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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY (CMS) BASED HETEROSIS AND GENE ACTION STUDIES IN CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019-09) Sekhon, Bhallan Singh; Singh, YudhvirThe present investigation was undertaken to assess the combining ability, nature and magnitude of gene action and to ascertain best heterotic combinations for morpho-physiological, yield and yield contributing and quality traits. Forty eight cross combinations developed by crossing eight CMS lines and six diverse testers in Line × Tester fashion were evaluated along with four standard checks in randomized complete block design with three replications at the Vegetable Research Farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur and HAREC, Bajaura, Kullu during winter 2017-18. Visual, morphological (Ward’s method) and molecular characterization (SSRs) were employed to assess the diversity in parental materials. Out of 35 SSRs, 28 were found to be polymorphic and PIC value ranged from 0.17 to 0.54 with an average of 0.37. The PCoA, PCA and factor analysis delineated the CMS lines into two groups as mid-maturity (CaYCMS-1, CaYCMS-2, CaYCMS-3, CaYCMS-4 and CaYCMS-5) and late group (CaYCMS-6, CaYCMS-7 and CaYCMS-8) CMS lines. All the CMS lines showed similar performance as that of their maintainers for seedling, floral and seed traits. Results of combining ability were discussed by analysing the data in all three possibilities as Experiment I (All CMS lines and testers), Experiment II (5 Mid-late group lines and testers) and Experiment III (3 Late group lines and testers). The bifurcation of experiment reveals the importance of late group lines in terms of earliness and mid-group lines for yield and related traits when analysed for GCA. Thus lines and testers showing good GCA, crosses with good SCA and heterosis in Experiment II and Experiment III were given prime importance. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes for most of the traits in both the experiments under all the environments, exhibiting wealth of variability. Location × genotype interaction was significant for most of the traits which indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes. The line × tester analysis revealed significant differences due to lines, testers and line × tester interaction indicating appreciable diversity in the experimental material. The parental lines viz., CaYCMS-3 and CaYCMS-5 in Experiment II and CaYCMS-6 in Experiment III while testers viz., DPCaY-6, DPCaY-7 and DPCaY-8 in Experiment II and DPCaY-3, DPCaY-5 and DPCaY-9 in Experiment III were identified as good general combiners for earliness and most of the morpho-physiological traits. Among lines CaYCMS-4 and CaYCMS-5 in Experiment II and CaYCMS-7 in Experiment III and testers viz., DPCaY-6 and DPCaY-9 in Experiment II and DPCaY-6, DPCaY-8 and DPCaY-9 in Experiment III were the good general combiners for yield and yield related traits. For quality traits, lines CaYCMS-1, CaYCMS-2 and CaYCMS-5 in Experiment II and CaYCMS-6 and CaYCMS-8 in Experiment III and testers DPCaY-5, DPCaY-6 and DPCaY-7 in Experiment II and DPCaY-5, DPCaY-6 and DPCaY-9 in Experiment III were identified as good general combiners. Non-additive gene action was in preponderance for most of the traits suggesting the exploitation of hybrid vigour in cauliflower. On the basis of GCA, SCA and heterosis, CaYCMS-3 × DPCaY-7 and CaYCMS-3 × DPCaY- 8 in Experiment II and CaYCMS-8 × DPCaY-8 and CaYCMS-8 × DPCaY-9 in Experiment III had appreciable tendency for early maturity across the environments. Crosses viz., CaYCMS-1 × DPCaY-7, CaYCMS-5 × DPCaY-5 and CaYCMS-5 × DPCaY-6 in Experiment II and CaYCMS-6 × DPCaY-8 from Experiment III were observed as promising combination for most of quality traits. For marketable yield, CaYCMS-5 × DPCaY-9 (265.19 q/ ha) and CaYCMS-5 × DPCaY-5 (261.98 q/ ha) from Experiment II and CaYCMS-6 × DPCaY-6 (336.54 q/ ha) and CaYCMS-7 × DPCaY- 7 (329.40 q/ ha) from Experiment III were the most promising cross combinations across the environments. The cross combination CaYCMS-5 × DPCaY-5 also showed appreciable heterosis for dry matter content, TSS, K and Mg. These best performing hybrids could be recommended for release after thorough evaluation over the environments. Further, mid-maturing and late maturing CMS lines can be used for developing hybrids that can mature in succession and provide continuous harvest to the farmers for fetching higher prices in the market. Moreover, separate analysis is recommended for different maturity groups in cauliflower for drawing unbiased conclusions even if the genotypes of different groups were transplanted at same time.ThesisItem Open Access GENE ACTION STUDIES FOR FRUIT YELD AND HORTICULTURAL TRAITS IN OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-22) Singh, Akhilesh; Sood, SoniaThe present investigation entitled “Gene action studies for fruit yield and horticultural traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for fruit yield and horticultural traits in okra. The experimental material comprised of 51 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 12 lines with three testers namely, 9801 (L1), Hisar Unnat (L2) and their single cross F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during May to October, 2018. The observations were recorded on ten randomly selected plants in each entry over the replications on different quantitative traits [days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, first fruit producing node, nodes per plant, internodal length (cm), fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), average fruit weight (g), plant height (cm), harvest duration (days), fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant (g)], quality traits [immature fruit colour, fruit pubescence, ridges per fruit, dry matter (%) and mucilage (%)] and screening for yellow vein mosaic disease. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits including fruit yield per plant. Epistatic interaction for most of the traits was j+l type except first fruit producing node, nodes per plant, internodal length, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit weight, fruits per plant, ridges per fruit and dry matter whereas harvest duration, fruit yield per plant and mucilage carried both ‘i’ and ‘j+l’ type with predominance of ‘i’ type except fruit yield per plant. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits except mucilage. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for mucilage indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action. Degree of dominance was in the range of partial dominance for most of the traits, while mucilage showed complete dominance. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines IC-169468, Parbhani Kranti, P-8, VRO-6 and Japan Round were found to be good general combiners for majority of the traits. The cross-combinations Parbhani Kranti x Hisar Unnat, P-8 x Hisar Unnat and VRO-4 x Hisar Unnat exhibited high SCA, heterobeltiosis, economic heterosis and per se performance for fruit yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses. Parbhani Kranti x Hisar Unnat, P-8 x Hisar Unnat and Parbhani Kranti x 9801 were the best cross-combinations for majority of the traits and were moderately resistant (Parbhani Kranti x 9801) to resistant (Parbhani Kranti x Hisar Unnat and P-8 x Hisar Unnat) to the YVMV disease. Due to ease in manual emasculation and pollination and resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus disease in the hybrids, it shall be a desirable proposition to exploit the parental lines of okra, in particular those revealing high SCA in the present study for the development of hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ROOTSTOCKS FOR BIOTIC STRESS MANAGEMENT IN TOMATO UNDER PROTECTED CONDITIONS.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-05-14) Sharma, Vibhuti; Kumar, PardeepTomato is one of the principle vegetables grown under protected conditions worldwide. Biotic stresses are among major constraints which are affecting vegetable crops. Bacterial wilt of tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum) is one of the devastating bacterial diseases affecting vascular bundles of plants. Plant-parasitic nematodes are economic pests of agriculture importance and tomato is regarded as the favourable host for root knot nematode. Vegetable production and productivity is very high under protected environments as compared to open field conditions. But production under protected conditions has suffered a great setback due to biotic stresses such as bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanceraum and nematode infestation (Meliodogyne sp.) Both these problems are not easy to manage and there is no effective chemical treatment to manage these biotic stresses under polyhouses. The chemical control measures and manipulation of agronomical practices are not effective to control the disease. Hence, identification and development of new improved disease resistant cultivars is very important to boost up the production and productivity of crop in wilt prone areas of H.P. In order to combine various desirable horticultural traits in tomato along with resistance to diseases, the most appropriate approach is grafting of desirable scion on resistant rootstocks. Therefore, keeping above mentioned facts, the present investigation entitled “Evaluation of rootstocks for biotic stress management in tomato under protected conditions” was carried out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and cleft grafting method was used to graft desirable scion on resistant rootstocks. The treatments comprised of sixteen different rootstocks and one commercial hybrid GS-600 which was horticulturally superior and was used as a scion. The data were recorded on various growth parameters, horticultural and quality traits. All rootstocks used in the study were found resistant to bacterial wilt. For nematode incidence rootstocks Green Gourd (Tomato), Brinjal (VI-34845), Chilli rootstocks (PI-201232 and AVPP0205) were found to be resistant. Whereas, Brinjal rootstock VI-47335 (EG-195) was found moderately resistant. Rootstock Green Gourd and VI-34845 were found resistant for bacterial wilt as well as for nematode incidence. Therefore, these rootstocks can be used for countering biotic stresses such as (bacterial wilt and nematodes) efficiently under protected conditions. For early production to fetch higher returns plants grafted on rootstock LS-89 proved best as it was found superior to other rootstocks for days to first flowering (28.00) and days to first harvest (75.50). To get higher yield in terms of number of marketable fruits per plant (23.67), average fruit weight (91.50 g), marketable fruit yield per plant (2.16 kg) and marketable fruit yield per square metre (25.92 kg/m2) as well as for prolonged harvest duration (72.62 days) plants grafted on tomato rootstock Green Gourd found superior. The rootstock Hawaii-7998 showed higher success rate (97.00 %) when scion GS-600 was grafted on it. Grafted plants on various rootstocks excelled in quality over non-grafted plants and were high-caliber for TSS (5.48 0 Brix ) which was found higher in plants grafted on rootstock Arka Nidhi. Lycopene content (6.75 mg/100 g) was recorded maximum in plants grafted on rootstock Back Attack. Whereas, titrable acidity an important quality trait was detected in plants grafted on rootstock VI-47335 (0.67%). Fruit firmness hold great significance for enhanced shelf life as well as maintaining quality during transit was recorded highest in plants grafted on rootstock Palam Pink (4.34 kg/cm2). Ascorbic acid content which has exceptional importance in human health was also adjudged highest in plants grafted on rootstock Palam Pink (21.94 mg/100g). This rootstock also recorded maximum fruit length (5.49 cm) as well as fruit width (5.99cm). Pericarp thickness which plays remarkable role in long distance transportation was recorded highest in plants grafted on rootstock Palam Pride (5.81mm). Benefit cost ratio is a critical factor in crop production to determine the expenses incurred and returns received in any crop production. Higher Benefit: cost ratio (10.76) was found in plants grafted on rootstock Green Gourd.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-05-22) Dhillon, Navjot Singh; Sharma, ParveenThe present study was undertaken with a view to know the extent of heterosis, combining ability, gene action and genetics of bacterial wilt resistant in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Seven parental lines viz., BL 333-3, CLN 2123, 12-1, Palam Pride, BT-20- 3 (Yellow Egg Shape), Punjab Chhuhara and Roma were used to develop F1 hybrids through half diallel mating design (excluding reciprocals). All parental lines and hybrids were evaluated along with standard check Arka Rakshak in RBD with three replications under modified naturally ventilated polyhouse at the Experimental Farm, Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during spring-summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes (G) for fruit yield and other component traits in all the environments. Significant differences for environment (E) and G × E interaction for most of the traits indicated the role of environment on the performance of genotypes/crosses. Combined analysis of variance also indicated that mean squares due to parents, hybrids and parents vs. hybrids were significant for most of the traits. Variances due to GCA, SCA and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits, indicating the importance of testing parents as well as hybrids across environments. The top cross combinations identified on the basis of per se performance, heterosis and combining ability for fruit yield and component traits were Palam Pride × BT-20-3 (Yellow Egg Shape), 12-1 × Palam Pride and 12-1 × BT-20-3 (Yellow Egg Shape) under protected environment. The estimates of GCA effects revealed that parents BT-20-3 (Yellow Egg Shape), Palam Pride and 12-1 were the most promising general combiners. For most of the traits, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action which reaffirms the importance of hybrids in tomato. However, there also exists sizable proportions of additive variance which can be utilized to develop pure lines. For the study of genetics of bacterial wilt resistance, two resistant (BL 333-3 and Palam Pride) and two susceptible (Punjab Chhuhara and Roma) parents were used to develop six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2). It emerged that resistance to bacterial wilt disease was controlled by single dominant gene suggesting that development of hybrids involving at least one resistant parent is the best option for breeding tomato against bacterial wilt disease.ThesisItem Open Access STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR POD YIELD AND COMPONENT TRAITS AND VALIDATION OF POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE IN GARDEN PEA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-03-08) Rana, Chanchal; Sharma, AkhileshThe experimental material comprised of 48 genotypes was evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at five diverse locations by creating seven environments during 2016-17 and 2017-18 viz., Bajaura (E1), Dhaulakuan (E2), Una (E3), Palampur (E4) and Natural Farming at Palampur (E5) during winter 2016-17, Kukumseri (E6) during summer 2017 and Palampur (E7) during winter 2017-18. The advance breeding lines SP-3 (83.35g) followed by SP-6 (79.45g) and SP-22 (76.90g) significantly produced more pod yield than check Pb-89 with an increase of 20.2%, 14.6% and 10.9%, respectively over the environments which was mainly attributed to their desirable performance for important pod characteristics. They also showed comparable performance for total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and protein content besides having long, lush green pods. Joint regression analysis revealed that G × E (linear) was significant for days to first picking, plant height, harvest duration pods/plant, pod yield/plant, average pod weight and protein content, whereas non-linear component was significant for all the traits. Of the 48 genotypes, only seven genotypes including the high yielding lines SP-6 and SP-22 showed stability for pod yield based on Eberhart and Russell model. Both these genotypes also showed stability across environments for majority of the economic traits. G+GE biplot model extrude that Dhaulakuan was the most representative and discriminating environment for pod yield i.e. suitable for selecting generally adapted genotypes.‘Which won where’ polygon view also showed that SP-3, SP-6 and SP-22 were in general stable across the environments for pod yield and other desirable traits. Screening for powdery mildew resistance under field and in-vitro conditions revealed that 10 genotypes viz., SP7, SN-1, SN-6-1, SN-7-1, SN-2, SN-5-2, SN-6-2, SN-21 and SP-28-1 along with Palam Sumool were found resistant for powdery mioldew disease. In addition, 27 lines including SP-3, SP-6 and SP-22 were moderately resistant whereas check Azad-P1 was highly susceptible. It can be concluded that high yielding lines viz., SP-3, SP-6 and SP-22 showed stability for majority of the desirable traits across the environments along with moderate resistance to powdery mildew disease both under field and in-vitro conditions and thus, can be exploited for commercial cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access CMS AND SI BASED HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES UNDER ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CONDITIONS IN CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) Nitish Kumar; Chadha, SanjayThe present investigation was undertaken to estimate the extent of per se performance and heterosis, work out the nature and magnitude of gene action and to identify potential parental lines and cross combinations on the basis of combining ability under organic and inorganic conditions. Eight lines viz., IIS CMS, IIIM CMS, GA(P) M CMS, III-1-1, I-4-6, I-4-4, I-4-3 and SC-5-5-4 and three testers viz., Glory-7, KGAT-1 and E-1-1&-2, and their 24 F1s developed as per line × tester mating design alongwith two standard checks (Varun and KGMR-1) were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications at organic and inorganic conditions during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes (G) for marketable head yield and other component traits in all the environments. Significant differences for environment (E) and G × E interaction for most of the traits indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes/crosses. Variances due to lines, testers and line × tester and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits under organic and inorganic conditions, indicating the importance of testing parents as well as cross combinations across environments. The parental lines viz., IIS CMS and I-4-3 under organic conditions and III-I-I and I-4-6 under inorganic conditions, whereas, the testers KGAT-1 and Glory-7 under organic conditions and inorganic conditions, respectively were the most promising general combiners for marketable head yield and component traits. On the basis of specific combining ability, heterosis and per se performance for marketable head yield and related traits, cross combinations viz., I-4-4 × Glory-7, I-4-3 × KGAT-1 and III-I-I × KGAT-1 under organic conditions and I-4-6 × Glory-7, III-I-I × KGAT-1 and IIIM CMS × E-1-1&-2 under inorganic conditions were the most promising as they surpassed the standard checks (Varun and KGMR-1). Overall, III-I-I × KGAT-1 was the most promising cross combination among the top hybrids under organic and inorganic conditions. For most of the traits important from commercial point of view, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action, which reaffirms the importance of hybrids in cabbage. There was differential response of different genotypes to organic and inorganic conditions. This necessitates the separate breeding programme to identify potential genotypes responsive to organic and inorganic input conditions.