cumini (21.00 & 48.80, 18.30 & 38.20, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SPIDER WASP FAUNA OF KARNATAKA (POMPILIDAE: HYMENOPTERA)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-07-24) NAGARAJ SHASTRI, S.; BELAVADI, V. VIn the present study 346 spider wasps were examined which were collected from different parts of Karnataka, represented 17 species, 11 genera belonging to two subfamilies viz., Pepsinae and Pompilinae. Description of each species is provided along with the keys for their identification and checklist of Karnataka is provided. Subfamily Pepsinae was represented by eleven species under six genera. The genera Macromeris, Caliadurgus, Leptodialepis, Mygnimia represented by single species viz., Macromeris violacea, Caliadurgus electus, Leptodialepis sericosoma, Mygnimia flava respectively. The genus Auplopus was represented by four species viz., Auplopus blandus, Auplopus bipennis, Auplopus hysipyla and Auplopus celaeno. The genus Hemipepsis represented with three species viz., Hemipepsis consanguineus, Hemipepsis perplexa and Hemipepsis rubida. Subfamily Pompilinae was represented by six species under five genera. The genera Tachypompilus, Paracyphononyx, Episyron, Atopopompilus represented by single species viz., Tachypompilus analis, Paracyphononyx wroughtoni, Episyron infestus, Atopopompilus daedulus respectively. The genus Batozonellus represented by two species viz., Batozonellus bioaculatus and Batozonellus unifasciatus. A phylogenetic study of the recorded species was made by preparing a cluster diagram from 17 selected characters. Illustrations and characters of male genitalia were provided for 10 species of Pompilidae. This includes six species from subfamily Pepsinae and four species from subfamily Pompilinae. Macromeris violacea was recorded with two different prey species viz., Oliosa sp. and Heteropoda sp. belonging to family Sparassidae (Araneae: Arachnida).ThesisItem Open Access BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF RED SPIDER MITE, Tetranychus lombardinii BAKER AND PRITCHARD (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) INFESTING JASMINUM SPP.(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-07-20) CHIDANANDA MUDDAIAH, HIREMATHA; Srinivasa, N.The crimson spider mite, Tetranychus lombardinii infested jasmine crop, more particularly Jasminum sambac in 11 districts of Karnataka. In Bangalore, J. sambac harboured more number of mites (12.72 mites/twig of 6-8 leaves) compared to J. multiflorum & J. grandiflorum (10.39 to 10.95). Mite activity showed gradual increase from August onwards recording a peak of 23.24 mites in Nov. followed by low intensity peaks (10-11mites) in Feb. & April. Mite development in the laboratory was faster (24.85 - 8.74 days for female; 24.26 to 7.37 for male) as rearing temperature increased from 20℃ to 35℃. Life cycle was shortest (7.37 days for male & 8.74 for female) at 35℃. Life cycle was shortest (7.62 to 22.37 days for male; 9.04 to 23.86 for female) on J. sambac at all temperature (20℃- 35℃) & relative humidity (71-88%) conditions. Longevity, oviposition period, fecundity and sex ratio declined (22.61 to 7.96 days, 18.68 to 4.27 days, 49.24 to 16.12 eggs/female and 1:13.6 to 1:4.3) as rearing temperature increased from 20℃ to 35℃. Mite also preferred J. sambac for reproduction vis-a-vis J. multiflorum & J. grandiflorum. Life table data were generated at four constant rearing temperatures on Jasminum spp. Intrinsic rate of natural increase, rm (female offsprings/female/day) was relatively high when reared between 25℃ & 30℃ (0.153 to 0.191 & 0.165 to 0.189, respectively). Relative toxicity of acaricides (based on LC50 values) to T. lombardinii was, Hexythiazox (0.11ppm)> Fenpyroximate (0.14)> Fenazaquin (0.42)> Fenpropathrin (0.56)> Buprofezin (0.83)> Spiromesifen(0.95)> Dicofol (1.49)> Propargite (4.49)> Diafenthurion (8.80). The Order of field residual toxicity (based on LT50 values) was, Spiromesifen (17.12 days)> Fenazaquin (14.54)> Fenpyroximate (14.08)> Propargite (13.98)> Dicofol (13.63)> Hexythiazox (12.92)> Buprofezin (12.52)> Fenpropathrin (12.43)> Diafenthiuron (11.73).