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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access VACUUM FRYING OF JACKFRUIT BULBS FOR PRODUCTION OF LOW FAT JACK CHIPS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-30) NAGARATHNA, S. B; Palanimuthu, V.Low fat jackfruit chips were produced from fully matured un-ripened deseeded jack bulbs using commercial vacuum fryer. Frying was done under two different vacuum levels (640 and 400 mm Hg) and three different frying temperatures (80, 90 and 100 °C) and frying times of (15, 20 and 25 min) were tried. Among the vacuum frying treatment combinations, the jackfruit chips fried under 400 mm Hg vacuum at 90 °C frying temperature for 20 minutes was adjudged to be best based on physical, biochemical and sensory quality parameters. For various frying combinations, it was observed that the vacuum fried chips absorbed relatively lesser frying oil (23.62 to 29.28%) when compared to conventional atmospheric deep fat fried chips (>40%). Vacuum fried jackfruit chips obtained high sensory scores with respect to colour (8.30), texture (8.35), flavour (8.22), taste (8.65) and overall acceptability (8.65). The chips out-turn under vacuum frying was about 50%. Among three packaging material LDPE, polypropylene and metalized multilayer polyethylene (MMP) tested for storage of vacuum fried jackfruit chips with and without nitrogen flushing, the MMP package with nitrogen flushing was found to be best. The FFA content and peroxide value of stored jackfruit chips increased rapidly with storage especially after 15 days and the rate of increase of above compounds were relatively less when packed with nitrogen flushing. The Cost: Benefit Ratio of production of vacuum fried jackfruit chips was estimated to be 1:1.58.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DEHULLING MACHINES FOR EFFICIENT PROCESSING OF BROWNTOP MILLET (Urochloa ramosa) AND STORAGE STUDIES OF MILLED MILLET RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08) NAGARAJU, M.; Ramachandra, M.Millets are small-grained grasses which are cultivated around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human consumption. The millets like proso millet, foxtail millet, Japanese barnyard millet, finger millet, kodo millet and browntop millet are called as small millets. In India small millets are popularly grown with an area of 4.0 million hectares with an annual production of 3.6 million tonnes. Finger millet is popularly grown in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Orissa, Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Foxtail millet is popular in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. Little millet is cultivated in Madya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and many parts of Karnataka. Kodo millet is rare crop which is cultivated in Rajasthan, Northern part of Uttar Pradesh, Southern part of Tamilnadu, eastern part of West Bengal and in few areas of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Barnyard millet is mainly cultivated in Uttar Pradesh and Himalayan ranges (Yenagi., 2007) and browntop milet is grown in parts of Karnataka Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER FOR DRYING OF SILKWORM PUPAE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-07-14) SHRIRAMULU; Venkatachalapathy, KA forced convection solar tunnel dryer of 60 kg capacity for drying of silkworm pupae having size 6.5 1.8 1.1 m (L W H) with MS square tube frame structure was developed and covered with 5 mm thickness toughened glass. The solar tunnel dryer consisted of solar collector section and drying section. In drying section four trays with mesh bottom of size 1.2 0.9 0.08 m were used to facilitate the loading and unloading of the products. A closed thermo pore was used as insulation material to reduce the heat loss from the dryer. In solar tunnel dryer, the drying required 6.5-9 hours and in open sun drying it was 18-22 hours for different treatments of silkworm pupae drying from moisture content of 103.32-145.45 per cent (d.b) to attain safe moisture content of 9.97- 8.72 per cent (d.b). The results showed that the drying rate of silkworm pupae under solar tunnel dryer was found to be very high during initial phase of drying due to higher moisture diffusion. Chemical analysis indicated that the quality parameters of solar tunnel dried silkworm pupae were superior compare to open sun dried silkworm pupae. The thermal efficiency of solar tunnel dryer for drying of silkworm pupae was found to be 35.36 per cent. The pupae samples dried in solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from insects, dogs, crows, monkeys, vultures, dust and also the quality was superior. The payback period for drying of silkworm pupae under solar tunnel dryer was found to be 26 months.ThesisItem Open Access MECHANICAL EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM WATERMELON (Citrulluslanatus) SEEDS AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-08-01) POORNIMA, D. S; Venkatachalapathy, KWatermelon fruit contains large quantities of seeds and the seed oil has got many benefits. In order to make effective and efficient utilization of seeds, in the present investigation the physical properties of watermelon and their seeds were measured. The oil from watermelon seeds was extracted using mechanical screw press and the oil content was estimated using Soxtherm apparatus which works on the principal of solvent extraction and found 38 % oil in the seeds. To optimize the effect of temperature and moisture content on oil recovery, factorial completely randomized design of experiments was employed and the oil was extracted at five different temperatures viz., 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC and moisture contents viz., 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 %. The best combination for maximum oil recovery was observed to be at 10 % moisture content and 50 ºC temperature. As the watermelon seed oil is the renewable energy source, the extracted oil was converted into biodiesel and subjected to study for its quality parameters at five different levels viz., extracted crude oil, obtained biodiesel (B-100) and three different blends such as B-30 (30 % biodiesel:70 % diesel), B-20 (20 % biodiesel:80 % diesel) and B-10 (10 % biodiesel: 90 % diesel). The best performance for flash point, fire point, viscosity, free fatty acid value and calorific values were found to be 70 ºC, 80.50 ºC, 25.37 millipoise, 0.36 mg KOH/g and 43845.03 kJ/kg, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STORAGE STUDIES ON FIELD BEAN (Dolichos lablab L.) USING DIFFUSION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-07-29) NISHA, R; Ramachandra, MStudies were conducted on the storage of field beans using diffusion channel technology, at different temperatures (3, 10 and 24 °C). Diffusion channels of various lengths (7, 9.5 and 12 cm) and diameters (3, 5 and 7 mm) were used to determine the diffusivity of O2 and CO2 into the storage chambers. Quality of field beans were assessed before and after storage. Respiration rate of field beans was at a peak of 85.71 mg CO2/kg-h at 24 °C (ambient), 53.57 mg CO2/kg-h was at 10 °C temperature and 29.14 mg CO2/kg-h at 3 °C temperature. The quality of the field beans stored in diffusion channel chambers having a channel length of 12 cm and diameter 3 mm were found to be of good quality compared with the other storage chambers. It was also observed that the quality of the product was better for longer periods at lower temperatures. At 10 °C, the field beans maintained a good quality for 6 days and at 3 °C for 9 days. The concentrations of O2 and CO2 inside the chambers were measured during storage and it was found to be 0.2 and 35 %, at 24 °C (ambient) after 4 days of storage. Similarly, at 10 and 3 °C, the O2 and CO2 concentrations were found to be 2.45 and 13.9 %, 3.6 and 14.4 % after 6 and 9 days of storage, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF OYSTER MUSHROOM SLICER(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-07-07) FASLUDEEN, N. S; Senthil Kumaran, GEngineering properties such as physical and textural properties of the oyster mushrooms were analysed in order to design, develop and evaluate the oyster mushroom slicer. The developed oyster mushroom slicer consisted of different units for (i) feeding (ii) conveying (iii) slicing (iv) cubing (v) collection and (vi) power transmission. The slicer was evaluated with three widths of cuts viz., 10, 15, 20 mm; three speed of cuts viz., 30, 50, 100 rpm and three feed rates viz., 36, 54, 90 kg/h. The best combination was observed to be 10 mm width of cut, 50 rpm speed of cut and 54 kg/h feed rate. The best performance for the effective capacity of slicing, effective capacity of cubing, effectiveness of slicing, effectiveness of cubing, percentage damage of slicing and percentage damage of cubing were found to be 52.41 kg/h, 53.48 kg/h, 87.4 %, 89.12 %, 12.59 %, and 10.87 %, respectively. During drying studies, the quality of machine sliced mushrooms was found superior to manually sliced mushroom and the cabinet drying was the best method for drying (at 60 °C for 3.5 h). Polypropylene was found as the best packaging material for the storage of sliced mushroom. The total cost of developed mushroom slicer was Rs. 62,500. The cost of operation of the developed oyster mushroom slicer was Rs. 81. 79 /h. The cost for slicing of 1 kg mushroom by manual method was Rs. 18.75, whereas Rs. 1.51 by the mushroom slicer. The cost-benefit ratio of developed mushroom slicer was 1: 1.46.ThesisItem Open Access DEHULLING STUDIES OF KODO MILLET AND STORAGE OF MILLED KODO MILLET RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-08-20) CHANDAN KUMAR, V. B.; Palanimuthu, VEngineering properties like longitudinal and lateral diameters, shape, 1000 grain weight, bulk and true densities, porosity, angle of repose, coefficient of friction on different surfaces (glass, mild steel, wood) and terminal velocity of kodo millet, its rice and husk were measured. Four different dehulling equipments namely, burr mill, Victor millet mill model-I, Victor millet mill model-II and rubber roll sheller were tested for dehulling raw kodo millet by varying initial moisture levels of millet (9.0 to 10.1%). Among the four tested equipments, Victor millet mill model-II was found to be best for dehulling kodo millet with better dehusking efficiency (82.46 – 85.60%), milling recovery (57.05 – 57.71%), head yield (87.62 - 89.46%) and lower rice breakage (10.52– 12.37%). For polishing dehulled kodo rice, AVM Abrasive polisher was found to be suitable. Among various hydrothermal pretreatments attempted on kodo millet, soaking either in room temperature water for 24 h or in hot water (75°C for 3½ h) followed by steaming @1 kg/cm2 pressure for 15 min resulted in higher dehulling efficiency, head rice yield and milling recovery with least rice breakage. Storage study of unpolished and polished (@ 4 and 8% levels) kodo rice samples was done at ambient conditions for 60 days using different packaging materials such as polypropylene (300 gauge), stainless steel container, spun bound nonwoven bag and HDPE woven bag. Nutritional and cooking quality analyses of stored millet rice indicated that with storage, swelling index and cooking time increased but solid loss decreased. The cost of processing kodo millet into polished rice was Rs 1.65 per kg and the Cost: Benefit Ratio of processing was 1:1.88.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF A WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) SEED EXTRACTOR(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-08-10) SHRINIVAS, DESHPANDE; Senthil Kumaran, GEngineering properties such as physical and textural properties of the matured watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit and its seeds were measured in order to design, develop and evaluate the watermelon seed extractor. The developed seed extractor consisted of following systems for (i) watermelon cutting, (ii) watermelon seed extraction, (iii) seed separation and (iv) power transmission. The extractor was evaluated with three types of scrapers namely stainless steel, wooden and nylon; two cutting planes viz., transverse and longitudinal planes and three rotational speeds viz., 50, 100 and 150 rpm. The best combination was observed to be for transverse cutting with nylon scraper at a speed of 100 rpm. The best performance for capacity, extraction efficiency, seed loss, seed damage, germination percentage and vigour index were found to be 1.98 kg of seeds/h, 99.49 %, 0.19 %, 0.26 %, 97.04 % and 3284, respectively. The total cost of developed seed extractor was Rs. 52,371. The cost of operation of the developed extractor was Rs. 57.31/h. The cost for extraction of 1 kg of watermelon seeds by manual method was Rs. 600, whereas Rs. 28.65 by the developed seed extractor. The cost-benefit ratio of developed watermelon seed extractor was 1:1.40.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF ON-FARM ONION GRADER(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-07-10) KARTHIK, S. K.; Palanimuthu, VPhysical (polar, equatorial, transverse and geometric mean diameters, bulk and true densities, unit mass, shape index, compressive strength) and frictional properties (angle of repose and static coefficient friction on various surfaces) of onion bulbs of three genotypes namely, Satara Garva, Arka Kalyan and Bangalore Rose Onion were determined. Grading performance of three existing grading equipments– motorized oscillatory type, motorized roller type and manual sieve type onion graders were evaluated for their suitability to the selected onion varieties. A manually operated prototype tubular on-farm onion grader was developed using locally available material and tested for its grading performance for the three onion genotypes. The effects of grading slope (13, 15 & 18°) and feed rate (300, 450 and 600 kg/h) on grading effectiveness, bulb damage and grading capacity of the developed grader were studied. For selected three onion varieties, the grading effectiveness was in the range of 0.899 to 0.948, bulb damage was 0.327 to 1.425% and grading capacity was 268 to 285 kg/h. For optimum grading performance in the developed grader, 130 grading slope and 300 kg/h feed rate were found to be optimum for tested onion varieties. The cost of grading onion in the developed grader was Rs. 130 per tonne and the Cost : Benefit Ratio was worked out to be 1.00 : 7.69. The developed prototype was found to be good for on-farm grading of selected onion genotypes.