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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of processing on nutritional composition and functional properties of garden cress (Lepidium sativum)(palampur, 2020-08-24) Vaishnavi; Gupta, RadhnaGarden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) is a small perennial edible plant that belongs to family Brassicaceae, possesses galactagogue properties and has bitter, peppery taste that greatly reduces its acceptability. For enhancing its acceptance, three treatments i.e. popping, roasting and germination were given to the seeds. Among all the treatments, germinated garden cress seeds were highly acceptable and the sensory acceptability of raw garden cress seeds increased by 42 per cent by germinating seeds for 48 hrs and further drying them at 55˚C for 12 hrs. The effect of these treatments on the nutritional and functional composition was analyzed. Processing treatments significantly increased the protein and crude fibre content in the seeds with germinated treatment influencing a significant per cent increase of 17.68 and 54.50, respectively. Significant effect of different processing treatments on iron, calcium and phosphorous content of garden cress seeds was recorded. Process of germination and popping influenced a significant per cent increase of 8.90 and 22.99 with iron content of 107.733and 128.45 mg/100 g, respectively. Significant effect of different processing treatments on total phenols and condensed tannin was visible. On the basis of nutritional composition and sensory acceptability, germinated garden cress powder at variable levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent was incorporated to formulate two value added products viz., panjiri and namakpare for lactating mothers, packed in aluminium lined kraft paper bag and were studied for their storage stability and sensory acceptability. There was significant and proportionate increase in nutritional and mineral profile with the increase in amount of germinated garden cress seeds powder in the value added products.Twenty per cent incorporated formulation had highest level of almost all the macro nutrients and minerals. Organoleptic acceptability of both the products was assessed at fresh stage and at 30, 60 and 90 days of storage period by semi-trained judges using hedonic rating scale. Panjiri supplemented with 20 per cent level of garden cress seeds and packed in aluminium lined kraft paper bag can be safely stored at room temperature for a period of 90 days. This formulation can meet 12.78, 34.72, 7.24 and 19.43 per cent adequacy of RDA for protein, iron, calcium and energy for lactating mothers. Namakpare containing 5 per cent level of germinated garden cress seed powder can be safely stored at room temperature for a period of 60 days. This savory formulation can meet 12.36, 27.72, 3.21 and 46.24 per cent adequacy of RDA for protein, iron, calcium and energy for lactating mothers.ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy of natural products and biopesticides against Pieris brassicae L. infesting cauliflower(palampur, 2020-10-17) Shashni, Ishan; Sharma, Prem ChandThe present investigations entitled “Bioefficacy of natural products and biopesticides against Pieris brassicae L. infesting cauliflower” were undertaken during the year 2019-20 in Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Intrinsic toxicity of Agniastra and Brahmastra, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, diafenthiuron and spinosad was worked out against neonate larvae of P. brassicae by leaf dip method of bioassay. Based upon LC50 values, the LC50 values of spinosad was found to be minimum (0.034 ppm), followed by diafenthiuron (0.059 ppm), azadirachtin (1.031 ppm), Bt (5.214 ppm), B. bassiana (1.723 x 108 cfu g/lit.), Agniastra (3508.232 ppm) and Brahmastra (3720.866 ppm). Evaluation of natural products, biopesticides and insecticides against P. brassicae on cauliflower (var. Maharani F1 Hybrid) was carried out under field conditions. Prophylactic sprays of natural products and azadirachtin were started 30 days after transplanting whereas application of Bt, B. bassiana, diafenthiuron and spinosad was started with the appearance of pest and repeated at an interval of 10 days. On the basis of 4 sprays, minimum larval population per plant was observed in diafenthiuron (3.19), followed by spinosad (3.30), azadirachtin (7.20), Bt (7.60), Agniastra (10.61), B. bassiana (11.16) and Brahmastra (11.39). The highest per cent reduction in larval population over untreated check was observed in spinosad (69.16%), followed by diafenthiuron (68.31%), azadirachtin (49.83%), Bt (47.81%), Agniastra (37.19%), Brahmastra (35.95%) and B. bassiana (35.48%). Cauliflower curd samples were collected from diafenthiuron (0.05%) and spinosad (0.015%) treated plots at 0 (2 hrs), 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after 3rd spray. The residues were determined by HPLC. The average recovery of diafenthiuron was 84.61 per cent and it was 84.56 per cent for spinosad from fortified samples of cauliflower curds. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for diafenthiuron and spinosad were worked out to be 0.033 and 0.011 mg/kg, respectively. Initial residues of diafenthiuron were 0.5144 mg/kg which dissipated to 0.3418, 0.2331 and 0.0339 mg/kg after 1, 3, and 5 days of application, respectively. Initial residues of spinosad were 0.4669 mg/kg which reduced to 0.2504, 0.1207 and 0.0603 mg/kg after 1, 3, and 5 days of application, respectively. Half-life values of diafenthiuron and spinosad were calculated to be 1.94 and 2.23 days, respectively. Safety intervals of 2 days for diafenthiuron and 10 days for spinosad are suggested for safe consumption of cauliflowerThesisItem Open Access Continuous rate intravenous infusion of propofol in dogs(palampur, 2020-11-13) Naryal, Sukti; Kumar, AmitThe study was conducted for the clinical evaluation of propofol CRI and comparing it to isoflurane anaesthesia on 30 client owned dogs divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each, presented for various surgical procedures. Animals of all the three groups were subjected to a common drug regime till induction of anaesthesia i.e., administration of Inj. Butorphanol tartrate @ 0.2 mg/kg b.wt. I/M initially which was followed by Inj. Atropine sulphate @ 0.02-0.04 mg/kg b.wt. S/C after 30 minutes. The animals were further premedicated with Inj. Diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V and general anaesthesia in all the animals was induced by Inj. Propofol "to effect" I/V. Then further, following induction of general anaesthesia animals were either maintained with propofol CRI with using syringe pump (group A, n=10) or propofol CRI with using pediatric drip set (group B, n=10) or with isoflurane (group C, n=10). All the animals received 100 per cent oxygen throughout the procedure. Parameters under investigation included analog-clinical observations, cardiovascular parameters, pulmonary parameters, response to anaesthesia intra-operatively, haemato biochemistry, electrolytes and drug dosage at various time intervals and recovery parameters. Mean ± SE induction dose of propofol was 3.468 ± 0.125 mg/kg I/V in all (n=30) animals. Smooth induction and transfer with complete muscle relaxation and analgesia was achieved in all the animals. Progressive hypothermia was observed in all the groups which improved during the recovery phase with most pronounced values in group C animals. ECG conduction and duration findings were majorly within normal physiological limits with no significant changes. Significant increase in heart rate was seen in immediate post induction period in all the three groups which remained on the higher range when compared with the baseline values. Depression in mean blood pressure was observed in all the three groups after induction. The CVP values was lower with propofol CRI when compared to isoflurane but remained within normal physiological range in all the groups. SpO2 and EtCO2 values remained within acceptable range throughout the procedure in all the groups. Significant respiratory depression was seen in group A and B with transient apnea in 2 animals. Significant fall in the values of Hb, PCV and TLC was observed in group B. Biochemical parameters and electrolytes remained within physiological ranges in all the groups. The dose of propofol CRI was 0.38 mg/kg/min and 0.44 mg/kg/minute with syringe pump and pediatric drip set, respectively. Recovery period was longer in animals maintained with propofol than in animals maintained with isoflurane. Intra-operative and post-operative muscle dystonia, paddling and opisthotonus was seen in animals of group A and B. One animal showed persistent palpebral reflex throughout the procedure, one haemolysis in plasma sample intra operatively and one horizontal nystagmus post-operatively, without resulting in any clinical consequence. Post operative vocalization was a most common finding in animals of group C. The propofol CRI protocols used in the study were found safe and comparable with isoflurane anaesthesia and recommended for different types of surgeries limiting for 60 minutes in canine speciesThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding locally available Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle/ Bichu Buti) on biological performance of Broilers(palampur, 2020-10-29) Shivanshi; Sharma, ArunThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle/ Bichu Buti) in commercial broiler birds under complete randomized block design. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) were divided into six treatment groups T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with three replicates of ten chicks in each. All the birds were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric standard diet. The birds in treatment T0 (control group) were fed standard poultry diet while in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, the standard poultry diet was supplemented with antibiotic (zinc bacitracin), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% nettle leaves powder, respectively. The result of the study showed that treatment group T4 fed with 1.5% nettle leaves in basal diet showed significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth performance in terms of gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency. It significantly (P<0.05) increased the dressing percentage. Highest % weight of gizzard was observed in group fed 1% nettle leaves powder mixed in standard diet. Among blood parameters, the value of Hb and PCV was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T4 treatment groups. The value of RBCs was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 treatment group whereas the value of WBCs, MCV, MCH and MCHC did not exhibit any significant differences amongst different treatment groups. However, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were significantly low (P<0.05) in T4 and T5 treatment groups as compared to control and other treatment groups. Overall economic analysis revealed that group of birds supplemented with 1.5% nettle leaves powder exhibited 41.37% higher gross profit as compared to the control in terms of body weight gain and feed efficiency and increasing supplementation beyond this decreased profitability as well as growthThesisItem Open Access Nutritional evaluation of siddu, a traditional wheat-based food of Himachal Pradesh(palampur, 2021-02-09) Thakur, Samridhi; Modgil, RajniThe present study was conducted for the nutritional evaluation of siddu, a traditional wheat based food of Himachal Pradesh. For achieving the objective, documentation was carried out in two districts (Shimla and Kullu). From each district, four blocks and two villages were selected randomly. Data was collected through by personal interview method. After the documentation siddu recipe as documented and value added siddu were prepared in the laboratory. Traditional recipe of siddu was kept as control. The samples of siddu were analysed for their Physico-chemical, nutritional profile and organoleptically acceptability. The results revealed that the siddu was a traditional food of Shimla and Kullu district and has been prepared by females and whole wheat flour was used for fermentation of dough but in some families they were used superfine wheat flour. Stuffing varied from one district to another. Seasame and Poppy seeds (khas khas) stuffing was used in Shimla district whereas walnut and apricot seeds stuffing was used in Kullu district. Control samples of siddu were prepared in the laboratory. Value addition was also carried out by using the locally available material. The results revealed that the nutritional value of siddu prepared from whole wheat flour was higher than that of siddu prepared from superfine wheat flour. The value of crude protein (16.40%), ether extract (15.24%),calorific value (401.04 kcal) and minerals viz. iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus was also increased after the value addition with urad daal , peanut and dough was made from whole wheat flour as compared to control samples. Also, the nutritional profile was increased when the value addition with urad daal & peanut and vegetable was done. The value addition can be done with locally available food crops to improve nutritional quality and acceptability of siddu.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of livelihood status of farmers of Himachal Pradesh trained by CSK HPKV, Palampur(palampur, 2020-11-18) Dhadwal, Neha; Thakur, Rajesh KumarAgriculture is the major source of livelihood for majority of the rural population in the developing countries like India. The livelihood security is a complex concept that is location specific, subjective and dynamic. It comprises of food, financial, health, cultural and educational securities and among these, food security is undoubtedly the major contributor of livelihood security. The farmers often face the problem of low level of productivity and farm income due to lack of proper knowledge regarding the usage of modern farming techniques. In Himachal Pradesh, imparting trainings to the farmers is one of the mandates of CSK HPKV, Palampur. During the period of 2016 to 2018, Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. Shimla has sponsored 52 training programmes to CSKHPKV in which 1300 farmers were trained in different streams. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the livelihood status of trained farmers with respect to their farm resources, level of awareness & adoption of farm technologies and the different domains of livelihood security. Among the different districts of the state, the highest number of trained farmers were from the district Kangra and hence the district was selected purposively. In order to meet out the requirements of the objectives of the study, primary data were collected from 60 trained farmers through a two-stage sampling design. The secondary data pertaining to various trainings programmes conducted by CSKHPKV, Palampur were collected from records of Directorate of Extension Education, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The results were presented by working out averages, percentages and various indices for livelihood security. The average size of land holding was found to be quite low i.e. 0.3595 ha out of which 0.3055 ha was cultivated on overall farm situation. As far as employment of active workers was concerned, the majority (60.11 %) were associated with farming; while private jobs and government services was the major source of occupation for about 13 and 6 per cent of sample population, respectively, on overall farm situation. As far as the livestock inventory of the sample households was concerned, the average size of herd was found to be 1.62, having the value of Rs. 25,870/farm. The inventory of farm tools, implements and machinery on per farm basis was to the tune of Rs. 39,897 on overall basis. The analysis of the cropping pattern indicated that paddy and wheat were the major crops accounting for about 24 and 19 per cent of the total cropped area. The cropping intensity on the sample households was estimated at 204.75 per cent on overall basis. The analysis of awareness and knowledge about the different crop production practices indicated that the awareness level of sample households was quite good except for that of the weed management through the chemical application. As far as the use of FYM was concerned, it was on the lower side and the gap ranged between 3 to 17 per cent in different crops while in case of N, P and K, the percent gap ranged between 20 to 65 per cent for K among different crops. The per capita household income from different sources was estimated at Rs 4,96,086 in which the share of farm income was highest (60.69 per cent). The values of major domains of livelihood security index indicated that the sample households were relatively more secured with respect to education (0.46) followed by economic (0.30), food (0.27) and social (0.20) security aspect. The value of composite livelihood security index and weighted composite livelihood security index was found to be 0.31 and 0.39, respectivelyThesisItem Open Access Economics of Organic Farming and Role of CSK HPKV in Transfer of Organic Farming Technology in Himachal Pradesh(palampur, 2020-11-18) Kaur, Jasmeet; Lal, HarbansGreen Revolution technologies, supported by policies and fuelled by agrochemicals, machinery, and irrigation are known to have enhanced agricultural production and productivity. While these technologies greatly helped to address the food security of India, farmers using these technologies have to depend upon the purchased inputs. The cost of cultivation under this system is consistently increasing over the years. Due to the rampant use of inorganic chemicals for production in agriculture, the quality of food products, environment and eco-system has deteriorated. Organic agriculture is one of the broad spectrums of production methods that are supportive of the environment. Organic farming is certainly an answer to make safe food, eco-system and environment and to bring stability and sustainability to agriculture. The farmers in hilly regions have the opportunity to patronize organic farming ‘by default’. Realizing the importance, Model Organic Research Farm was established at CSK HPKV, Palampur on 15th April 2006. To examine the impact of institutional trainings on adoption of natural/organic farming technology in the state, a sample of 60 farmers was selected randomly through proportional allocation method from selected villages of Kangra and Hamirpur districts. The average size of land holding was 0.83 ha and about 68 per cent of area was put under cultivation. The cropping pattern revealed that among the different crops, the major proportion of total cropped area was occupied by paddy (18.24 %), maize+blackgram (11.56%) and maize (7.86 %) during the kharif season. Whereas, during the rabi season major area accounted for wheat (14.54%), wheat +gram intercrop (12.32%) and potato (8.59%). The net returns with family labour were found to be significantly high in maize + blackgram intercrop (Rs. 30648/ha) than the sole maize crop (Rs. 5608/ha). Similarly, in case of rabi season, wheat+ gram intercrop yielded higher returns (Rs. 26258/ha) than sole wheat crop (Rs. 5673/ha) on overall farm situation. The logit model was used to analyse the factors affecting the adoption of natural/organic farming and the estimates showed that education, family size and number of livestock per household significantly affected the adoption of natural/organic farming in the study area. The principal component analysis was used to calculate the overall adoption index of organic practices which resulted in 72.24 per cent of adoption level by the farmers. To further enhance the adoption levels, it is suggested that liberal funding may be provided to the university to promote organic/natural farming throughout the state. There is need to follow cluster approach and provide certification subsidy to farmers. Moreover, marketing system for organic commodities need to be developed as there is huge potential for organically grown products, worldwide.ThesisItem Open Access Economics of Different Crops Under Natural Farming at CSKHPKV, Palampur Farms(palampur, 2020-12-31) Gautam, Ishani; Bala, BrijExcessive use of agro chemicals resulted into degradation of soil and water affecting microbial community on one hand while on the other hand, there are cases of farmers’ suicides due to their inability to pay back loans taken for purchasing these agro-chemicals. With an objective to reduce pressure on environment as well as on farmers, Padma Shri recipient Subhash Palekar experimented various techniques and consolidated them into a concept called natural farming. These techniques are being popularized in different states. Therefore, the present study was taken to examine the economics of different crops under natural farming. The study pertained to CSK HPKV, Palampur farms as the natural farming in Himachal Pradesh started with the inauguration of a pilot project on natural farming at CSK HPKV, Palampur. It was observed that the cost of various nutrient formulations prepared on natural farms viz., Jeevamrit and Beejamrit was Rs. 2.36 and 8.99, respectively per litre while that of Ghanjeevamrit was Rs. 9.87 per kg. Variable cost accounted for more than 90 per cent of total cost incurred for preparation of these formulations. Per litre costs of pesticide formulations like Neemastra, Agniastra and Brahmastra were found to be Rs. 18.42, Rs. 12.69 and Rs. 14.46, respectively. Crops selected for the study were maize, pea, wheat, gram, soybean, finger millet and foxtail millet and the per hectare total cost of cultivation for these crops was Rs. 31686, 47555, 36914, 38280, 39267, 25711, and 21872, respectively. Comparison of these costs with the costs of crops grown under conventional farming showed that the total costs were comparatively less under natural farming. Further, it was also found that the yields and hence, the gross returns of crops under natural farming were less than the crops grown under conventional farming. Despite lower yields, BC ratios were higher under natural farming due to low cultivation costs. It was inferred that the natural farming can provide higher net returns but the yield/total production may go down risking the food security. Therefore, some efforts are needed in the direction to ensure equivalent yields under natural farming before advocating it on large scale.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on productivity of soybean(palampur, 2021-07-01) SALEMAN; Singh, JanardanA field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2020 at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on productivity of soybean(Glycine max L).The fieldexperiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising of eight treatments [T1 - 75 per cent RDN (FYM), T2 -100 per cent RDN (FYM), T3 -75 per cent RDF (Fertilizers), T4 - 100 per cent RDF (Fertilizers), T5 - 50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 25 per cent RDN (FYM), T6 - 50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 50 per cent RDN (FYM), T7 - 100 per cent RDN (FYM) + rest P and K (Fertilizers) and T8 - Control (N0 P0 K0)]. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium.Significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, dry matter efficiency, unit area efficiency, primary branches/plant, pods/plant,biological, straw and seed yield were recorded in T6[(50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 50 per cent RDN (FYM)]. Gross return, net return, benefit cost ratioand profitabilitywere also significantly higher in T6. The highest uptake of N, P and K was recorded in T6.The treatment, T6(50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 50 per cent RDN (FYM) proved to be the best treatment for enhancing productivity and profitability of soybean under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
