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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of the effect of feeding different animal protein sources on the biological performance of broilers(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-13) Gupta, Shreya; Sharma, ArunA study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different animal protein sources viz. fish meal, meat bone meal and earthworm meal in the broiler diet under complete randomized block design. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) of vencobb-400 strain were divided into four treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3 which were further divided into three replicates with 15 chicks in each. All the birds were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric standard diet. The birds in control group T0 was offered with standard poultry diet maize soy flake-based ration, T1 offered standard diet with inclusion of 5% fish meal, T2 offered standard diet with inclusion of 5% meat bone meal and T3 offered standard diet with inclusion of 5% earthworm meal. The result obtained from the study revealed that animal protein source supplementation with 5% earthworm meal significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth, feed intake, feed gain ratio and nutrient utilization, during both starter and finisher phase. In pre starter phase, supplementation of 5% meat bone meal significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth, feed intake and improved the feed gain ratio. Overall, supplementation of 5% earthworm meal exhibited higher live weight gain and better feed gain ratio. Highest dressing percentage, increased breast yield and low abdominal fat was recorded with improved organoleptic factors viz. flavour and juiciness of the meat. Hb and RBC values among blood parameters were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group while other haematological parameters did not exhibit any significant differences. Increased phosphorus and calcium concentration were recorded with 5% earthworm supplementation in diet. Among biochemical parameters, significant difference (P<0.05) in protein and globulin concentrations were recorded, while plasma cholesterol and uric acid concentrations were significantly low (P<0.05) with 5% earthworm supplemented T3 treatment. Increased diameter of tibial bone positively influencing the thickness of tibial bone was observed in 5% earthworm supplemented treatment. Overall economic analysis revealed that broilers supplemented with 5% earthworm meal exhibited 25.30% higher gross profit as compared to the control as well as other treatment supplemented with fish meal and meat bone meal in terms of the body weight gain and feed efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Mineral profiling with standardization of acid digestion procedure of locally available milk in cow and buffalo.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-16) Kaushal, Karan; Katoch, ShivaniThe study was conducted to perform mineral profiling with standardization of acid digestion procedure of locally available milk in cow and buffalo breeds. For this purpose, whole milk samples (n=220) from Jersey, Sahiwal, Zebu and Murrah breeds were collected from different districts of H.P namely Kangra, Hamirpur and Mandi. Each milk sample collected was digested with three different methods viz. dry ashing, wet (open vessel) and microwave based. Acid recipes T0 (1:1, HCl 5mL), T1 (7:3, 0.7mL HNO3 + 0.3mL H2O2) and T2 (4:1:1, 0.8mL HNO3 + 0.2mL H2O2 + 0.2 mL HClO4) were used for acid digestion of milk samples in all the digestion techniques. The mineral elements (Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and P) in acid digested milk were analysed in Atomic Absorption Spectroscope (AAS) and then compared on the basis of the digestion method and acid recipe used. Significantly (P<0.05) higher release and recording of elements viz. Ca (162.29 ppm), Fe (8.46 ppm) and Cu (0.741 ppm) were recorded with acid recipe T2 employing microwave digestion method and for mineral elements Zn (13.11 ppm) and Mn (0.430 ppm), acid recipe T2 by dry ashing exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher mineral content. Further, P (0.32mg/100mL) content recorded was significantly (P<0.05) higher for acid recipe T1 in dry ashing digestion technique. Analysis of the milk samples of different breeds of cow and Murrah buffalo revealed significantly (P<0.05) higher content of Ca (215.05 ppm), Cu (0.970 ppm), Mn (0.471 ppm) and P (0.33 mg/100mL) in Murrah buffalo while the trace elements Fe (11.04 ppm) and Zn (15.5 ppm) were recorded to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in milk of Sahiwal breed.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Addition of Locally Available Carbohydrate Sources on Nutritional Value of Ensiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-16) Raj, V M Gowtham; Rani, DaisyLimited availability of quality feeds is a major constraint behind low livestock productivity among small holder farmers in the Himalayan region. This study was conducted with the aim to find out some suitable locally available carbohydrate source for ensiling and thus improving the nutritional worth of apple pomace (AP) and wheat straw (WS) (85:15) silage. Molasses, maize flour, wheat flour, rice flour and jaggery, were used and their amounts were calculated by considering their nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents, i.e., all the carbohydrate sources supplied the same amount of readily fermentable carbohydrates as provided by 4 percent molasses. AP and WS (85:15) was ensiled along with urea (4%), soya bean meal (4%) and respective carbohydrate materials, in laboratory anaerobic culture jars for 28 days. From the results obtained from proximate principles, cell and cell wall contents and fermentation parameters the total score was calculated on the basis of number of times each treatment appeared on rank 1. Ensiled mixtures containing molasses, wheat flour, jaggery, maize flour and rice flour as carbohydrate sources were ranked as 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively on the basis of in vitro studies. On the basis of in vitro studies silage of mixture containing AP, WS, molasses, urea and soya bean meal was compared with that of silage prepared by using AP and WS (without any additives), in five (per group) gaddi goats of average body weight 11.53 and 11.57 kg, respectively, for nutrient utilization. Dry matter intake (g/kg W0.75), gain in weight, apparent digestibilities of nutrients (DM, NFE, NDF, ADF and cellulose), TDN, TDN intake and nutritive ratio in goats fed ensiled mixture of AP and WS were significantly higher compared to that of goats fed silage of mixture containing AP, WS, molasses, urea and soya bean meal. The goats in both the treatments were in positive nitrogen balance. It was concluded that, there was no added advantage of mixing carbohydrate source, urea and soya bean meal in making silage of AP and WS in goat feeding.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding locally available Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle/ Bichu Buti) on biological performance of Broilers(palampur, 2020-10-29) Shivanshi; Sharma, ArunThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle/ Bichu Buti) in commercial broiler birds under complete randomized block design. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) were divided into six treatment groups T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with three replicates of ten chicks in each. All the birds were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric standard diet. The birds in treatment T0 (control group) were fed standard poultry diet while in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, the standard poultry diet was supplemented with antibiotic (zinc bacitracin), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% nettle leaves powder, respectively. The result of the study showed that treatment group T4 fed with 1.5% nettle leaves in basal diet showed significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth performance in terms of gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency. It significantly (P<0.05) increased the dressing percentage. Highest % weight of gizzard was observed in group fed 1% nettle leaves powder mixed in standard diet. Among blood parameters, the value of Hb and PCV was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T4 treatment groups. The value of RBCs was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 treatment group whereas the value of WBCs, MCV, MCH and MCHC did not exhibit any significant differences amongst different treatment groups. However, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were significantly low (P<0.05) in T4 and T5 treatment groups as compared to control and other treatment groups. Overall economic analysis revealed that group of birds supplemented with 1.5% nettle leaves powder exhibited 41.37% higher gross profit as compared to the control in terms of body weight gain and feed efficiency and increasing supplementation beyond this decreased profitability as well as growthThesisItem Open Access Use of phyto-additives in broiler diet with lower nutrient density(Palampur, 2021-12-27) Sharma, Sahil; Katoch, ShivaniA study was conducted to evaluate phyto-additive viz. garlic powder (0.5%), cinnamon extract (0.1%) and a combination of garlic powder and cinnamon extract as an additive in poultry broiler diet with lower energy density under complete randomized design. For this purpose, vencobb-400 strain day old broiler chicks (n=195) were divided into 5 main treatment groups viz. T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4. Each treatment group was further divided into 3 replicates with 13 chicks in each. T0 served as positive control offered standard diet offered corn- soy flake-based ration (starter 21.95% CP and 2875 Kcal/kg ME; Finisher 19.82% CP and 2914 Kcal/kg ME), T1 served as negative control offered corn-soy based feed with low energy density (starter 21.95% CP and 2593 Kcal/kg ME; Finisher 19.82% CP and 2631 Kcal/kg ME), Treatment T2 was given standard corn- soy flake-based ration supplemented with 0.5% Garlic Powder (GP) but with low energy density (starter 21.95% CP and 2593 Kcal/kg ME; Finisher 19.82% CP and 2631 Kcal/kg ME), Treatment T3 was given standard corn- soy flakebased ration supplemented with 0.1% Cinnamon Extract (CE) but with low energy density (starter 21.95% CP and 2593 Kcal/kg ME; Finisher 19.82% CP and 2631 Kcal/kg ME) and Treatment T4 was given standard corn- soy flake based supplemented with combination of 0.5% GP and 0.1 CE but with low energy density (starter 21.95% CP and 2593 Kcal/kg ME; Finisher 19.82% CP and 2631 Kcal/kg ME). Perusal of results revealed that phyto-additive supplementation namely 0.5 % GP, 0.1% CE and combination of 0.5 % GP + 0.1% CE in low energy density feed positively influenced the growth, nutrient utilization with better feed to gain ratio, both during starter and finisher phase. Overall cinnamon extract supplementation at 0.1 per cent in low energy feed exhibited higher nitrogen retention exhibiting higher live weight gain and feed to gain ratio compared to combination of 0.5 % GP + 0.1% CE. Highest dressing percentage, thigh yield and low abdominal fat with leaner meat was recorded by CE (0.1%) addition and GP (0.5%) + CE (0.1%) combination supplemented to low energy density feed. The organoleptic factors viz. flavor and overall acceptability of the meat was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by addition of cinnamon (0.1%) and combination of GP (0.5%) + CE (0.1%) supplementation. Economics of broiler production revealed lowest cost of producing 1 Kg meat by CE (0.1%) supplementation whereas it was highest in GP (0.5%) + CE (0.1%) supplementation. Therefore, it is concluded that compared to garlic powder (0.5%) and combination of garlic powder (0.5%) +cinnamon extract (0.1%), cinnamon extract (0.1%) supplementation alone in low energy density feed offered to broiler birds positively compensate the low energy by influencing the GIT (gastrointestinal tract) environment, lowering bacterial count, leading to better nitrogen retention and growth. Cinnamon extract supplementation at 0.1 per cent increases broiler dressing percentage, positively influences organoleptic values of the meat and reduce the cost of broiler meat production by 5.46% leading to good economic return to the farmersThesisItem Open Access Dietary effect of ginger and turmeric powder supplementation on growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)(Palampur, 2022-01-07) Sharma, Kirti; Rani, DaisyThe study was conducted with the aim to estimate the effect of ginger and turmeric supplementation on growth performance of common carp fingerlings. Total 270 fingerlings (40-45g) were divided into 6 groups including control (C). The group C was fed with basal feed and the treatment groups T5, T5B5, G2, G5, G8 were fed with turmeric powder @ 0.5%, turmeric @ 0.5% + black pepper powder @ 0.5 %, ginger powder @ 2%, 5% and 8%, respectively. Water quality parameters i.e. pH alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and TDS were measured three times a week to check and maintain the water quality. The growth parameters i.e., gain in weight, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Relative Growth Ratio (RGR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) were recorded/calculated at monthly interval for 60 days. The measurements were taken for gain in total length (TL), Fork length (FL), standard length (SL), head length (HL) and body depth (BD) at monthly interval for 60 days. The biochemical and haematological parameters were estimated at the end of the trial. Turmeric powder supplementation @ 0.5 per cent showed significantly (p < 0.05) better growth performance. The fingerlings of T5 group showed highest gain in weight (48.7±3.120), SGR (1.35±0.043), RGR (126.36±5.828), FER (48.17±3.172), PER (1.24± 0.068), and improved FCR (2.23 ± 0.157). This group also gained significantly (p < 0.05) higher TL (3.74 ± 0.178), FL (3.98 ± 0.182), SL (3.08 ± 0.056), HL (0.81 ±0.051) and BD (1.42 ± 0.128). There was no significant difference between survival per cent and haematological parameters. T5B5 group had higher ALT (23.62±4.269) and AST (261±26.845). No significant difference in total protein and globulin contents and amongst different treatments was observed, however, the control treatment had significantly (p<0.05) higher albumin (1.008±0.0634) content. T5 fingerlings had the highest CP concentration (78.29±0.5340) and significantly (p<0.05) highest EE concentration (11.59±0.9156). Muscles of all the treatments had significantly (p<0.05) higher total mineral content as compared to that of the control group. It was concluded that Turmeric supplementation @ 0.5% in feed of common carp fingerlings significantly (p< 0.05) increased their growth performance as well as fat (57 % higher) and mineral (15 % higher) content in their meatThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF APPLE POMACE BASED COMPLETE FEED ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF CALVES(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2019-07-23) SUNIDHI; Rani, DaisyThe study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of using ensiled apple pomace (AP) based complete feed on growth response of calves. Ten male calves were divided into 2 groups of 5 calves each, with each group having similar average body weight. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw (EMAPWS) and ensiled apple pomace and fresh wheat straw (EAPFWS) based complete feed on growth response of calves was studied and in the second experiment, the effect of EMAPWS and EAPFWS based complete feed on nutrient utilization of calves was studied. For the experiments, AP and Wheat straw (WS) was ensiled in 85:15 in plastic drums of 300L capacity for 4 weeks. Also only AP was ensiled and to this fresh WS was mixed in 85:15. The mixtures were analyzed for proximate and fibre composition. Accordingly, formulation and preparation of concentrate feed was done. Growth studies were carried out for 8 weeks period. During growth trial, the overall DMI was 2.79 and 2.51 per cent, with a daily gain of 288 and 260 g/calf. The feed efficiency ratio was 0.147 and 0.188, respectively, in EMAPWS TMR and EAPFWS TMR treatment. During digestibility trial average gain in weight/head/day was 762g and 701g respectively. Average daily dry matter intake was 3.198 and 2.816 g per 100 kg body weight respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS. There was no significant difference in GIW and DMI between both the groups. The digestibilities of EE, CF, Cellulose and ADF was significantly higher in EMAPWS, whereas the digestibilities of DM, CP, Hemicellulose, NFE, NDF and OM did not differ. The TDN content of the complete feed was 70.88 and 59.74 per cent whereas, DCP content was 7.28 and 6.12 per cent in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and it differed significantly. The TDN intake was 63.51 and 47.96 g and DCP intake was 6.53 and 4.92 g per Kg metabolic body weight in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and both TDN and DCP intake differed significantly. The nitrogen intake was 56.56 and 37.87 g/head/day which was significantly different between both the groups. The Nitrogen retention (NR) as per cent of nitrogen intake (NI) was 46.35 and 37.82 respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS and it differed significantly between both the groups. All the calves were in positive nitrogen and energy balance. Feeding EMAPWS reduced the expenditure incurred on feeding to gain one kg body weight, by 2.22 percent than feeding ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS. So, it was concluded that ensiling AP with WS in the ratio of 85:15 was relatively better method to preserve and feed AP to calves and feeding complete feed based on EMAPWS could support optimum growth rate in cross-bred calves.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF APPLE POMACE BASED COMPLETE FEED ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF CALVES(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2019-07-23) SUNIDHI; Daisy, RaniThe study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of using ensiled apple pomace (AP) based complete feed on growth response of calves. Ten male calves were divided into 2 groups of 5 calves each, with each group having similar average body weight. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw (EMAPWS) and ensiled apple pomace and fresh wheat straw (EAPFWS) based complete feed on growth response of calves was studied and in the second experiment, the effect of EMAPWS and EAPFWS based complete feed on nutrient utilization of calves was studied. For the experiments, AP and Wheat straw (WS) was ensiled in 85:15 in plastic drums of 300L capacity for 4 weeks. Also only AP was ensiled and to this fresh WS was mixed in 85:15. The mixtures were analyzed for proximate and fibre composition. Accordingly, formulation and preparation of concentrate feed was done. Growth studies were carried out for 8 weeks period. During growth trial, the overall DMI was 2.79 and 2.51 per cent, with a daily gain of 288 and 260 g/calf. The feed efficiency ratio was 0.147 and 0.188, respectively, in EMAPWS TMR and EAPFWS TMR treatment. During digestibility trial average gain in weight/head/day was 762g and 701g respectively. Average daily dry matter intake was 3.198 and 2.816 g per 100 kg body weight respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS. There was no significant difference in GIW and DMI between both the groups. The digestibilities of EE, CF, Cellulose and ADF was significantly higher in EMAPWS, whereas the digestibilities of DM, CP, Hemicellulose, NFE, NDF and OM did not differ. The TDN content of the complete feed was 70.88 and 59.74 per cent whereas, DCP content was 7.28 and 6.12 per cent in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and it differed significantly. The TDN intake was 63.51 and 47.96 g and DCP intake was 6.53 and 4.92 g per Kg metabolic body weight in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and both TDN and DCP intake differed significantly. The nitrogen intake was 56.56 and 37.87 g/head/day which was significantly different between both the groups. The Nitrogen retention (NR) as per cent of nitrogen intake (NI) was 46.35 and 37.82 respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS and it differed significantly between both the groups. All the calves were in positive nitrogen and energy balance. Feeding EMAPWS reduced the expenditure incurred on feeding to gain one kg body weight, by 2.22 percent than feeding ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS. So, it was concluded that ensiling AP with WS in the ratio of 85:15 was relatively better method to preserve and feed AP to calves and feeding complete feed based on EMAPWS could support optimum growth rate in cross-bred calves.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON USE OF SOME PHYTOGENIC MATERIALS AS CATTLE FEED PRESERVATIVES.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019) Rana, Divya; Rani, DaisyThis study was conducted to generate information regarding use of some phytogenic materials as cattle feed preservatives with the objectives to study changes in chemical composition of concentrate feeds preserved with plant materials; to study the effect of preservatives on in-vitro digestion of feeds; to study effect of promising preservative on nutrient utilization in ruminants and to study the economics of use of preservatives on growth performance of calves. Calcium propionate @ 0.1 percent, curry leaves @ 2 percent, mint leaves @ 1 percent, seabuckthorn leaves @ 2 percent, eucalyptus leaves @ 2 percent, turmeric rhizome powder @ 1 percent and neem leaves were added @ 2 percent and they were designated as PC, C, M, S, E, T and N, respectively. Basal feed was designated as NC. Effect on physical and chemical composition of feeds was studied up to 6 months period. In-vitro gas production study was conducted bimonthly for dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Digestibility-cum-metabolism trial was conducted by using NC, PC, N and T with wheat straw as source of roughage in 4 groups of calves with 5 calves in each group. A growth study was conducted on same groups of growing calves for 12 weeks period by using TMR containing concentrate with PC, N and T. Economics of use of the phytogenic preservatives in growing calves was calculated. On the basis of effect of phytogenic preservatives on shelf-life of concentrate feeds, treatment T and N had rank 1 followed by PC; M and S; C; NC and E in decreasing order. The feeds could be very well preserved up to 4 months after preparation under the weather conditions of Palampur, without affecting the in-vitro digestibility of DM and OM. The treatment T significantly (P<0.05) increased the digestibility of OM, CF and NFE in the growing calves. Nitrogen retention was not affected by the use of PC, N and T. Energy content of feeds of N and T treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than NC. The use of Calcium propinate, Neem and Turmeric resulted in lowering the expenditure of feeding to get 1 kg body weight by 10.65, 8.59 and 6.53 percent, respectively compared to NC. As the shelf-life study was conducted from February to August, there was a great change in environmental condition during last 2 to 3 months due to monsoons, therefore research work is needed to be conducted on the effect of phytogenic preservatives on shelf-life of feeds which are prepared and stored during rainy season.
