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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF HOUSEHOLDS ACROSS RURAL URBAN GRADIENT OF BENGALURU - AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-11-30) ARAVINDA KUMAR, M. K; Umesh, K. BUrbanization has brought about radical changes in agricultural and non-agricultural activities and the livelihood dimensions of households are changing. In this background, present study was carried out with primary data collected from 360 households spread equally in each of three gradients (rural, transition and urban) in north and south transacts of Bangalore. Results of the study indicated that Ragi (43.92 %, 23.64 %) dominated the cropping pattern on sample farms followed by maize (15.78 %, 10.50 %) in both the north and south transacts of Bengaluru. Dairying in north of Bengaluru had a share of 33.33 per cent, 20 per cent and 18.33 per cent households, across rural-transition-urban phases, respectively, while in south of Bangalore 28.33 per cent, 30 per cent and 16 per cent of households were involved respectively. In the rural north of Bengaluru, the total income from Ragi averaged Rs.43672.08 per hectare and in transitional area Rs. 44806.24 per hectare. A similar pattern of results were noticed in the south of Bangalore. The yield (16.87 q/ha) and net income (Rs.5388.29/ha) of maize in rural north of Bengaluru were lower than that of transitional area (17.24 q/ha and Rs.6353.64/ha) of the same transect. Even in south of Bangalore, the transition area recorded higher yield (additional 11 kg) and income (additional Rs.902.66/ha) from maize. In dairy farming, crossbred cows provided the highest per animal per annum net returns (more than Rs.24911) compared to about Rs.4000 from local cows and Rs.8000 from buffalo. The Livelihood Security Index of north of Bengaluru (SID – 0.42) was higher than south of Bengaluru (SID - 0.37). Annual household income, age of the head of the family and distance to market were negatively related to livelihood diversification. In this context, it is indeed imperative for the Government to further strengthen sustainable livelihood programsThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF MICRO-IRRIGATION ON FARMERS’ WELFARE: AN EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHERN KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-01) SADHANA, H. S.; M. N. VenkataramanaAgriculture is the largest sector of economic activity and provides not only food and raw materials but also employment to a very large population in India. Water scarcity is a key constraint to agricultural output and should be managed wisely and efficiently. Micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler irrigation) is progressively gaining importance as a coping strategy for economic water scarcity. The study aimed at analyzing the impact of micro-irrigation on farmers’ welfare in Southern Karnataka. Using random sampling technique 240 sample farm households were selected representing 120 from Mandya district (Command area) and 120 from Kolar district (Water scarce area) with 60 adopters and 60 non-adopters of micro-irrigation, respectively. The average depth of the borewell was higher in (984 ft) Kolar district than in Mandya district (393 ft). Accordingly investment on borewell was higher in Kolar district (Rs. 3,00,714) than Mandya district(Rs.1,50,548). Therefore, the negative externality per borewell in Kolar district was higher (Rs. 35,225) than negative externality incurred by the farmers of Mandya district (Rs. 1,500). Result revealed that variables such as dependency ratio, share of area under fruits and vegetables, farm income and credit accessibility had positive effect on the probability of adoption of micro irrigation by the households of Mandya and Kolar district. The Composite Livelihood Security Index of sample households showed that micro-irrigation adopters of both Mandya and Kolar districts were having higher Livelihood Security Index followed by non-adopters of Mandya and Kolar district, respectively. The fractional probit model's finding demonstrate that, in Kolar district farm income, land holdings and family size had significantly contributed towards higher livelihood security. Whereas in Mandya district farm income, land holdings had positive and family size had negative contribution with a substantial effect on the livelihood security index, implying that micro irrigation adopters had greater livelihood security than non-adopters of micro-irrigation.ThesisItem Embargo CLIMATE SMART RICE CULTIVATION SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-31) BINDU, H A; UMESH, K BThe present study was undertaken in Mandya district of Karnataka to study the economics of climate smart rice cultivation systems. Farmers growing rice under conventional and climate smart practices such as System of Rice Intensification (SRI), aerobic and Drum Seeded Rice (DSR) system of cultivation were selected for the study. The data was collected from 30 farmers from each system and 80 consumers were selected to assess the trait preferences. The cost of cultivation was lowest in DSR method (Rs. 43,444/ac) and highest in conventional method (Rs. 50,926/ac). The farmers under SRI method obtained higher yield i.e. 33.20 q per acre. Farmers under SRI method were technically efficient and those under aerobic were allocatively efficient. Physical and economic Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was higher in SRI method of cultivation. Partial budgeting of cultivations systems over conventional revealed that, net gain from SRI method was maximum and was Rs. 17,236 per acre. Farmers perceive there are positive and negative externalities from rice cultivation. The negative externalities identified were irrigation subsidy, GHGs and environment damage cost emissions and was quantified at Rs.1,808 per acre which was highest in conventional method. Farmers’ trait preferences for rice, which is an input for breeders was assessed and revealed that, high yield, resistance to pests and diseases and market oriented aspects were the major traits preferred by farmers. While, consumers preferred size, colour and shape traits for rice consumption. The farmers across different cultivation systems followed only some of the adaptation and mitigation strategies such as applying of potash, agro-forestry, use of organic manure etc. The study emphasizes climate smart practices for rice cultivation such as SRI and aerobic method to reap the benefits of higher yield, efficiency and to reduce the externalities and also suggests adoption of adaptation and mitigation strategies for sustainable production.ThesisItem Embargo TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND VALUE CHAIN OF COTTON (Gossypium Spp.) IN INDIA: A SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS(2023-01-05) MURALI, N.; Murtuza, KhanCotton, the king of fibers often quoted as white gold and which is one of the important commercial crop providing attractive income and employment to nearly one crore of the population of our country. Globally, India shares major area (37 %) under cotton cultivation (13.50 million hectares). India, is the only country in the world that grows not only the four cultivated species of cotton, but also their inter and intra specific hybrids on a commercial scale. The present study was taken-up in three distinct cotton producing agro-ecological zones viz., Northern zone (Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan), Central zone (Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh) and Southern zone (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka) of India. In order to measure the effect of technological interventions on cotton production in different zones, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) analysis was employed to isolate its contributing factors. The changes in TFP indices over a short period indicated the significant role of technology in increasing resource use efficiency. The TFP for cotton across different zones of India had increased during the study period from 0.932 (2001-02) to 2.003 in (2017-18) which was attributable to significant contribution of technological and infrastructural factors. There was a positive change in total factor productivity across all the cotton producing zones of India due to pure technological changes i.e., introduction of Bt cotton. The study emphasizes on improvement in scale of operations and managerial practices in order to increase the productivity which would contribute the income of the farmers and employment opportunities across zones.ThesisItem Embargo CLIMATE SMART RICE CULTIVATION SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-06) BINDU, H. A.; K. B., UMESHThe present study was undertaken in Mandya district of Karnataka to study the economics of climate smart rice cultivation systems. Farmers growing rice under conventional and climate smart practices such as System of Rice Intensification (SRI), aerobic and Drum Seeded Rice (DSR) system of cultivation were selected for the study. The data was collected from 30 farmers from each system and 80 consumers were selected to assess the trait preferences. The cost of cultivation was lowest in DSR method (Rs. 43,444/ac) and highest in conventional method (Rs. 50,926/ac). The farmers under SRI method obtained higher yield i.e. 33.20 q per acre. Farmers under SRI method were technically efficient and those under aerobic were allocatively efficient. Physical and economic Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was higher in SRI method of cultivation. Partial budgeting of cultivations systems over conventional revealed that, net gain from SRI method was maximum and was Rs. 17,236 per acre. Farmers perceive there are positive and negative externalities from rice cultivation. The negative externalities identified were irrigation subsidy, GHGs and environment damage cost emissions and was quantified at Rs.1,808 per acre which was highest in conventional method. Farmers’ trait preferences for rice, which is an input for breeders was assessed and revealed that, high yield, resistance to pests and diseases and market oriented aspects were the major traits preferred by farmers. While, consumers preferred size, colour and shape traits for rice consumption. The farmers across different cultivation systems followed only some of the adaptation and mitigation strategies such as applying of potash, agro-forestry, use of organic manure etc. The study emphasizes climate smart practices for rice cultivation such as SRI and aerobic method to reap the benefits of higher yield, efficiency and to reduce the externalities and also suggests adoption of adaptation and mitigation strategies for sustainable production.ThesisItem Embargo SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN KARNATAKA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-31) THEJASWI KUMAR, J.; Gajanana, T. M.The present study examines the spatial and temporal subtleties of Crop Diversification (CD) in Karnataka using primary and secondary data. The temporal analysis carried out from 2000-01 to 2018-19 indicated steady improvement of CD in Karnataka. The area and production of horticulture & plantation crops, commercial crops and condiments & spice crops exhibited positive growth. However, higher instability was observed in condiments & spices and commercial crops compared to cereal crops. The transitional probability matrix revealed the shift in area towards horticulture & plantation crops, commercial crops and condiments & spices. The major drivers of CD were cropping intensity, rural road density, rainfall and per capita district agricultural income. The micro level evidences from Southern Transition Zone (STZ) and Southern Dry Zone (SDZ) of Karnataka indicated higher CD in STZ (0.71) compared to SDZ (0.66). In STZ, commercial and vegetable crops occupied major share in land allocation whereas, vegetable and fruit crops were the major crop in SDZ. The major share in total net returns from crops was contributed by High Value Crops (HVCs) in both the zones. The elasticities of stochastic input distance function revealed the existence of output complementarity between HVCs and subsistence crops like cereals and pulses thereby indicating potential for economies of diversification. The mean Technical Efficiency (TE) was higher in SDZ (0.86) than STZ (0.81) while CD had negative effect on TE in STZ. The variability in returns was found significantly higher in commercial and vegetable crops compared to cereals and pulses in both the zones. The important diversification enablers included credit, irrigation, education and technology. Thus, study emphasizes the need for market stabilization and strengthening of secondary vertical and horizontal supply chains for sustaining the present HVCs cropping system across the study regions.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION AND MARKET DYNAMICS OF SELECTED OILSEEDS IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-03-20) AKSHATA NAYAK; LOKESHA, HThe present study investigated structural break in area, production and productivity, source of growth, market integration and price volatility of selected oil seeds in Karnatakaand India. The study was based on secondary data pertains to area, production and productivity for Indian states and four revenue divisions of Karnataka for 48 years from 1971-72 to 2018-19period. Price volatility and market dynamics in terms of integration between oil/seed for wholesale markets of India and Karnataka was assessed using monthly prices from January 2009 to February 2020 for selected crops. The compound annual growth rate results highlights that groundnut and sunflower have higher spatial changes compared to other selected oilseeds crops in India. Structural breaks in total oilseed production of India is evident in post Technology Mission on oilseed. Hazell’s decomposition model revealed that change in mean area (74.83%) and interaction of change in mean area and mean yield (27.36%) are contributing more towards change in average production. Similarly in Karnataka state, the change in mean area (107.50%) and interaction of change in mean area and mean yield (6.33%) are contributing more towards change in average total oilseeds production. The change in area variance (55.10 %), change in residual factors (21.83%) and interaction between change in area variance and mean yield (20.15%) are the predominant components contributing to the change in variance of production of total oilseeds. The study confirms that Oil/Seed prices of key domestic markets have influence on prices of respective oilseed markets and also conclude that international prices of oilseeds are stable compared to domestic prices.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-03-29) AFRIN ZAINAB, BI; Umesh, K. B.The present intensive vegetable cultivation, designed to maximize yield has resulted in an unstable, fragile and non-sustainable production. Thus, it is imperative to understand level of sustainability of present vegetable cultivation practices. Onion and tomato were selected for assessing the economic and environmental sustainability of vegetable production by employing suitable indicators. Mean composite indicator scores of economic sustainability were 0.57 and 0.62 for onion and tomato, respectively. Cultivating onion in rainfed conditions had healthier economic sustainability than irrigated condition for all its principles, except for productivity. Apart from profitability, drip cultivation was found more economically sustainable than flood irrigation for all its principals. The two crops had peripheral differences in composite environmental indicator, with average scores of 0.47 and 0.49 for onion and tomato, respectively. The environmental performance of flood and drip-irrigated cultivation of tomato farms was similar, although drip cultivation marginally outperformed flood system in relation to space organization and energy consumption. Results of correlation analysis showed the existence of slight trade-off between economic and environmental sustainability, but it was insignificant. Economic and environmental sustainability scores were modelled using beta regression. The results revealed that the size of holding, farmers’ preference for higher incomes and years of experience in growing vegetables had significant and positive impact on economic sustainability. Flood irrigation decreases the economic sustainability in comparison to rainfed farming system. Environmental sustainability had a significant and positive association with family size, education level, years of experience in cultivation of particular crop. In total, though both the composite economic and environmental sustainability scores were low, the economic pillar had better accomplishment than the environmental pillar. Hence, imparting environmental consciousness directly or controlling farming practices indirectly through taxation or subsidies is required to maintain and enhance environmental health.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF INVESTMENT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, DIVERSIFICATION AND PROPENSITY TO SAVE IN EASTERN INDIA(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-03-29) ARNAB ROY; VENKATARAMANA, M.N.The impact assessment of investment on agricultural productivity, diversification and propensity to save of farm households were undertaken in Eastern India. Primary data were collected through survey of farm households in selected states of Eastern India. A sample size of 270 households distributed across the progressive (West Bengal), semi progressive (Odisha) and less-rogressive (Jharkhand) states were purposively selected and required data were collected. The secondary data on public investment and other rural development indicators were collected from various published and unpublished sources. The average size of land holding was comparatively higher in less-progressive state (2.56 ha) than progressive state (2.53 ha). The income of large farmers (₹ 12,08,426) was 2.85 times higher than small farmers (₹ 4,22,751) in progressive statewhile the income of large farmers (₹ 9,39,991) was three times higher than small farmers (₹ 3,22,022) in less-progressive state. The aggregate per ha capital formation on different farm capital assets was comparatively higher in progressive state (₹ 2, 74,819) as compared to semi-progressive (₹ 2,37, 414) and less-progressive state (₹ 1, 85,089). During the period of 2008-09 to 2017-18, the total investment was highest in Odisha (₹3,918.05/ha) followed by Bihar (₹ 3,275/ha) and West Bengal (₹ 3,224.81/ha). Public and private investments were found positive and significant effects on agricultural productivity. The impact of private investment in agriculture was found to be positive and significant on crop diversification in Eastern India. The marginal propensity to save for small farms was lower than large farms during the period of 2014-15 to 2018-19. Estimated marginal propensity to save for small farms ranged from 0.237 to 0.323, while marginal propensity to save for large farms varied between 0.378 to 0.471. Small and scattered farm holdings and shortage of critical inputs were the major constraints which thwarted investment on agriculture as perceived by farmers.
