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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BLOOD PROFILE OF NATIVE CHICKEN WITH DAHLEM RED AND THEIR CROSSES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-16) Saklani, Samriti; Singh, GeetanjaliThe present study was conducted with the objectives of finding baseline values of biochemical and haematological parameters for native chicken, comparing them with the Dahlem Red (DR), cross of native and DR (DRN) and cross of DR with DRN (DND) and to observe alteration in normal values with age and sex. The study was conducted on forty healthy randomly selected birds which were divided in to four groups, each group having five males and five females of native, DR, DRN and DND. Forty blood samples were collected from these birds at their growing stage and forty blood samples were collected at their adult stage. The haematological parameters namely, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were estimated. Blood biochemical parameters viz. glucose, lipid profile (triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulin and A:G ratio), renal profile (urea, creatinine and uric acid) along with plasma minerals (calcium and phosphorus) were estimated from the collected blood samples using standard analytical techniques. It was found that biochemical parameters viz. total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, creatinine, urea were significantly (p<0.05) different among all the breeds/crosses, between age groups and between males and females of the same breeds/crosses. Haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count were significantly (p<0.05) different among different breeds and age groups which can be due to different genotype and changes with the age.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ADULTERATION OF MILK AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Palsra, Tanu; Khurana, S. K.The present study was conducted to assess the milk quality with reference to adulteration and its importance on consumers’ health in different areas of Himachal Pradesh. Total 200 raw milk samples were collected directly from consumers. Milk analysis was done firstly to assess the physico-chemical quality attributes and further qualitative analyses of adulterants. The specific gravity of milk samples ranges from 1.010-1.032 with an average value 1.022±0.005. The fat percentage ranges from 1.0-9.2 with an average value 3.5±0.10, SNF ranges from 3.6-12.8 with an average value 7.01±0.10 and Total Solid ranges from 4.6-19.2 with an average value 10.54±0.17. Total 74% milk samples in case of specific gravity, 69.5% samples for fat percentage, 82.5% samples for SNF, and 73.5% milk samples for TS were less than the minimum prescribed standards of FSSAI for specific gravity, fat, SNF, and TS for cow milk in Himachal Pradesh. Further zone-wise determination of physico-chemical parameter of milk samples revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in specific gravity and %SNF content between Zone I and Zone II whereas, there was significant difference (p<0.05) of Zone III with Zone I and Zone II. No significant difference was observed between Zone I, Zone II, and Zone III in case of fat% and TS. All these samples were analysed for presence of adulterants by using a standard milk adulteration kit. Tests included were alizarin test, urea test, starch test, salt test, skim milk powder test, glucose test, formalin test, sugar test (sucrose), neutralizers test, detergent test, hydrogen peroxide test, maltose test, ammonium sulphate test, boric acid test, nitrate/ pond water test. Assessment of adulteration depicted that water was the most common adulterant (74%) found in the milk samples followed by salt (18%), alizarin (13.5%), skim milk powder (9.5%), detergent (3%), sucrose (1.5%), glucose (1%), formalin (1%), and neutralizers (1%). Other tests performed were negative in all milk samples. None of the individual sample was found positive for all the synthetic ingredients (urea, detergent or soap, sodium hydroxide, vegetable oil, and salt) required for production of synthetic milk. From survey study it could be concluded that majority of the respondents had low awareness towards disease transmission through milk, government regulations against milk adulteration and proper reporting system. Majority of respondents preferred the method of assessment of adulteration was through visual appearance, taste, touch and they perceived that adulterated milk had no harmful effect on their healthThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NEOPLASMS IN DOGS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON LYMPHOMA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Sanjeev kumar; Verma, SubhashIn this study, a total of 56 canine tumors were recorded and prevalence of tumors based on sex, age and site were documented. Females (55.36%) were more susceptible than male dogs (44.64%). Highest prevalence of tumors (35.71%) was recorded in the age group of six to nine years and lowest (5.36%) in the age group of less than three years. Most common site of tumor was genitalia. The TVT has highest prevalence (37.50%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (12.50%) and then adenocarcimoma (10.79%). One case of oral TVT as a primary tumor was also detected. Neoplastic conditions of dogs like lymphoma, mast cell tumor (MCT) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were diagnosis using various molecular tools. Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) assay for lymphoma, PCR for detection of mutation at juxtamembrane domain of c-kit gene in mast cell tumors and a two-step nested PCR for detection of bcr-abl fusion gene in CML were used. Out of 123 blood samples, two blood samples were found positive for T cell lymphoma using PARR assay. Out of 21 tissue samples, one tumor tissue sample was found positive for MCT. Out of 10 blood samples, three blood samples were found positive for CML. It is concluded that various diagnostic approaches particularly molecular test like PCR was able to detect hidden neoplastic conditions in dogs which were otherwise hard to diagnose clinically and using imaging or cytology techniques. The study also concludes that neoplastic conditions in dogs are common and should form the part of clinical enquiry by the veterinarians.ThesisItem Open Access SKELETAL RADIOGRAPHY IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-16) Bhat, Rohit B; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was done for standardization of skeletal radiography in dogs, to record prevalence of skeletal affections in dogs and to develop a ready reckoner atlas of skeletal radiography in dogs. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from April, 2017 to May, 2018. The formulation of tentative radiographic technique charts was done by conducting radiographic trials on four skeletally normal dogs of different age groups. Further, the technique charts were validated in 30 skeletally normal dogs. The Standard Operative Protocol was established based on the observations made during the radiographic trial. The role of computer software intervention for improving the radiographic images was evaluated and 11 out of 30 radiographs taken during validation process of technique charts were improved from ‘fair’ to ‘good’ quality. The overall prevalence of skeletal disorders in canines were calculated to be 16.28 per cent. The overall incidence of fractures among those skeletal disorders was 13.94. Majority of skeletal disorders in dogs occurred in juvenile group (48.18%) followed by adult (40.93%) and senile (10.88%). The distribution of skeletal disorders was more in males (68.91%) against 31.08% in females but the incidence was more or less similar to females (22.16% against 22.38% in males). Etiology-wise the major known causes of skeletal disorders in dogs were determined to be trauma (53.36%). A ready-reckoner of normal skeletal radiographic anatomy of dogs was prepared by obtaining the radiographs of skeletal system in different views of a normal healthy skeletally mature 5-year old dog. Subsequently the radiographs of selected clinical cases of dogs representative of different skeletal affections as presented during the period of study were also used alongside to underscore the differences in between normal and abnormal radiographic features.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT SPARING EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS FEED ENZYMES ON THE BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF POULTRY BROILER BIRDS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Sood, Radhika Rajshree; Katoch, ShivaniThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous feed enzymes viz. Hizyme and Phytase on the biological growth performance of commercial broiler poultry birds. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=100) were divided into 5 main treatment groups viz. T0, T1, T2,T3and T4 under completely randomized block design. Each treatment group was further divided in 2 replicates with 10 chicks in each. T0 served as standard control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake based ration. Treatment T1 was given standard corn- soy flake based ration along with Hizyme at the rate of 25 grams per quintal feed and Phytase at the rate of 5grams per quintal(Activity -5000FTU) i.e. 250 FTU/Kg feed whereas T2 was given ration containing 5 percent lower calculated metabolizable energy(ME), Ca and P along with Hizyme and Phytase whereas treatment T3 was given ration containing 5 percent lower calculated minerals viz Ca and P along with phytase and treatment T4 was given ration with 5 percent lower calculated ME along with enzyme Hizyme. All the five broiler diets were formulated and prepared conferring to BIS (1992) standards. Formulated diet with 5 per cent lower metabolizable energy with addition of exogenous feed enzymes in treatment T4 exhibited increased growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion, dressing yield and profitability.Supplementation of Hizyme at the rate 25 grams/quintal and phytase 5grams/quintal improved gain in live weight and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all treatments viz.T1, T2, T3andT4.Phytase supplementation @ 250 FTU/Kg feed did not compensate for the deficit in calcium and phosphorus as per BIS standards in treatment T2 during the starter phase but during the finisher phase the birds exhibited comparable weight gain and FCR compared to control T0.Hizyme and Phytase supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the crude fibre digestibility in treatment T2 compared to control group. Phosphorus digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared to control group. Tibial bone calcium content did not exhibit any difference in control and all the other treatments whereas the tibial bone phosphorus and magnesium content was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in treatment T3 and T4 compared to standard formulated diet T1. Blood parameters were not affected by supplementation of enzymes.Dressing percentage was not affected by reduction in ME, Ca and P, although live weight and dressed weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group T1 compared to treatment group T2 and T3. Cost of feed per kilogram gain in live weight was lowest in treatment T4 (Rs. 41.83/Kg) supplemented with Hizyme and second lowest in treatment T2 (Rs. 42.27/Kg) where as it was highest in control group T0 (Rs. 46.82/Kg).ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON INCIDENCE OF BACILLUS SPP. IN READY-TO- EAT FOODS, BEVERAGES AND WATER FROM DIFFERENT TOURIST PLACES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Rana, Neha; Panda, A.K.The present study was designed with the aim to determine the incidence of Bacillus species in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, beverages and water from different tourist places of Himachal Pradesh. Bacillus were also analyzed for the presence of toxin genes and antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 220 samples; RTE milk products (n=80), RTE meat products (n=40), beverages (n=40) and water (n=60) were tested. In addition, 50 stool samples from hospitalized patients were also screened. Bacillus isolates were characterized by cultural and biochemical methods and reconfirmed by amplifying 16S rRNA (1500 bp) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bacillus isolates were characterized for the presence of enterotoxins (hbl encoding hemolytic, nhe encoding non-hemolytic and cytK encoding cytotoxic) and emetic toxin (ces) by multiplex PCR. A total of 11.4 per cent (n=25/220) samples tested were contaminated with Bacillus species. These isolates were identified as B. cereus (76%, n=19/25), B. alvei (12%, n=3/25), B. polymyxa (8%, n=2/25) and B. firmus (4%, n=1/25). RTE milk products were found to have the highest incidence of Bacillus (17.5%, n=14/80) followed by water (8.3%, n=5/60), RTE meat products (7.5%, n=3/40) and beverages (7.5%, n=3/40). None of the stool samples were found positive for Bacillus spp. B. cereus recovery was highest from cheese (25%, n=4/16) followed by khoa (14 %, n=3/21) and paneer (8.6 %, n= 2/23) based items. nhe complex was detected as the predominant (76%) enterotoxin gene, followed by cyt K (40%) and hbl gene complex (28%). ces was not present in any of the tested isolates. All the isolates were resistant to cefixime and penicillin. High level of susceptibility was observed for antimicrobial classes; aminoglycosides, quinolones and phenicols. MDR was found in 28 per cent (n=7/25) isolates of Bacillus spp. Highest number of MDR isolates were recovered from RTE milk products (12%) followed by water (8%), RTE meat products (4%) and beverages (4%).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INCIDENCE OF AEROMONAS SPP. IN READY-TO-EAT FOODS, BEVERAGES AND WATER FROM DIFFERENT TOURIST PLACES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Neena Kumari; Panda, A.K.The present study was designed with the aim to determine the incidence of Aeromonas species in ready-to-eat foods, beverages and water from different tourist places of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 220 samples; RTE milk products (n=80), RTE meat/fish products (n=40), beverages (n=40) and water (n=60) were collected from 12 different tourist places. In addition, 50 stool samples from hospitalized patients were also screened. Aeromonas isolates were characterized by cultural and biochemical methods and reconfirmed by amplifying 16S rRNA (953 bp) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterotoxin genes alt (encoding heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin), ast (encoding heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin) and act/hlyA/aer (encoding cytotoxic/β-haemolysin/aerolysin) complex present in characterized Aeromonas isolates were detected by PCR. A total of 20 Aeromonas spp. isolates were recovered from tested samples; 16 from RTE foods, beverages, water and 4 from human stool samples. RTE milk products had highest level of contamination (n=12/80, 15%) followed by beverages (n=3/40, 7.5%) and water (n=1/60, 1.67%). These isolates were identified as A. hydrophila (n=7/20, 35%), A. sobria (n=6/20, 30%), A. schubertii (n=4/20, 20%) and A. veronii (n=3/20, 15%). All Aeromonas isolates carried alt and 25 per cent were positive for act/hlyA/aer complex. None of the isolates was carrying ast. High level of susceptibility was observed for antibiotic classes; nitrofurans, phenicols and tetracyclines followed by quinolones and aminoglycosides. However, all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Nine (45%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Highest number of MDR isolates were recovered from RTE milk products (25%) followed by stool samples (15%) and beverages (5%).ThesisItem Open Access SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF PHAGE DISPLAY PEPTIDES AGAINST PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Dhial, Kritika; Sharma, MandeepHaemorrhagic septicemia is an acute fatal septicaemic disease of cattle and buffaloes and is caused by P. multocida serotype B: 2 in India. Despite its economic importance, there is no specific field level diagnosis for this disease. The pathogenicity of the organism is associated with various virulence factors such as the capsule, lipopolysaccharides, adhesins, toxins, siderophores, sialides and outer membrane proteins. They facilitate the colonisation and invasion of the host tissue. These surface antigens could be a target for both therapeutics as well as diagnostics. Keeping this in mind, the current study was planned to select ligands in the form of peptides using phage display peptide library against major structural components of the Pasteurella multocida and characterize them by using phage ELISA. Ph.D.-12 phage display library was used to select phage peptides. The library titer was 1.8 × 1011 pfu/ml. This heterogenous mixture of phages carrying diverse peptides as ligands was amplified to a final concentration of 2.1x1013 pfu/ml. These amplified phages were then subjected to the alternate selection/subtraction methodology of panning using suspension method in which alternate rounds of positive selection against P. multocida and negative selection against Haemophilus influenzae and Actinobacillus lignieresii were performed. For round 1 of positive selection, 100μl of 2.1x1013 pfu/ml phages were employed and 5.8 × 106 pfu/ml of eluted phages were recovered. For negative selection of round 1 these recovered eluted phages were amplified and 1013 pfu/ml phages were employed. Around 2.8 × 1011 pfu/ml phages remained unbound which were re-amplified to carry out round 2 of positive selection. 1.3 × 1011 pfu/ml were eluted and amplified for round 2 of negative selection to the concentration 1013 pfu/ml and 1.4 × 1012 phages were left unbound. After completing round 3 of alternate selection/subtraction, 4.8 × 1012 pfu/ml were recovered. This study showed that with every round of selection, the non-binding and non-specific phages reduced and the pool of selectively binding phages to the P. multocida with each amplification increased. Further to analyse the affinity of selectively binding phages indirect phage ELISA was carried out. Out of a total of 48 phages, 16 clonal phages were selected for indirect phage ELISA. Out of these 16, five clonal phages viz. B6, B3, B7, B5 and A5 bound their target with high intensity giving higher OD values at 450 nm. These did not or bound poorly to closely related bacteria as the OD values were close to the negative control. The phages have been submitted for sequencing to further characterize them for their structural and functional attributes. This study concludes that it possible to select peptides against the intended target and that such peptides could be used for specific diagnosis of pathogens or as antimicrobial therapeutics after thorough characterization.ThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE EXTRAPULMONARY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF GADDI GOAT(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-06-04) Baltoo, Ashwarya; Rajput, RajeshIn Gaddi goats, the nostrils were slit like passages and were situated obliquely at rostral most part of the head. The mean length and width at centre of the nostril was 2.79 cm and 0.31cm respectively. The nostrils were lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Nasal cavity of goat was conical, slightly bloated in the centre. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial lining of the mucosa contained ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells and basal cells. The submucosal branched tubule-alveolar glands were found throughout the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity had three nasal turbinate bones viz. dorsal, ventral and middle. The dorsal turbinate was the longest and widest one. The mean length of the dorsal turbinate was 11.47 ± 0.48 cm. The middle turbinate was pyramidal shaped having a shelf like arrangement. The mean length of the middle and ventral turbinates were 5.07± 0.17and 9.58 ± 0.54 cms respectively. The lamina of the ventral turbinate was divided into dorsal and ventral scrolls. The dorsal scroll had 2 turns, while the ventral had only 1 turn. The common nasal meatus was divided into dorsal, middle and ventral by the turbinates. The goblet cells and nasal glands showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue in nasal cavity. The nasopharyngeal mucosa was undulating and was lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Larynx was made up of unpaired epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilages in anterio-posterior sequence and the paired arytenoid cartilages were placed rostro-dorsally.The apex of arytenoid cartilages did not show well defined corniculate process in Gaddi goat. Thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Epiglottis Cartilage was cordate leaf like. The trachea was composed of forty two to forty eight cartilaginous rings. The right apical bronchus originated at 37thor 38th ring. The tracheal bifurcation into two principle bronchi occurred at the level of 5th rib. Total length of the trachea was 26.86 ± 0.45 cm. The mean outer vertical diameter and mean outer transverse diameter were20.19 ± 0.99 mmand 18.19 ± 0.72 mm respectively.The outer vertical diameter was maximum at the level of 35th tracheal ring, where as the outer transverse diameter was minimum there. The rings of trachea were incomplete dorsally. The trachealis muscles was present on the inner aspect to join the free ends of the tracheal cartilages.In Trachea goblet cells, tracheal glands and cartilages showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue.