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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN THE DAIRY ANIMALS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS PROTOCOLS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 15-06-18) Thakur, Anupama; Singh, MadhumeetThis study was conducted in two parts. First part consisted of survey conducted through questionnaire to analyse the scenario regarding induction of parturition in bovines of Himachal Pradesh and second was a clinical study to record the clinical efficacy of four different parturition induction treatment protocols in advance pregnant cows. Overall, 24 pregnant cows (6 in each treatment protocols) suffering from cervico-vaginal prolapse and/or recumbency were induced calving using these protocols. These included 1; Dexamethasone, 2; PGF2α, 3; Dexamethasone + PGF2α in combination and 4; Dexamethasone + PGF2α + Valethamate Bromide + Diethylstilbestrol combination. Clinical findings were recorded which included response time from induction to parturition, postpartum reproductive parameters viz peak milk yield and first postpartum estrus and clinical complications like dystocia, retention of placenta post-induction. Blood samples were collected from cows at three stages viz; prior to induction treatment, just immediately after calving and 12 hrs post-calving and were analysed for hormonal and hematological profile. Questionnaire analysis revealed that Dexamethasone, PGF2α and Valethamate Bromide combination was the most preferred treatment followed with combination of Dexamethasone and PGF2α by veterinarians, whereas, majority of veterinary pharmacists used later combination in field veterinary institutions. Use of Oxytocin in combinations was also reported by some pharmacists. In present clinical study, although there was no difference in time taken from treatment to calving between different protocols (p>0.05), administration of Dexamethasone alone appeared comparatively the best. Post-partum complications were recorded in all the protocols used in this study. No difference was found in post-partum parameters between present induced and previous normal calving. Similarly there was no difference in hormonal or haematological profile between different protocols, however, cortisol levels decreased (P>0.05) 12 hrs post-calving when Dexamethasone alone was used for parturition induction.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON UROVAGINA VIS-À-VIS REPRODUCTION IN COWS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 04-07-11) Vatasyan, Subrahmanyam; Sood, PankajABSTRACT Optimum cattle reproduction is a pre-requisite for a successful dairy enterprise. Urovagina is the pooling of urine in the cranial portion of vagina, which leads to infertility in the affected cattle and therefore economic loss. Studies on urovagina in Indian cattle were completely lacking and therefore undertaken in the Jersey upgraded cows. In the first part, 31 cows were examined at monthly interval from third month of gestation till second month postpartum for presence of urovagina and change in angles of pelvic girdle, vagina and vulva. There was no evidence of urovagina and no significant difference in the angles of pelvic girdle and vagina at different pregnant and postpartum stages. However, the vulvar angles of 21.6 ± 1.2 and 20.2 ± 0.8 at fourth and seventh month of pregnancy, respectively, were higher (P<0.05) than 17.3 ± 0.7 at first month after calving. This difference of approximately three degrees was inferred to be too small for any practical significance. The correlation matrix revealed a significant and individual association among pelvic girdle, vagina and vulva. In the second part, 30 normal and 15 urovagina cows were examined for vaginoscopy (to detect the presence and severity of urovagina), nature of vaginal contents, function of constrictor vestibuli muscle, past and current reproductive status, age, parity, body condition score, angles (pelvic girdle, vagina and vulva), vaginal and uterine biopsies and blood serum calcium. Except for the angles that were determined both at Day 0 (estrus) and Day 14 (two weeks after end of estrus), all other investigations were carried out at Day 0. Vaginoscopy confirmed the presence of urovagina in the affected cows and moderate urovagina (n = 8) was most common followed by severe (n = 6) and mild urovagina (n = 1). The contents in vaginal fornix of the affected cows confirmed the presence of urine mixed genital secretions characterised by yellow colour, watery spinbarkeit, 107.6 ± 10.5 ml volume, uremic odour and an average pH of 8.8 ± 0.01compared to normal cows having a clear, copious and stringy genital discharge with 17.2 ± 0.3 ml volume and an average pH of 7.01 ± 0.01. The later two were significantly different from the normal cows. The other significant differences (P<0.05 atleast) between the urovagina and the normal cows included (i) longer estrous duration (2.8 ± 0.3d versus 1.1 ± 0.05 d) (ii) higher parity (3.8 ± 0.5 versus 2.4 ± 0.3) (iii) more cranioventral angles of pelvis at Day 0 (0.3 ± 5.4 versus 15.7 ± 0.5) and Day 14 (-15.8 ± 2.8 versus 14.0 ± 1.3), respectively. The other revelations in the urovagina cows were histopathological confirmation of vaginal smooth muscle degeneration around external urethral orifice and endometritis. Surgical correction by creating vestibulovaginal cerclage was attempted 12d after estrus in five urovagina cows. There was complete absence of urine pooling in three of the treated cows indicating a 60% efficacy of the surgical treatment. In conclusion, prolonged estrous duration in multiparous cows having a craniovental pelvic girdle and degenerating vaginal smooth muscles around external urethral orifice increase the likelihood of urovagina. Vestibulovaginal cerclage will be efficient to resolve urovagina in cows.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ETIO-PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF BOVINE DYSTOCIA IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2012) Khan, Shama; Singh, MadhumeetThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON EFFECT OF BODY CONDITION SCORE ON REPRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS IN H.P.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 04-07-11) Nazat Ahmed, Sayed; Kumar, NavneetABSTRACT The present study was aimed to assess the body condition in heifers and cows during different phases of reproduction and assess its impact on fertility. The Jersey and Jersey X Red Sindhi crossbreed heifers and cows of the University Livestock Farm and cattle presented during clinical camps were included in the study. The BCS of heifers (n=23) was monitored at 1 month interval and related to age at first estrus and cyclicity pattern. The body condition of heifers improved during 8 months of observation. The inter estrus intervals of heifers with least BCS (2.95±0.05) were highly regular compared to heifers with higher BCS (>3). The body condition of farm cows (n=26) was evaluated one month before calving, at calving and subsequently at one month interval up to 5 months post partum. There was more loss of BCS post partum in anestrus than cyclic cows. The average daily milk yield of cows with higher BCS before calving was marginally higher. Among the cows (n=146) and heifers (n=54) presented in different camps, majority heifers were anestrus while cows were cyclic. The BCS of cyclic heifers and cows was significantly higher than anestrus animals.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON DURATION OF POSTPARTUM ANESTRUS OF COWS IN H.P.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2012-07) Ranaut singh, Nishant Deep; Kumar, NavneetABSTRACT The present study was conducted on postpartum cows (n=340) belonging to farmers of districts Kangra and Hamirpur of H.P. The cows exhibiting estrus within 90 days postpartum were categorized as control (n=95) and rest (n=245) were categorized in to different groups depending upon duration of postpartum anestrus i.e. 3-6 m (n=84), 6-9 m (n=88) and 9m and above (>9m; n=73). The data recorded from the farmers regarding managemental practices viz. duration of postpartum anestrus, amount of concentrate feed provided per day, average milk yield per day, sex of calf born during recent calving, males housed along with cows, duration of suckling postpartum, deworming status, feeding practice and supplementation of mineral mixture and salt was analysed. The random blood samples of control (n=12) and anestrus (n=50) cows were collected for haematological, macro and micro minerals, biochemicals and hormonal estimations. Only 27.94 per cent cows had exhibited estrus behaviour within 90 days postpartum whereas 24.71, 25.88 and 21.47 per cent animals remained anestrus for 3-6m, 6-9 m and >9 m respectively, under rural managemental condition of Himachal Pradesh. Lesser quantity of concentrate ration and mineral mixture was provided to anestrus cows as compared to control ones, whereas salt was supplemented to all cows irrespective of anestrus duration. The BCS of control (2.77±0.02) and anestrus group (2.68±0.02) cows was comparable. No difference was recorded in per day milk yield. The practice of suckling influenced the anestrus duration. The duration of anestrus was more in cows with higher ectoparasite load (20.82 v/s 6.32 %). There was no variation in macro and micro mineral profile between control and anestrus cows. The total leucocyte count was higher (16.18±1.83 v/s 10.89±0.79 x 109 /L) whereas cholesterol (109.10±6.08 v/s 152.95±16.02 mg/dl) and T4 (2.55±0.20 v/s 5.04±0.39 µg/ml) concentrations were lower in anestrus compared to control group cows, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access “Subclinical endometritis in bovines of Himachal Pradesh – diagnosis and therapeutic options”(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 07-06-17) Kumari, Neelam; Singh, MadhumeetABSTRACT The aim of this study was to record prevalence of sub-clinical endometritis (SCE) by using different diagnostic methods and to recommend appropriate treatment to manage SCE. Different diagnostic methods used were clear uterine discharge cultured for bacteria (n=140 cows; 20 buffaloes) by routine methods of bacteriological testing, trans-rectal ultrasonography, cytobrush (endometrial cytology) technique and Whiteside test. Endometrial cytology was done in cows (n=15) with a threshold of ≥5% PMN as indicative of SCE. Depending on results of different diagnostic tests the prevalence of SCE varied from 40.0 to 55.0 per cent in cows and 35.0 per cent in buffaloes. The different bacteria isolated from uterine discharge samples were E.coli, Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species, Micrococcus species, Pseudomonas species, Bacillus species and Salmonella species. Maximum isolates were of E. coli, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species (29.03, 25.80 and 25.80%, respectively). Among 15 antimicrobial drugs used for culture sensitivity test, bacteria isolated were found most sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Cows with SCE had a relative low pregnancy rate as compared to cows without SCE. Also among treated animals (n=20) the conception rate after treatment was 45 per cent. Ultrasonography didn’t give any conclusive diagnosis. Uterine cytology followed by Whiteside test was comparatively accurate methods as compared to bacteriological testing. This study showed that endometrial cytology could be used in cows safely and effectively for the diagnosis of SCE.ThesisItem Open Access CORRELATION BETWEEN CERTAIN QUALITY EVALUATION PARAMETERS AND FERTILITY OF FROZEN-THAWED JERSEY CROSSBRED BULL SEMEN(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2011) SHARMA, MRIDU; Singh, MadhumeetThesisItem Open Access GENITAL STATUS AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN SMALL RUMINANTS-AN ABATTOIR INVESTIGATION(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2012-07) Agrawal Kumar, Jitendra; Kumar, NavneetABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to conduct an abattoir survey on morbid genitalia of sheep (n=267) and goat (n=371) procured from local abattoirs in and around Palampur over a period of one and a half year from September 2010 to March 2012. A detailed gross morphological examination of the genital tracts involving the ovaries, uterus and cervix was carried out to study normal physiological status or detect any abnormality or disease condition and classified as normal, gravid or abnormal. The ovarian activity was assessed on the basis of presence or absence of corpora lutea (CL). To record seasonal variations, the genital tracts were examined for number of small and large follicles and CL. Out of total sheep genitalia examined, 227 (85.02%) were physiologically normal and 40 (14.98%) had one or more genital abnormalities. Examination of goat genitalia revealed that 279 (75.20%) were normal whereas 92 (24.80%) had genital abnormalities. Ovarian abnormalities were observed in 4.86 per cent of ewes. In goats, 10.24 per cent incidence of ovarian disorders was recorded. Uterine abnormalities were observed in 7.11 per cent of ewes, which included endometritis (0.37%), pyometra (1.87%), mucometra (1.49%), hydrometra (2.99%) and mummification (0.37%). In goats, 8.08 per cent cases of uterine abnormalities were recorded involving endometritis and pyometra (1.34% each), hydrometra (3.5%) and excessive hemorrhage (0.8%). Miscellaneous lesions such as parovarian cysts, parasitic cysts and nodules on outer surface of uterine horns were also evident. The uterine and ovarian abnormalities co-existed only in a few abattoir sheep or goat genitalia. Quite a good number of sheep (7.8%) and goats (11.59%) were pregnant. Right ovary was more active as compared to left in both the species. Significantly (p<0.05) higher mean number of corpora lutea was recorded during breeding season both in sheep (0.64±0.06 vs 0.39±0.06) and goats (0.76±0.05 vs 0.55±0.07).