Loading...
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
Browse
13 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-26) Vishrava; Kumar, SurjeetThe investigation entitled “Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly” was carried out during the year 2021-22 in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP), India to study important biological parameters, morphometrics, feeding potential, prey preference and functional response of C. zastrowi sillemi on two prey species viz. rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica and greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum under lab conditions (temperature 25±1oC, RH 65±5% and photoperiod 16L:8D). Biological parameters of the predator differed significantly on the two prey species. The third instar had the longest duration on both the prey species (5.40 and 4.13 days, respectively). The total larval duration was significantly higher on T. vaporariourum (10.20 days) than on C. cephalonica (9.13 days), however, the total developmental period was statistically at par, 20.53 days on rice moth eggs and 20.83 days on GHWF. The overall survival rate of the larvae fed on C. cephalonica was significantly higher (50%) than the larvae fed on T. vaporariourum (26.67%). The larval and total growth indices were also observed to have significantly different values for male and females of the predator on two different prey species. Oviposition period of the predator was higher (22.33 days) on GHWF than on rice moth eggs (11.00 days), however, the number of fertile eggs/female was more on former (52.60) than on the later prey (42.93). The total life span of male and female predator showed variations on different prey species. Measurements of different life stages of the predator, reared on different preys, did not show any significant difference except for the length and breadth of third larval instar. During its whole larval period of 9 to 10days, a single larva of the predator consumed a total of 349.5, 351.3, 328.9 and 486.4 nymphs of first, second, third and fourth instar of GHWF, respectively. The corresponding average consumption rates of the predator remained 33.52, 44.05, 33.66 and 38.46 nymphs per day. The predator exhibited preference for particular stage of the prey in no-choice experiment, the younger instars of the predatory larva had more prey preference for younger nymphal instars of GHWF and vice versa. All the predatory instars showed Type-II functional response. The evaluated parameters indicated that the third instar had the maximum searching efficiency (0.125) and lowest handling time (0.125h) than younger instars. Along with this the effectiveness of the third instar of the predator was also estimated to be highest (1.003) and it also possessed maximum predation rate (192.487). Study concluded that the chrysopid predator, C. zastrowi sillemi has very good biocontrol potential against the strain of GHWF prevalent under agro-climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh and it can be effectively utilised for the management of the pest in an augmentative approach of biological control and, therefore, further investigations are necessary to investigate its biocontrol potential under field and greenhouse conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Physico-chemical characterization of hill honey(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-21) Goswamy, Yashasvini; Sharma, Surender KumarThe present investigation was carried out at Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India, during the year 2021-2022. In this study, sixty samples of honey were analyzed for various physico-chemical characteristics viz., pH, moisture, colour (optical density), ash content, EC, sucrose, TRS, fructose, glucose, F:G ratio, acidity, diastase activity and HMF content. The physico-chemical characteristics of honey from different locations ranged between 3.85±0.16 to 5.63±0.01 for pH, 15.57±0.08 to 25.94±0.10 per cent for moisture, 0.06±0.01 to 0.28±0.03 g/5g for ash content, 0.21±0.01 to 1.13±0.01 mS/cm for EC, 0.42±0.01 to 1.65±0.27 for optical density, 3.20±0.08 to 4.66±0.04 per cent for sucrose, 34.65±0.09 to 42.06±0.24 meq/kg for acidity, 66.95±0.62 to 70.79±0.55 per cent for TRS, 28.71±0.50 to 31.45±0.50 per cent for glucose, 36.88±0.61 to 42.26±0.10 per cent for fructose, 1.19±0.03 to 1.47±0.02 for F:G ratio, 14.00±0.54 to 17.50±0.24 DN for diastase activity and 16.33±0.66 to 20.90±1.09 mg/kg for HMF content. Among the bee species, the highest pH (5.19±0.08), sucrose (4.59±0.07%) and HMF content (20.62±0.61 mg/kg) were recorded in the honey of Apis cerana whereas higher ash content (0.23±0.01 g/5g), acidity (39.27±0.61 meq/kg), total reducing sugars (67.37±0.55%) and glucose (31.90±1.43%) were observed in the honey of Apis mellifera. The highest moisture (25.93±0.11%), electrical conductivity (0.72±0.06 mS/cm), fructose (39.07±0.44%), F:G ratio (1.40±0.02), diastase activity (17.28±0.33 DN) and optical density (1.42±0.09) were recorded in the honey of Apis dorsata. During storage, the moisture content, optical density, sucrose, acidity, glucose and HMF content increased whereas pH, TRS, fructose, F:G ratio and diastase activity decreased. Storage of honey at room temperature for six months resulted in granulation of twenty-one honey samples and fermentation in one honey sample. The physical and chemical characteristics of almost all the hill honey samples were within acceptable limits and met FSSAI criteria.ThesisItem Open Access Bioecology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Sushmita; Sharma, Pawan K.The present investigation on “Bioecology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)” was carried out in Laboratory and Experimental Farm of the Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV Palampur during kharif 2021 and 2022. The adult activity of S. frugiperda commenced in 25th and 26th SMW during 2021 and 2022 with peak of 15.0 and 10.8 adults per trap in 29th and 31st SMW, respectively. Insect population initiated during 25th SMW and reached the peak level of 1.8 and 1.6 larvae per five infested plants in 27th SMW during 2021 and 1.6 larvae per five infested plants during 2022 in 30th and 31st SMW which declined thereafter and remained associated with crop till harvesting upto 39th SMW. The symptoms of plant infestation started from 25th and 26th SMW in the year 2021 and 2022, respectively with peak infestation of 62.5 and 61.0 per cent during 34th and 36th SMW, respectively. Correlation with weather factors indicated that adult catch had significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r= 0.472) and rainfall (r= 0.594), whereas maximum temperature (r= 0.693) and relative humidity (r= 0.539) correlated significantly positive with plant infestation. Relative humidity turned out to be major factor influencing the population buildup of fall armyworm. Three parasitoids viz., Cotesia ruficrus, Campoletis sp., Exorista sp. and one entomopathogenic nematode (mermithid nematode) were found to be associated with fall armyworm larvae. During 2021, Cotesia ruficrus, Campoletis sp., Exorista sp. and mermithid nematode resulted in maximum parasitization of 10.0, 5.0, 5.0 and 20.0 per cent, respectively and 10.0 and 5.0 per cent parasitization by Campoletis sp. and mermithid nematode during 2022, respectively. Fall armyworm completed four generations from 21st June to 8th November under laboratory conditions with total developmental period varying between 30.76 to 35.40 days. The total larval period of fall armyworm ranged from 18.11 to 20.48 days in different generations. Average length of 1st to 6th instar larvae varied from 1.73 to 30.64 mm. Female adult was bigger in size with the mean body length of 15.32 mm as compared to the male (14.82 mm). The fecundity rate of the pest was maximum in 1st generation (1015.12 eggs/female). The fecundity in 4 th generation was the minimum (924.20 eggs/female). However, emerged larvae of 5th generation could not survive beyond 1st instar.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Encarsia formosa Gahan based management of greenhouse whitefly under protected environment(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-12) Ronika; K. Sood, Ajay“Studies on Encarsia formosa Gahan based management of greenhouse whitefly under protected environment” were undertaken at Palampur to evaluate conservation and augmentation measures for E. formosa and to integrate E. formosa in management plan of greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) in tomatoes. For this, seven host plants, namely brinjal, french bean, poinsettia, potato, salvia, tobacco and tomato were evaluated to use them as banker plants for rearing the parasitoid, E. formosa and its host GHWF, Trialeurodes vaporariorum throughout year. For this, developmental biology of both the insects and rate of parasitization on different host plants in different seasons were studied. Total developmental period of GHWF from egg to adult emergence took 20-40 days in different generations, which being minimum in August generation and maximum for December generation. However, variation in survival amongst different generations was non-significant on the individual host for most of the developmental stages. Based on the total growth index established (TGI), the order of host suitability for rearing GHWF was salvia, french bean, poinsettia, tobacco, tomato and potato. E. formosa took 22.7 to 32.5 days to complete its life cycle, the minimum and maximum occurred during post-rainy and winter season, respectively. Also, the parasitization rate by E. formosa was maximum during the rainy season (57.2 %) followed by summer (53.9%), post- rainy (44.4%) and winter (36.9%) seasons. Based on the parasitization rate, order of host plant suitability for E. formosa was salvia > poinsettia ≥ french bean ≥ tobacco > brinjal = tomato = potato. Two methods of E. formosa augmentation release was evaluated. Inoculative method of release was found to be superior to multiple releases, it resulted in lower nymphal and adult population of GHWF and thus was superior in suppressing GHWF population. For integration of E. formosa in management programme of GHWF in tomato, mass trapping of GHWF adults using yellow sticky traps, inoculative release of E. formosa and preventive use of insecticides and natural products comprising soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%), foliar application of azadirachtin (0.0003%) and alternate application of Tamarlassi (10%) and cow urine (5%) proved efficacious in checking population buildup of GHWF. Fruit yield was significantly higher in the treatment comprising alternate foliar application of Tamarlassi (10%) and cow urine (5%) followed by the yield obtained in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%).ThesisItem Open Access Management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) in maize(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-16) Thakur, Pallvi; Sharma, Pawan KumarThe present investigations entitled “Management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in maize” were carried out at Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Bioassay studies were conducted in laboratory conditions and evaluation of insecticides and biopesticides was done against S. frugiperda under field conditions at Research Farm of the department during Kharif 2022. Intrinsic toxicity of chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % ZC, spinetoram 11.7 % SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC, emamectin benzoate 5 % SG, novaluron 5.25 % + emamectin benzoate 0.9 % SC, azadirachtin 0. 15 % EC, Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae was worked out against 1 st instar larvae of S. frugiperda. Based on the LC50 values, the emamectin benzoate proved to be highly toxic with least LC50 (0.052 ppm), followed by chlorantraniliprole (0.646 ppm), spinetoram (0.930 ppm), novaluron + emamectin benzoate (1.418 ppm), chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin (1.594 ppm), azadirachtin (2.217 ppm), Bt (3.5 × 107 cfu/g/L) and M. anisopliae (1.8 × 108 cfu/g/L). Based on the relative toxicity, emamectin benzoate was found to be 30 times more toxic than the least toxic insecticide that was chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin. All the insecticidal treatments viz., chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % ZC @ 35 g a.i./ha, spinetoram 11.7 % SC @ 30 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 40 g a.i./ha, emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 10 g a.i./ha and novaluron 5.25 % + emamectin benzoate 0.9 % SC @ 92 g a.i./ha proved promising in checking fall armyworm infestation. Emamectin benzoate was found to be superior to all other treatments as reflected bys minimum number of infested plants and highest mean per cent reduction in plant infestation over control after 1st and 2nd spray i.e. 77.96 and 77.39 %, respectively. The order of efficacy of tested insecticides was emamectin benzoate > spinetoram > chlorantraniliprole > chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin > novaluron + emamectin benzoate. Among biopesticides, azadirachtin was most efficacious followed by Bt and M. anisopliae. The least effective treatment for managing the population of fall armyworm was whorl application of soil. Highest yield was obtained from emamectin benzoate (43.89 q ha-1 ) followed by spinetoram (43.00 q ha-1) in comparison to the control (30.56 q ha-1 ). On the basis of incremental output input ratio, emamectin benzoate (16.20) was found to be most cost-effective treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal abundance and management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-15) Singh, Nishant; Kumar, SurjeetThe present investigation entitled “Seasonal abundance and management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Population buildup of H. armigera was recorded at Palampur and four other locations of Himachal Pradesh viz., Berthin, Jawali, Sundernagar and Una during Rabi 2021-22. The pest appearance was initiated during 9th to 12th SMW in different locations with peak activity during 13th to 15th SMW and thereafter population declined gradually. Among the four insecticides tested, chlorantraniliprole was highly effective against third instar larvae of H. armigera with lowest LC50 value (3.41ppm) followed by flubendiamide (14.91 ppm) and azadirachtin (20.44 ppm) after 24 h of treatment. Biopesticides viz., Bt and HaNPV also showed significant mortality after 72 h of treatment with LC50 values of 1.1 X 107 cfu/ml and 6.78 X 105 POBs/ml, respectively. Natural products evaluated for their effect on the developmental biology of the pest resulted into 10 to 40 per cent increase in the total developmental period over control and maximum per cent increase was observed in Darekastra followed by Brahmastra and Dashparni. These products also caused reduction in the survival of immature stages and emergence of normal adults. In field conditions, the minimum mean larval population was observed in treatment of chlorantraniliprole and novaluron + indoxacarb. The highest per cent reduction in larval population was found in chlorantraniliprole followed by flubendiamide and novaluron + indoxacarb. The lowest pod damage (6.37%) was was observed in novaluron + indoxacarb treatement followed by chlorantraniliprole (7.45%) and highest in case of azadirachtin (16.33%). The maximum and minimum per cent increase in yield over control was recorded in chlorantraniliprole (26.08 %) and Bt (4.73%), respectively. However, novaluron + indoxacarb (18.05%), flubendiamide (9.55%) and azadirachtin (5.65%) had intermediate effects. It is concluded from the present study that biorationl insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron+ indoxacarb, may be used alone or in integration with biopesticides viz. Bt and HaNPV against the pest. The natural products, Brahmastra and Darekastra which have shown adverse effects on the developmental biology of the pest may be further investigated against the pest.ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour and performance of hived honey bees in reduced frame brood chamber(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-28) Singh, Gurpreet; Kumar Sharma, SurenderThe present investigation entitled “Behaviour and performance of hived honey bees in reduced frame brood chamber” was carried out at CSKHPKV, Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan and at farmer’s apiary adjoining to the station. Standard Langstroth bee hive and its prototypes with comb frame capacities of 7 & 8 frame were used to rear Apis mellifera honeybees and evaluated for colony performance, pest infestation, disease infection and colony hygiene. In case of Asian bee, Apis cerana ISI hive and two modified versions of ISI hive were also tested for performance parameters under mid hill conditions. In case of A. cerana, the significantly highest pollen area (118.35 cm2 ) nectar area (338.96 cm2 ) and bee strength (3.20 bee frames/colony) was recorded in modified 6 frame hive (1" internally reduced) during the month of February followed by 8 frame hive (2" internally reduced) and standard ISI hive. The maximum infestation of wax moth was recorded in ISI hive (14.32 cm2 ) followed by modified 6 frame (9.60 cm2 ) and 8 frame (7.32 cm2 ). The significantly better and highest bee strength in A. mellifera was recorded in 8-frame (9.00 bee frames/colony) in June and also the brood area (3646.70 cm2 ) in April. Peak incidence of European foul brood disease was recorded in 7 frame hive (4.10%) followed by standard LS hive (4.05%) and 8 frame hive (3.84). Maximum average Sac brood virus disease incidence was in 10-frame hive in April (3.10 %) while no disease was observed in 8 frame LS hive. Significantly higher incidence of V. auraria was recorded during August in treatments where LS hive was used to rear the bees. The maximum population of V. basalis (4.53 wasp/5min/colony) and V. tropica (2.01 wasps/5 min/colony) was recorded during September. However, greater wax moth incidence was not severe but it was observed in all the test hives. The colony hygiene in terms of removal of dead larvae after 24- 72 hours was recorded better in reduced chamber hives as compared to LS hive brood chamber. Thus, it could be inferred from the present studies that under mid hills conditions of H.P. during dearth period where A. cerana tends absconding and A, mellifera dwindles, reduced bee frame brood chambers of Langstroth hives for A. mellifera proved better whereas for A. cerana modified version of ISI hive with 6 frames may be suitable.ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy of entomopathogens and baits against cutworms in cabbage.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-29) Deepak; Verma, K.S.The present investigation entitled “Bioefficacy of entomopathogens and baits against cutworms in cabbage” was undertaken during 2021-2022 in the Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur. The effect of biopesticides viz., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) at concentrations ranging from 8 x 103 to 5 x 106 cfu/ ml was evaluated against first, second and third instar larvae after a period of 120 h. Heterorhabditis indica was also evaluated against first, second and third instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon at concentrations ranging from 15 to 240 IJs/ ml. B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki incorporated bait bioassay was also carried out against third and fourth instar larvae in plastic container in the laboratory experiment as well as the baits were evaluated against fourth instar larvae in maize seedling tray experiment. Against tested instars, B. bassiana was found to be most effective against all three larval instars. Against first instar larvae the LC50 values of B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki and M. anisopliae were found to be 1.54 x 105 , 2.63 x 105 and 2.71 x 105 cfu/ ml, respectively after 5 days of treatment causing 88.9, 85.2 and 85.7% corrected mortalities, respectively at highest tested concentration of 5 x 106 cfu/ ml. B. bassiana was found to be 1.75 times more toxic to first instar larvae as compared to M. anisopliae. H. indica caused 96.3% corrected mortality 5 days after treatment, when 10 per cent mortality was observed in control. Relative toxicity of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and Btk were found to be in ratio of 1.29:1.09:1.00, respectively after 120 h of treatment. B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki caused mortality between 11.1 to 77.8%, 7.4% to 77.8% and 7.1% to 78.6% respectively after 120 h of treatment in A. ipsilon third instar larvae. H. indica had LC50 values of 27.85, 48.29 and 73.98 IJs/ ml against first, second and third instar larvae of A. ipsilon. In Btk incorporated bait bioassay studies, resulted in 75 and 82.14% mortality against third and fourth instar larvae, respectively. In maize seedling tray experiment conducted under laboratory conditions, 66.10% seedlings were found damaged in control without bait while 52.77% seedling damage was recorded in control treatment with bait but without toxicant. This shows attractiveness of cutworms to wheat bran- molasses baits. Seedling damage was 38.05% in 0.5% Btk bait, 27.77% in Btk 1% bait and only 20.55% in Btk 2% bait.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on potato white grubs and their economic losses in Himachal Pradesh(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-12) Thakur, Anshul; Chandel, R.S.The survey on potato white grubs was carried out at 19 different locations in Himachal Pradesh, and 13 species of white grubs were collected. In Chamba district, Brahmina crinicollis was found to be the predominant species comprising 100 per cent population at Salooni and 68.18 per cent at Mani. At Shillaroo, Chidgaon, Matiana, Kufri and Fagu in Shimla district, only Brahmina coriacea grubs were found to cause damage to potato tubers. Maximum population of white grubs was recorded at Shillaroo with a mean of 11.45±1.05 grubs/ft2 . At Rohru and Tikkar, B. coriacea comprised 77.38 and 56.20 per cent of total grub count, respectively. Melolontha cuprescens grubs caused damage to potato at Khadrala. In Mandi district, B. crinicollis accounted for 100.00 and 62.50 per cent of total grub count at Bagsiad and Janjheli. In Barot area, Polyphylla sikkimensis contributed to about 61.19 per cent, whereas Brahmina flavosericea was collected from potato fields in Karsog area in Mandi district and Benchi in Kullu district comprising 57.75 per cent of total grub count, respectively. At Shillaroo, 82.35 per cent of the potato fields were found to be infested with white grubs, and the plant infestation was recorded to be 65.56 per cent. Maximum tuber damage (45.90%) was recorded at Shillaroo. B. coriacea, B. flavosericea, B. crinicollis, Holotrichia longipennis and Anomala rufiventris were reared in laboratory till adult emergence. The head capsule width for third instar grubs of these species was recorded to be 4.02, 3.29, 3.25, 5.09, 4.29 and 3.31 mm, and their body length measured 24.13, 27.38, 26.24, 33.43, 42.06 and 28.98 mm, respectively. In case of M. cuprescens, Melolontha furcicauda and P. sikkimensis, the mean head capsule width was recorded to be 6.5, 6.89 and 7.6 mm, respectively, and their body length averaged 58.74, 59.03 and 59.8 mm, respectively. The raster patterns for 13 collected species are described along with suitable pictures. To evaluate farmers’ knowledge about white grubs, data were collected from 164 farmers through personal survey method. The overall literacy rate of heads of families was about 97.56 per cent. Farming was the primary occupation of 63.41 per cent of total potato growers. On overall sample farms, 73.17 per cent of surveyed families fall in APL category. The major portion of total land holding was rainfed (88.01%) and 44.01 per cent of sample potato growers reared sheeps and goats. The majority of the farmers seem to be self-motivated to grow potato, and 78.05 per cent of the farmers were producing potato for a period of more than 20 years. The majority of farmers (35.37%) used their own seed. About 95.73 per cent of farmers were able to recognize white grubs, and 75.16 per cent reported that they have observed the presence of white grubs and their infestation at the time of harvesting. Only 21.35 per cent of the farmers had gone for insecticidal treatment against the white grubs, while 40.24 per cent resorted to picking of grubs and their mechanical destruction. Most of the farmers (48.89%) did mechanical picking at the time of harvesting and about 79.66 per cent of farmers were using granular insecticides against white grubs, while 20.34 per cent of farmers used chlorpyriphos. The infestation of white grubs was relatively higher in un-managed potato fields compared to managed fields. The productivity of potato tubers under white grub managed conditions was found to be 125.8 q/ha. The overall losses on account of white grub infestation have been estimated at Rs 53308/ha, under un-managed situations as compared to Rs 27392/ha under managed situation. The overall losses by taking into account managed and un-managed situation together has been found to range from Rs 24412 to 45869 in sample potato growing districts, maximum being in Shimla. The study reveals that the extent of losses can be decreased by 50.47 per cent on overall farm situation in the study area.
