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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION OF SIMAROUBA GLAUCA LEAF EXTRACT HEALTH DRINK POWDER USING VACUUM CONCENTRATION AND SPRAY DRYING TECHNIQUES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-08-31) MANASA, M.; Palanimuthu, V.Physical, chemical and phytochemical properties of fresh and shade dried Simarouba glauca leaves were studied. Dried leaves contained: total phenols-288.99 mgGAE/g; total flavonoids-102.84 mgQuercetin/g; and antioxidant capacity-205.08mgAEAC/g. From shade dried simarouba leaves of three different particle sizes (Small-25 mesh (BS); Medium-4 mesh; Large-whole leaf), decoction was extracted using hot water (sample to water ratio - 1:50) at three temperatures (60, 80 and 100 C) for extraction durations of 15, 30 & 45 minutes. Among various combinations of extraction parameters studied, extraction with medium sized particles at 80 C for 30 minutes was selected as optimum since the resultant decoction was of higher strength (TSS) and contained relatively more phytochemicals:total phenols (86.04 mgGAE/100ml); total flavonoids (504.33 mgQuercetin/100ml); and antioxidant capacity (41.87 mgAEAC/100ml). Bulk quantity of simarouba decoction was produced at optimized extraction conditions which were then vacuum concentrated to 4 Brix using a vacuum tray drier (@630 mmHg; 7h). Maltodextrin (bulk carrier) @10% was added to concentrated decoction and spray dried. Among different spray drying combinations of inlet drying air temperatures (170, 190 & 210 C) and feed flow rates (40, 50 and 60 ml/min), simarouba leaf decoction health drink powder prepared at 210 C and50 ml/min flow rate was adjudged to be best based on phytochemicals content. Storage study of health drink powder using three packaging material (LDPE, MMPE and PET jars) at ambient conditions for two months indicated that MMPE (metalized multilayer polyethylene) package was ideal for storage.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS OF SPRAY DRYING FOR PRODUCTION OF PINEAPPLE JUICE POWDER(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-08-23) ABHILASHA, K. R.; Ramachandra, M.A study was conducted to produce spray dried pineapple juice powder using two types of carrier materials (Maltodextrin and Gum Arabic) at four concentrations (10, 15, 20 and 25%) and inlet air temperatures (140, 150, 160 and 170°C). The effect of these different process parameters on the physico-chemical properties of the powder namely moisture content, pH, loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, Carr’s Index, Hausner Ratio, solubility index and colour were studied. The results showed that the variations in the processing parameters had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the properties of the powder. Optimization was determined using numerical analysis (Experimental Design 7.7.0 software). The results indicated that the optimum quality powder was obtained for the juice with Maltodextrin at 10 per cent and dried at 170°C.The properties of the optimum quality powder were: moisture content, 3.16 per cent; pH, 3.60; loose bulk density, 0.47 g/cc; tapped bulk density, 0.61 g/cc; Hausner ratio, 1.30; Carr’s index, 23.10 per cent; solubility, 91.62 per cent; and colour, 91.03 (L*), 1.35 (a*), 22.24 (b*), respectively. Storage studies were conducted by storing the powder in Polyethylene Terephthalate, Metalized polyester pouch and Glass Jar, under ambient conditions. Physico-chemical properties and microbial analysis were conducted for every 15 days to determine the storability of the powder. It was observed that the quality of the powder had not deteriorated during the storage period of 60 days. The production cost of one kg powder was Rs. 397/- (market price Rs. 800/kg), and hence a cost benefit ratio of 1: 2.01.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DRYING METHODS FOR DE-SKINNED FIELD BEANS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-08-23) DESHITHA, K.; Venkatachalapathy, K.The study has been conducted in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during the year 2017-2018. Dolichos lablab is an ancient legume crop which is commonly called as Field bean. It is traditionally grown as a pulse crop or vegetables for human consumption or animal feed in South East Asia and African countries. Both whole bean and de-skinned bean can be used as a vegetable. In South India the de-skinned bean is having more demand in kitchens and to available in off season, the de-skinned field beans were dried, stored and used. Different drying methods like sun, solar cabinet, hot air tray and vacuum tray drying were used to study. Solar drying methods took lesser time than sun drying method which was about 7.5 hours and 8.5 hours respectively. Hot air tray drying at 50 and 55˚C took only 3 hours and at 45˚C took 3.5 hours. Vacuum drying was done at the temperature of 35, 40 and 45˚C took 6, 4.5 and 4 hours respectively. The physical properties and nutritional composition of whole beans, de-skinned and dried de-skinned field beans were analyzed and proved that there were no significant differences were found in case of nutritional compositions except crude protein. The storage study was conducted in an ambient room temperature for 2 months in LDPE and PP packages and there were no significant differences were found in case of nutritional compositions, but moisture content was slightly increased in case of PP packages. Finally, it was found that solar drying method was inexpensive and the quality was better than sun and hot air drying methods.ThesisItem Open Access DEHYDRATION STUDIES OF AONLA (Phyllanthus emblica) USING DIFFERENT DRYERS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-08-21) MANASA, H R; Eshwarappa, H.Aonla is known for its medicinal and therapeutic properties from ancient time in India. However Aonla fruit is highly perishable and has a short shelf life of 5–6 days as fruit is sensitive to bruises, browning and various post-harvest diseases. Appropriate processing and storage methods can cut down the post harvest losses up to 30% and make the fruit available for longer period. Hence a study has been taken to increase the shelflife of aonla using various drying techniques and packaging materials. Physical properties like size, shape, texture, colour, density, volume, surface area, spherecity, co – efficient of friction and angle of repose and biochemical properties like moisture content, protein, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, total sugar, carbohydrate, antioxidants and vitamin C were determined for fresh aonla. Aonla slices and shreds after initial pretreatment in 0.1% KMS for 3 minutes were dehydrated in tray dryer, solar dryer, biomass dryer and solar cum biomass dryer. For production of aonla slices and shreds was, tray drying at drying temperature of 50 ℃ was found to be best. Dehydrated aonla slices and shreds were stored in three different packaging materials namely, LDPE, PP and PET jar, at ambient conditions for 90 days. Samples were analyzed periodically (at 30 days interval) for quality parameters. Among three packaging materials LDPE was found to be best for dehydrated aonla slices and shreds.ThesisItem Open Access VACUUM FRYING OF JACKFRUIT BULBS FOR PRODUCTION OF LOW FAT JACK CHIPS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-30) NAGARATHNA, S. B; Palanimuthu, V.Low fat jackfruit chips were produced from fully matured un-ripened deseeded jack bulbs using commercial vacuum fryer. Frying was done under two different vacuum levels (640 and 400 mm Hg) and three different frying temperatures (80, 90 and 100 °C) and frying times of (15, 20 and 25 min) were tried. Among the vacuum frying treatment combinations, the jackfruit chips fried under 400 mm Hg vacuum at 90 °C frying temperature for 20 minutes was adjudged to be best based on physical, biochemical and sensory quality parameters. For various frying combinations, it was observed that the vacuum fried chips absorbed relatively lesser frying oil (23.62 to 29.28%) when compared to conventional atmospheric deep fat fried chips (>40%). Vacuum fried jackfruit chips obtained high sensory scores with respect to colour (8.30), texture (8.35), flavour (8.22), taste (8.65) and overall acceptability (8.65). The chips out-turn under vacuum frying was about 50%. Among three packaging material LDPE, polypropylene and metalized multilayer polyethylene (MMP) tested for storage of vacuum fried jackfruit chips with and without nitrogen flushing, the MMP package with nitrogen flushing was found to be best. The FFA content and peroxide value of stored jackfruit chips increased rapidly with storage especially after 15 days and the rate of increase of above compounds were relatively less when packed with nitrogen flushing. The Cost: Benefit Ratio of production of vacuum fried jackfruit chips was estimated to be 1:1.58.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DEHULLING MACHINES FOR EFFICIENT PROCESSING OF BROWNTOP MILLET (Urochloa ramosa) AND STORAGE STUDIES OF MILLED MILLET RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08) NAGARAJU, M.; Ramachandra, M.Millets are small-grained grasses which are cultivated around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human consumption. The millets like proso millet, foxtail millet, Japanese barnyard millet, finger millet, kodo millet and browntop millet are called as small millets. In India small millets are popularly grown with an area of 4.0 million hectares with an annual production of 3.6 million tonnes. Finger millet is popularly grown in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Orissa, Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Foxtail millet is popular in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. Little millet is cultivated in Madya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and many parts of Karnataka. Kodo millet is rare crop which is cultivated in Rajasthan, Northern part of Uttar Pradesh, Southern part of Tamilnadu, eastern part of West Bengal and in few areas of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Barnyard millet is mainly cultivated in Uttar Pradesh and Himalayan ranges (Yenagi., 2007) and browntop milet is grown in parts of Karnataka Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER FOR DRYING OF SILKWORM PUPAE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-07-14) SHRIRAMULU; Venkatachalapathy, KA forced convection solar tunnel dryer of 60 kg capacity for drying of silkworm pupae having size 6.5 1.8 1.1 m (L W H) with MS square tube frame structure was developed and covered with 5 mm thickness toughened glass. The solar tunnel dryer consisted of solar collector section and drying section. In drying section four trays with mesh bottom of size 1.2 0.9 0.08 m were used to facilitate the loading and unloading of the products. A closed thermo pore was used as insulation material to reduce the heat loss from the dryer. In solar tunnel dryer, the drying required 6.5-9 hours and in open sun drying it was 18-22 hours for different treatments of silkworm pupae drying from moisture content of 103.32-145.45 per cent (d.b) to attain safe moisture content of 9.97- 8.72 per cent (d.b). The results showed that the drying rate of silkworm pupae under solar tunnel dryer was found to be very high during initial phase of drying due to higher moisture diffusion. Chemical analysis indicated that the quality parameters of solar tunnel dried silkworm pupae were superior compare to open sun dried silkworm pupae. The thermal efficiency of solar tunnel dryer for drying of silkworm pupae was found to be 35.36 per cent. The pupae samples dried in solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from insects, dogs, crows, monkeys, vultures, dust and also the quality was superior. The payback period for drying of silkworm pupae under solar tunnel dryer was found to be 26 months.ThesisItem Open Access MECHANICAL EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM WATERMELON (Citrulluslanatus) SEEDS AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-08-01) POORNIMA, D. S; Venkatachalapathy, KWatermelon fruit contains large quantities of seeds and the seed oil has got many benefits. In order to make effective and efficient utilization of seeds, in the present investigation the physical properties of watermelon and their seeds were measured. The oil from watermelon seeds was extracted using mechanical screw press and the oil content was estimated using Soxtherm apparatus which works on the principal of solvent extraction and found 38 % oil in the seeds. To optimize the effect of temperature and moisture content on oil recovery, factorial completely randomized design of experiments was employed and the oil was extracted at five different temperatures viz., 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC and moisture contents viz., 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 %. The best combination for maximum oil recovery was observed to be at 10 % moisture content and 50 ºC temperature. As the watermelon seed oil is the renewable energy source, the extracted oil was converted into biodiesel and subjected to study for its quality parameters at five different levels viz., extracted crude oil, obtained biodiesel (B-100) and three different blends such as B-30 (30 % biodiesel:70 % diesel), B-20 (20 % biodiesel:80 % diesel) and B-10 (10 % biodiesel: 90 % diesel). The best performance for flash point, fire point, viscosity, free fatty acid value and calorific values were found to be 70 ºC, 80.50 ºC, 25.37 millipoise, 0.36 mg KOH/g and 43845.03 kJ/kg, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STORAGE STUDIES ON FIELD BEAN (Dolichos lablab L.) USING DIFFUSION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-07-29) NISHA, R; Ramachandra, MStudies were conducted on the storage of field beans using diffusion channel technology, at different temperatures (3, 10 and 24 °C). Diffusion channels of various lengths (7, 9.5 and 12 cm) and diameters (3, 5 and 7 mm) were used to determine the diffusivity of O2 and CO2 into the storage chambers. Quality of field beans were assessed before and after storage. Respiration rate of field beans was at a peak of 85.71 mg CO2/kg-h at 24 °C (ambient), 53.57 mg CO2/kg-h was at 10 °C temperature and 29.14 mg CO2/kg-h at 3 °C temperature. The quality of the field beans stored in diffusion channel chambers having a channel length of 12 cm and diameter 3 mm were found to be of good quality compared with the other storage chambers. It was also observed that the quality of the product was better for longer periods at lower temperatures. At 10 °C, the field beans maintained a good quality for 6 days and at 3 °C for 9 days. The concentrations of O2 and CO2 inside the chambers were measured during storage and it was found to be 0.2 and 35 %, at 24 °C (ambient) after 4 days of storage. Similarly, at 10 and 3 °C, the O2 and CO2 concentrations were found to be 2.45 and 13.9 %, 3.6 and 14.4 % after 6 and 9 days of storage, respectively.