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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access PROSPECTING FOR ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES FROM ANTS: IN VITRO SCREENING AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANT EXTRACTS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-07-10) SANTOSH, V. REVADI.; Chandrashekara, K.Insects possess a strong innate defense mechanism that has enabled them conquer microbially challenging environments and resources. Insects, particularly the immature stages, are able to survive habitats such as dung, animal carcass and detritus primarily due to their humoral defense mechanism which guards them against invasive microbes. The insect humoral factors, identified as primarily comprising antimicrobial peptides effectively tackle pathogenic infections by microbes. In recent years these antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted global attention as potential candidates for therapeutic applications in animal and human health and agriculture. This has led to a flurry of research on insects to identify candidate AMPs. Among the insects screened for AMPs, the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are known to possess potent antimicrobial peptides which are small linear peptides. An exploratory study was taken up to screen for antimicrobial peptides from ants of peninsular India. Twelve species of ants from three subfamilies viz., Ponerinae, Formicinae and Myrmicinae were collected for in vitro antimicrobial activity of the whole body extract of ants in the acidified methanol using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against three test microorganisms viz., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. A strong antimicrobial activity was observed in all the extracts against E. coli than the other two test microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of the extract of Oecophylla smaragdina was found to be stable at temperature as high as 1000C. The extract of O. smaragdina was however was found to be sensitive to change in the pH. The extract lost the antimicrobial activity at pH 5.0 and pH 7.0 against the E. coli and C. albicans, but retained its activity against S. aureus through the range of the pH conditions from 5.0 to 7.0. The micro- Bradford assay was carried out to confirm the presence of peptides in the extract and had fairly high concentration of 12. 48µg / ml of extract. The results suggest that the ants are a good source of antimicrobial compounds, most certainly the peptides, which are heat stable and active at slightly acidic pH. The study also suggests that antimicrobial activity of the extracts is restricted to bacteria and has limited activity against fungi.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on host plant resistance in sunflower Helianthus annuus (L.) to thrips (Thrips palmi Karny) transmitted sunflower necrosis virus disease(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2009-08-15) SHADHANAIKURAL, A.; JAGADISH, K. S.Field screening of 106 sunflower genotypes revealed that the incidence of Thrips palmi ranged from 0.00 to 2.25/ plant and that of sunflower necrosis disease (SND) ranged between 0.00 to 100.00 per cent. Based on SND incidence,10 genotypes(GMU 685, 650, 664,662, 661,613, 676, KBSH53, KBSH 53 A & RHA 95-C-1) were shortlisted as highly resistant ,while another 10 genotypes viz., GMU-700, 637, 669, 632, 696, 682, 698, KBSH-44, Morden & CMS-17A were shortlisted as highly susceptible to SND. The 10 resistant entries recorded greater trichome density and length as compared to the 10 susceptible entries. Trichome density was significantly, negatively correlated with thrips population and SND. Similarly, trichome length was negatively correlated with the incidence of both thrips and SND, however, this correlation was non-significant. Majority of SND resistant entries possessed coarse lamina, while most of the susceptible entries exhibited smooth lamina. The total soluble sugar (TSS) content was lower in the 10 resistant genotypes as compared to the 10 susceptible genotypes, at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). TSS content was significantly- positively correlated with the incidence of thrips at 30th, 45th, 60th DAS and pooled mean of these 3 observations. SND incidence was significantlypositively correlated with the TSS content at 45th, 60th DAS and pooled mean. However, at 30th DAS this relationship was positive, but not significant. The total soluble protein content was lower in the 10 resistant genotypes as compared to the 10 susceptible genotypes, at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Total soluble protein content was positively correlated (but non-significant) with thrips incidence at 45th and 60th DAS, but at 30th DAS it was significantly- positively correlated with thrips incidence. The pooled mean was negatively correlated with thrips incidence, but this relationship was non-significant. Similarly, the SND incidence was positively correlated with the protein content at 45th and 60 DAS and the pooled mean of 3 observations, but these correlations were non significant. However, at 30 DAS the relationship between SND and total soluble protein content was negative, but non significant. pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, simply open the document you want to convert, click “print”, select the “Broadgun pdfMachine printer” and that’s it! Get yours now! The total phenol content was higher in the 10 resistant genotypes as compared to the 10 susceptible genotypes, at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. The total phenol content was negatively correlated with thrips incidence at 45th, 60th DAS and pooled mean. However, at 30th DAS, this relationship was positively correlated but it was non-significant. Similarly, SND incidence was significantly, negatively correlated with the total phenol content at 45th and 60 DAS and the pooled mean. However, at 30 DAS this relationship was negative and non-significant Squared Euclidean distance dendrogram revealed a molecular diversity of 20 genotypes, wherein the cluster divided into two groups, the first group had 5 SND resistant genotypes (KBSH-53, KBSH-53A, GMU-676, GMU-664 and GMU-650) and the second had 15 genotypes with 14% dissimilarity. RAPD analysis, by using 5 random primers resulted in 28 different polymorphic levels, with maximum number of level of bands generated by the primer OPA-3.ThesisItem Open Access DOCUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF PREVAIILING INSECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MILLED RICE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2009-08-15) SURENDRA KUMAR, B. L.; SUBRAMANYA, S.Rice is one of the most important staple food crop for more than half of the world’s population. Milled rice is attacked by nearly 27 insect species and two mite pests during storage. Since milled rice is immediately slated for consumption, no chemical should be used to control insects. The present study attempts to understand insect pest complex of milled rice, effect of different control methods to prevent their infestation and to develop a protocol for the management of insects. The rice samples were collected from 15 districts of Southern Karnataka from mills, wholesalers, retailers and households. All samples were screened for the presence of insects and also for boric acid by Colorimetric Method. Rice samples thus collected were found to be attacked by five insect species namely, Sitophilus oiyzae L., Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. Results revealed that 46.91 per cent of collected samples contained boric acid. Among the four sources, the highest number of samples from households, retail shops and wholesalers contained boric acid. Among the different varieties collected, highest per cent of Sona Masoori samples contained boric acid. Through experimentation it was ascertained that rice from general retailer shops required minimum of 4-5 washings to remove boric acid before cooking, while the rice sold by the shopping malls required 3 washings to remove the boric acid completely. Further, it was also assessed that more number of washings of rice lead to loss of nutrients from the rice grains. A study was conducted to asses the effectiveness of different control methods namely boric acid, pea protein, Ayurvedic (Zandu) Parad tablet, neem leaves, tobacco leaves dry chilli fruit and camphor for managing S. oiyzae and T. castaneum in milled rice. Observation on the number of dead adults, population build-up and grain weight loss due to infestation of S. oiyzae indicated that the treatment with boric acid, pea protein and Ayurvedic Parad recorded as the best treatments. Similarly in T. castaneum, the treatment with boric acid and Ayurvedic Parad recorded as the best treatments. In an experiment the effects of different pulse proteins from pea, field bean, cowpea, chickpea green gram and horse gram at one per cent against S. oiyzae in milled rice was assessed. Observations on number of dead adults, population build-up and grain weight loss indicated that pea protein and green gram protein were recorded as best treatments. Through this research it was known that Ayurvedic Parad tablet, proteins of pea and green gram can be used for control insects in milled rice.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POD BORERS OF DOLICHOS BEAN, Lablab purpureus L. (Sweet) AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2009-07-15) MALLIKARJUNA, J.; Ashok Kumar, C. T.A total of eight different pod borers belonging to different genera have been recorded on Dolichos bean under Bengaluru condition. Among them, Helicoverpa armigera was found to be major and its incidence was comparatively more than the other pod borers such as Adisura atkinsoni, Sphenarches caffer, Maruca testulalis, Etiella zinckenella, Exelastis atomosa, Lampides boeticus and Callosobruchus chinensis which were recorded at low incidence level. Maximum diversity (H=2.00) was observed among the pod borers on third week of December as measured by using Shannon Weiner index of diversity. All the pod borers have shown negative correlation with maximum temperature and rainfall while positive with relative humidity. H.armigera was found to be relatively more abundant with 17-71 % incidence. Among the indigenous materials, GCK (0.5%) was found to be very effective with respect to larval reduction (58.62%), pod damage (19.56%), seed damage (28.11%) and pod yield (8.3 q/ha) and among the new insecticide molecules, flubendiamide 24% + thiacloprid 24-48% SC was proved to be very effective with respect to larval reduction (79.25%), pod damage (13.13%), seed damage (18.41%) and pod yield (16.35 q/ha). Highest net returns obtained with GCK (Rs.4500) and Indoxacarb (Rs.10250). However, GCK (0.5%) and Fenvalerate 20 EC have been recorded highest BC ratio of 13.26 and 7.14 respectively among indigenous materials and new insecticide molecules. GL 248, GL 45 and GL 133 was proved to be highly resistant germplasms which recorded 00-15.15 % pod damage and first two lines were non preferred for oviposition which received a mean of 1.36 and 5.28 eggs per 10 inflorescences, respectively. Pod texture and fragrance have shown significant relation with larval boring while foliage colour has shown significant relation with oviposition.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF ORGANIC MANURES ON BELOW GROUND BIODIVERSITY IN SOYBEAN CROPPING SYSTEM(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2009-07-10) SATISH; .KUMAR, N GThe investigation on the impact of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on the abundance of soil arthropods, soil fertility and influence of abiotic factors on soil arthropods in soybean cropping system was carried out at the Zonal Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, during kharif 2008. Soil application of 20 t of FYM/ha recorded significantly higher soil invertebrates as compared to other treatments during the cropping season. Similarly, the soil total Acari, other Acari, cryptostigmatids and other invertebrates were significantly higher in the plots treated with the FYM or FYM + fertilizer as compared to the recommended fertilizer alone during cropping season. Application of recommended FYM + mulching (Glyricidia 2t/ha) recorded higher population of soil invertebrates compared to other treatments during non-cropping season. There was a significant negative relationship existed between the abundance of soil invertebrates and maximum temperature of the atmosphere. Application of recommended fertilizer alone (25:60:25 kg NPK/ha) recorded higher foliar insect abundance compared to other treatments. Application of FYM enhanced the nutrient status of the soil. The plot treated with 20 t of FYM recorded significantly higher organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium. Significantly higher available nitrogen was obtained in package of practices followed plot. Significantly higher soil macro-arthropods abundance was recorded in plot treated with recommended FYM (partially decomposed) during cropping season. Soil application of 20 t of FYM recorded higher grain yield (21.76q/ha) compared to chemical fertilizers alone (14.06 q/ha.) and package of practices followed treatment (17.86 q/ha).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on ecology of mites and sucking pests of pomegranate and management of Tenuipalpus punicae Pritchard & Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-08-30) MOHAMMAD YOSOF, AMINI.; Mallik, B.In the present investigation duration of egg, larva, protonymph and deutonymphal stages of Tenuipalpus punicae was 180 and 192 h, 96 and 120 h, 60 and 84 h, 60 and 84 h for males and females, respectively. The first, second and third quiescent periods lasted for 38 and 48, 48 and 52 and 36 and 48h for males and females, respectively. In case of Oligonychus punicae the duration of egg: 102.4-111.6h, larva: 35.6 and 44.2h, protonymph: 27.4 and 36.2h, deutonymph: 30.2 and 35.2h for males and females, respectively. The first, second and third quiescent periods lasted for 27.8 and 36h, 27.8 and 34.8h, 31.2 and 36.4h for males and females, respectively. The total duration of development from egg to adult ranged from 511-628h in Tenuipalpus punicae, and 282.4-334.4h for Oligonychus punicae. Leaves in top and middle canopies of pomegranate plant harboured significantly more number of eggs 0.74 and 0.68/leaf, respectively of T. punicae, which indicated the preference of mites for leaves at the top and middle canopies for oviposition. However, active stages preferred to feed on the leaves in the middle canopy with1.04 mites/leaf. Overall mite population including eggs and active stages was significantly more on middle canopy leaves (1.72 mites/ leaf) compared to other canopy leaves. The incidence of T. punicae was low from September 2007 to December 2007, later the population mite increased till February 2008. The other pests like pomegranate aphid (Aphis punicae), thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), mealybugs (Planococcus citri) and the eriophyid mite (Aceria granati,), were observed and their incidence was negligible. Wettable sulphur at 2.5 g and dicofol at 2.5 ml per litre of water were found very effective, the other acaricides like propargite, fenpyroximate, chlorfenapyr and buprofezin were also found effective.ThesisItem Open Access INSECT PESTS OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS IN STORAGE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-08-25) KUMARANAG, K. M.; Jagadish, K. S.In the present study stored sunflower seeds and oilcakes were examined at different locations to document the associated insect pest fauna. Among the species of insect pests, the tenebrionid, Tribolium castaneum, the fig moth, Ephestia cautella, the silvanid, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica were important ones. None of the three major pests were successful in feeding and developing on the whole seeds of sunflower, therefore their biology was initiated on broken seeds. In case of T. castaneum eggs were laid singly attached to the seeds on their cracks and cervices. On an average each stage viz, egg, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and pupal periods lasted for 6.07 ± 0.8 , 2.23 ± 0.43, 6.15 ±0.55, 4.30 ±0.48, 5.83 ± 0.75, 6.38 ±0.96, 16.9 ±1.89 and 8.01 ± 1.95 days, respectively. Biology of E. cautella revealed that the mean egg, first, second, third, fourth larval instars and pupal periods were 4.03± 0.69, 3.09±0.81, 3.78± 0.78, 8.34±0.98, 10.78±0.73 and 6.97±0.55 days, respectively. The total developmental period from egg to adult ranged from 37 to 42 days, with a mean of 38.98 days. In case of C. cephalonoica, the pest took 52.31±3.04 days to complete its lifecycle and the mean egg, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth larval instars and pupal period were 5.95±0.99, 4.80±0.92, 6.52± 0.51, 5.04±0.74, 3.71±0.84, 5.09±0.83, 10.47±0.67 and 13.09±2.23 days respectively. In case of T. castaneum both adult and the larvae fed on the kernels by leaving only the seed coat. In case of E. cautella and C. cephalonica the larvae caused damage by intensive webbing of the seeds. Proper sanitation and the chemical control (malathion+ thiram (2g/kg of seeds) were more effective in suppressing both T. castaneum and E. cautella, even after storing the treated seeds for upto 90 days after imposition of treatments.ThesisItem Open Access INSECTS AS SOURCES OF ANTIMICROBIALS: IN VITRO SCREENING OF EXTRACTS OF DUNG INHABITING INSECTS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-08-25) GUNDAPPA, S.; CHANDRASHEKARA, K.Dung beetles which inhibit the microbially challenging environment of the dung were screened for antimicrobial peptides. The extracts from 16 species were obtained both from ‘unchallenged’ and ‘challenged’ individuals; each extract was tested against Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Protocols were developed for collection and processing of dung beetles for preparation of extracts to assess antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity against E. coli was particularly important since the strain of E. coli used in the study was resistant to all antibiotics, including Methicillin. There were significant differences among the extracts from different species with respect to antimicrobial activity. The extract from Copris repertus showed the highest level of antimicrobial activity at 10 h and 20 h after treatment. The antimicrobial activity of the ‘challenged’ extracts was significantly greater than the ‘unchallenged’ extracts in bioassay against all the three test microbes. Further, positive correlation in antimicrobial activity of ‘challenged’ and ‘unchallenged’ extracts was also observed. The significant increase in the antimicrobial activity of the challenged extracts is indicative of the evolution of inducible defenses which respond quickly to produce nonspecific antimicrobial compounds as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The results of the bioassay showed that extracts from all the species were significantly more active against S. aureus; as reflected by a significant larger zone of inhibition. The results showed that dung beetles belonging to the guild of ‘breeders’ had a stronger immune response, in the sense that the extracts from such species showed a high level of antimicrobial activity at least at 10 h post-treatment as opposed to ‘rollers’ and ‘tunnelers’.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on h ost plant resistan ce in sunflow er Helianthus annuus (L.) to thrips ( Thrips palmi Karny) transm itted sunflower necrosis virus disease(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2009-09-12) SHADHANAIKURAL, A.; JAGADISH, K. S.Field screening of 106 sunflower genotypes revealed that the incidence of Thrips palmi ranged from 0.00 to 2.25/ plant and that of sunflower necrosis disease (SND) ranged between 0.00 to 100.00 per cent. Based on SND incidence,10 genotypes(GMU 685, 650, 664,662, 661,613, 676, KBSH53, KBSH 53 A & RHA 95-C-l) were shortlisted as highly resistant ,while another 10 genotypes viz., GMU-700, 637, 669, 632, 696, 682, 698, KBSH-44, Morden & CMS-17A were shortlisted as highly susceptible to SND. The 10 resistant entries recorded greater trichome density and length as compared to the 10 susceptible entries. Trichome density was significantly, negatively correlated with thrips population and SND. Similarly, trichome length was negatively correlated with the incidence of both thrips and SND, however, this correlation was non-significant. Majority of SND resistant entries possessed coarse lamina, while most of the susceptible entries exhibited smooth lamina. The total soluble sugar (TSS) content was lower in the 10 resistant genotypes as compared to the 10 susceptible genotypes, at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). TSS content was significantly- positively correlated with the incidence of thrips at 30th, 45th, 60th DAS and pooled mean of these 3 observations. SND incidence was significantlypositively correlated with the TSS content at 45th, 60th DAS and pooled mean. However, at 30th DAS this relationship was positive, but not significant. The total soluble protein content was lower in the 10 resistant genotypes as compared to the 10 susceptible genotypes, at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Total soluble protein content was positively correlated (but non-significant) with thrips incidence at 45th and 60th DAS, but at 30th DAS it was significantly- positively correlated with thrips incidence. The pooled mean was negatively correlated with thrips incidence, but this relationship was non-significant. Similarly, the SND incidence was positively correlated with the protein content at 45th and 60 DAS and the pooled mean of 3 observations, but these correlations were non significant. However, at 30 DAS the relationship between SND and total soluble protein content was negative, but non significant. The total phenol content was higher in the 10 resistant genotypes as compared to the 10 susceptible genotypes, at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. The total phenol content was negatively correlated with thrips incidence at 45th, 60th DAS and pooled mean. However, at 30th DAS, this relationship was positively correlated but it was non-significant. Similarly, SND incidence was significantly, negatively correlated with the total phenol content at 45th and 60 DAS and the pooled mean. However, at 30 DAS this relationship was negative and non-significant Squared Euclidean distance dendrogram revealed a molecular diversity of 20 genotypes, wherein the cluster divided into two groups, the first group had 5 SND resistant genotypes (KBSH-53, KBSH-53A, GMU-676, GMU-664 and GMU-650) and the second had 15 genotypes with 14% dissimilarity. RAPD analysis, by using 5 random primers resulted in 28 different polymorphic levels, with maximum number of level of bands generated by the primer OPA-3.