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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2014-12) INDU BALA; Jai DevThe present investigation entitled “Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was ‘j+l’ type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried ‘i’ type epistasis alongwith ‘j+l’ type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK- 472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.ThesisItem Open Access DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINST SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-01) Vashisth, Sumit; Chandel, Y.S.ABSTRACT Survey for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was conducted in ten districts of Himachal Pradesh during 2011-13. In all, 930 soil samples from 131 locations were analysed for the occurrence of the nematodes. The frequency of occurrence of these nematodes was very low (3.82%). The nematodes were found in five locations i.e. Sangla (Distt. Kinnaur), Kamand (Distt. Kullu), Rajgarh (Distt Sirmour), Rajour and Sutkar (Distt. Chamba). These localities are situated in mid hill/high hill zones of the state. The nematodes were recovered from fruit orchards only having lighter soils. The nematodes from all the locations were identified as Heterorhabditis. Nematode cultures from different locations were considered as isolates and were designated as Sangla isolate, Kamand isolate , Rajgarh isolate , Sutkar isolate and Rajour isolate . Former three isolates, along with one commercial isolate i.e. H. indica (procured from NBAII, Bangluru) were evaluated for their pathogenic effects against Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella and Agrotis segetum in Petri plates/soil/screen house. All these three local isolates including the commercial isolate proved pathogenic variably to different insect-pests. In screen house testing on cabbage, Rajgarh isolate was found highly effective against S. litura, H. armigera and P. xylostella. The virulence of these isolates was considered of the medium level. The bacterium, Photorhabdus luminescence was associated with all the isolates and proved non pathogenic to Achroia grisella when tested alone. Besides, host invasion studies in A. grisella revealed maximum penetration through natural openings, other than mouth. For in vivo mass production of local EPNs, Corcyra cephalonica, A. grisella and Bombyx mori were used. The average yield of IJs/larva was minimum (23020-26030) in C. Cephalonica and maximum in B. mori (463080-546840) for different EPNs. For in vitro production, chicken offal medium was used. The yield was maximum for Rajgarh isolate (17.70 x 106 IJs/flask).ThesisItem Open Access GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-12) Bala, Indu; Dev, JaiABSTRACT The present investigation entitled Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was j+l type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried i type epistasis alongwith j+l type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMIZING MICRO SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SCHEDULING AND NK FERTIGATION IN GARDEN PEA (PISUM SATIVUM VAR. HORTENSE L.)(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) RANA, KHUSHBOO; Saroch, KapilThe field experiment was conducted at Water Management Farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur during rabi 2012-13 to optimize micro sprinkler irrigation and NK fertigation in garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense L.). The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture; acidic in reaction; high in organic carbon; medium in available nitrogen; high in available phosphorus and low in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications, consisting of nine treatments i.e. comprising of all the possible combinations of four irrigation depths (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 CPE) and two NK fertigation levels (50 and 100 per cent of adjusted recommended dose) plus one control (basal application of soil test based NPK fertilizer and surface irrigation of 5 cm). Micro sprinkler irrigation at 0.8 CPE resulted in higher soil water status leading to better shoot growth and dry matter accumulation which resulted in higher green pod yield and NPK uptake. Fertigation with 50 per cent of recommended dose gave comparable yields to 100 per cent recommended dose. Treatment combination of 0.8 CPE and 50 per cent recommended dose gave higher pod yield, NPK uptake and net returns. Water use efficiency was higher in micro sprinkler than flood irrigation.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HYBRID PERFOERMANCE, HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY UNDER ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) THAKUR, NISHA; Chadha, SanjayTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation in commercial growing pockets of Himachal Pradesh is severely affected due to bacterial wilt disease (caused by Ralstonia solanacearum). Being safe and better in quality, the demand for organic tomatoes is increasing day by day, for which high yielding organic input responsive varieties/hybrids with more pest tolerance/resistance are required. Keeping these points in view, the present investigation was undertaken to estimate the extent of per se performance and heterosis, to work out the nature and magnitude of gene action and to identify potential parental lines and cross combinations on the basis of combining ability under organic and inorganic farming systems. Eight diverse genotypes viz., CLN 2070, CLN 2123 A-1 (red), Hawaii 7998, Palam Pride, 12-1, BWR-5, Arka Abha and Arka Meghali and their 28 cross combinations developed in half diallel mating design were evaluated alongwith standard check Avtar (7711) in bacterial wilt sick plots in RBD with three replications under organic and inorganic farming system during summer-rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. The analyses of variances indicated significant differences among genotypes (G) for marketable yield and other component traits in all the environments. Also, significant differences for environment (E) and G × E interaction for most of the traits indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes/crosses. Most of the hybrids and parents showed 100 per cent plant survival. Variances due to GCA, SCA and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits under organic and inorganic farming conditions, indicating the importance of testing parents as well as hybrids across environments. On the basis of per se performance, heterosis and combining ability for marketable fruit yield, component traits, the cross combinations viz., 12-1 × BWR-5, Palam Pride × BWR-5, Palam Pride × 12-1 and Hawaii 7998 × 12-1 under organic conditions and 12-1 × BWR-5, CLN 2070 × 12-1, CLN 2070 × Hawaii 7998, Hawaii 7998 × 12-1 and Hawaii 7998 × BWR-5 under inorganic conditions were the most promising and surpassed the standard check (Avtar). These hybrids were also resistant to bacterial wilt and can be further exploited. Overall, 12-1 × BWR-5 was the most promising cross combination among the top hybrids under organic and inorganic farming conditions. Hawaii 7998, 12-1 and BWR-5 were the most promising general combiners under organic and inorganic farming conditions. For most of the traits important from commercial point of view, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action which reaffirms the importance of hybrids in tomato. There was differential response of different genotypes to organic and inorganic farming conditions. This necessitates the separate breeding programme to identify potential genotypes responsive to organic and inorganic farming conditions.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF FARM YARD MANURE AND VERMICOMPOST UNDER PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN MAIZE-WHEAT SYSTEM IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) SINGH, VIJAY; Dixit, S. P.The present investigation was carried out to study the comparative effectiveness of farm yard manure and vermicompost under prescription based fertilizer application in maize-wheat system in an acid Alfisol at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur. There were nine treatments which were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The treatments were control, soil test based, farmers’ practice, 100% NPK, target yield (non-IPNS), target yield with 2.5t and 5t FYM ha-1 with 2.5t and 5t vermicompost ha-1. The target yield for maize and wheat was 40 q and 35 q ha-1, respectively. The experiment was conducted on maize and wheat for two years i.e. kharif 2011 to rabi 2012-13. The soil of experimental farm was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.1), medium in organic carbon (7.8 g kg-1) with 208, 26.8 and 214 kg ha-1 of available N, P and K, respectively. The micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 21.2, 0.83, 0.99 and 16.9 mg kg-1. Surface (0-0.15 m) and sub-surface (0.15-0.30 m) soil samples taken before the sowing and after the harvest of each crop were analysed for pH, organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available N, P, K, S, exchangeable Ca, Mg and micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn. Bulk density, particle density, water holding capacity, water stable aggregates, microbial biomass carbon, urease and phosphatase activity were determined before the sowing and after harvest of last crop. Yield of maize and wheat was recorded. Plant samples of both the crops were analyzed for total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrient cations and their uptakes were worked out. The study revealed that water holding capacity and water stable aggregates increased in targeted yield treatments with integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS) as compared to their non-IPNS counterparts. However, the effect of IPNS treatments as compared to non-IPNS was non significant in case of bulk density and particle density. Soil pH was not affected significantly but OC and CEC improved in targeted yield with IPNS than rest of the treatments in both surface and sub-surface soil samples. The status of available N, P, K and S was recorded highest in treatment where 5t vermicompost ha-1 with targeted yield was applied. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and DTPA extractable micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn increased under prescription based fertilizer application with IPNS as compared to non-IPNS in both surface and sub-surface soil samples. Microbial biomass carbon, urease activity and phosphatase activity was recorded highest in the treatment comprising of fertilizer application based on targeted yield with 5t vermicompost ha-1. Highest yield of both the crops was recorded in treatment where 5t vermicompost ha-1 was applied with targeted yield concept and uptake of primary (N, P and K), secondary (Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrient cations (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) were recorded higher in targeted yield treatments of IPNS as compared to rest of the treatments. In maize, the highest net returns were recorded in the treatment with targeted yield (non-IPNS) followed by targeted yield with 2.5 t FYM ha-1 and lowest in farmers’ practice whereas, in wheat the highest net returns were recorded in the treatment with targeted yield (non-IPNS) followed by 2.5t FYM ha-1 with targeted yield treatment and lowest in farmers’ practice. In maize, output input ratio was highest (2.6) recorded in targeted yield treatment with non-IPNS whereas, in wheat it was highest in soil test base (3.2). All the physical, chemical and biological properties were positively correlated with grain and straw yield of maize and wheat except bulk density and particle density.ThesisItem Open Access ORGANIC MANAGEMENT OF BUCKEYE ROT OF TOMATO CAUSED BY PHYTOPHTHORA NICOTIANAE VAR PARASITICA (DASTUR) WATERHOUSE(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) KRISHAN, RAJ; PAUL, Y.S.Present investigations on “Organic management of buckeye rot of tomato caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica (Dastur) Waterhouse.” were conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2012-2014. P. nicotianae var parasitica was found to be associated with buckeye rot of tomato from all the locations in HP. PDA supported the best mycelial growth and sporangial formation of the pathogen. Out of 43 bacterial and fungal isolates from organic inputs and phyllosphere, one isolate KLCuB3 was most effective in the management of buckeye rot even if the fruits were injured before or after treatment. Complete inhibition of the pathogen growth was observed under in vitro conditions when organic inputs, crude extract of Eupatorium adenophorum, aqueous extract of marigold, urine of desi cow, pine oil were used. Linseed oil panchgavya formulation, was found superior and economical in the inhibition of the pathogen and disease management. Eupatorium, pine oil, panchgavya and DMA8 completely checked the disease whereas except sumona and T. viride, no commercial product completely managed the disease. As the fruit stage progressed, the susceptibility against the disease decreased. Three lines namely Ptom, BT18 and Palam Pride showed some level of resistance. No disease developed when soil was either sterilized or drenched with panchgavya, neemastra, jeevamrit, amritpani, ghaniri extract and akshwan. BTH enhanced resistance and delayed the appearance of the disease. Trichoderma koningii (DMA8) resulted in highest per cent inhibition. Six sprays of Eupatorium crude extract @ 0.2% at weekly intervals were found to be most effective in the management of buckeye rot followed by Trichoderma (DMA-8) and Ridomil 0.25%. Plastic mulch + soil treatment with DMA-8 proved more effective to manage the disease. Integration of seedling dip with pine oil with plastic mulch was not suitable as it reduced the plant population and increased the disease level.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF NL-1N STRAIN OF BCMV INFECTING COMMON BEAN IN HIMACHAL PRADESH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC KITS(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) ANURADHA; Sharma, P.N.Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), locally known as “Rajmash” one of the most widely grown grain legume crop grown around the world is vulnerable to the attack of wide range of plant pathogens. Among these bean mosaic disease caused by Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), a member of family Potyviridae is most important to low yield contributing factor because of its regular occurrence and ubiquitous seed borne nature. In India, five strains of BCMV viz., NL-1, NL-1n, NL-4, NL-7 and NL-7n have been reported from north-western Himalayas, of which NL-1n is widely prevalent in the entire region. The present investigations on BCMV- NL-1n strain were undertaken to obtain complete genome sequence, relationship with different strains and to elucidate the presence of R-genes to find out durable sources of resistance. Typical symptoms produced were mosaic, blistering, downward leaf rolling, green vein banding, thickening of leaves, reduction of leaf lamina and leaf deformation which were more severe on seed borne infected plants as compared to sap inoculated. DAS-ELISA test and coat protein gene amplification confirmed the identity of virus as BCMV and reaction pattern on International differential set of bean varieties established the strain identity. This strain was separated from other BCMV strains on the basis of temperature sensitivity assay as it induced temperature insensitive necrosis on cv. Jubila that contains resistance gene (I, bc-1), thus differs from all other strains of BCMV and BCMNV. The genome size was 10.081 kb and contains an open reading frame that encoded a single polyprotein of 3222 amino acids which cleaved into ten proteins typical of Potyvirus. Sequence homology, multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis on nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that BCMV-NL-1n is more closely related to BCMV-NL-1 though clustered along with other strains and isolates of BCMV. HC-Pro region sequences based comparison among BCMV strains showed its potential for the discrimination of different strains, however, it still needs further validation involving more number of isolates. Under artificial inoculation conditions, 130 common bean accessions were found resistant to strain BCMV-NL-1n in a panel of 304 accessions comprising of diverse germplasm. BCMV resistance gene prediction based on marker assisted selection (MAS) approach, using tightly linked SCAR markers showed the presence of three resistance genes viz., I, bc-12 and bc-3 genes in 105, 53 and 22 common bean accessions found resistant in the present study. Five genotypes viz., IC-43567, EC-109731, EC-116178, EC-120636 and Improved Tender Green possessed all the three genes. The resistant sources identified against the prevalent strains can be exploited in resistance breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINST SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) VASHISTH, SUMIT; Chandel, Y. S.Survey for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was conducted in ten districts of Himachal Pradesh during 2011-13. In all, 930 soil samples from 131 locations were analysed for the occurrence of the nematodes. The frequency of occurrence of these nematodes was very low (3.82%). The nematodes were found in five locations i.e. Sangla (Distt. Kinnaur), Kamand (Distt. Kullu), Rajgarh (Distt Sirmour), Rajour and Sutkar (Distt. Chamba). These localities are situated in mid hill/high hill zones of the state. The nematodes were recovered from fruit orchards only having lighter soils. The nematodes from all the locations were identified as Heterorhabditis. Nematode cultures from different locations were considered as isolates and were designated as ‘Sangla isolate, ‘Kamand isolate’, ‘Rajgarh isolate’, ‘Sutkar isolate’ and ‘Rajour isolate’. Former three isolates, along with one commercial isolate i.e. H. indica (procured from NBAII, Bangluru) were evaluated for their pathogenic effects against Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella and Agrotis segetum in Petri plates/soil/screen house. All these three local isolates including the commercial isolate proved pathogenic variably to different insect-pests. In screen house testing on cabbage, ‘Rajgarh isolate’ was found highly effective against S. litura, H. armigera and P. xylostella. The virulence of these isolates was considered of the medium level. The bacterium, Photorhabdus luminescence was associated with all the isolates and proved non pathogenic to Achroia grisella when tested alone. Besides, host invasion studies in A. grisella revealed maximum penetration through natural openings, other than mouth. For in vivo mass production of local EPNs, Corcyra cephalonica, A. grisella and Bombyx mori were used. The average yield of IJs/larva was minimum (23020-26030) in C. Cephalonica and maximum in B. mori (463080-546840) for different EPNs. For in vitro production, chicken offal medium was used. The yield was maximum for ‘Rajgarh isolate’ (17.70 x 106 IJs/flask).
