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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT SPARING EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS FEED ENZYMES ON THE BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF POULTRY BROILER BIRDS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Sood, Radhika Rajshree; Katoch, ShivaniThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous feed enzymes viz. Hizyme and Phytase on the biological growth performance of commercial broiler poultry birds. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=100) were divided into 5 main treatment groups viz. T0, T1, T2,T3and T4 under completely randomized block design. Each treatment group was further divided in 2 replicates with 10 chicks in each. T0 served as standard control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake based ration. Treatment T1 was given standard corn- soy flake based ration along with Hizyme at the rate of 25 grams per quintal feed and Phytase at the rate of 5grams per quintal(Activity -5000FTU) i.e. 250 FTU/Kg feed whereas T2 was given ration containing 5 percent lower calculated metabolizable energy(ME), Ca and P along with Hizyme and Phytase whereas treatment T3 was given ration containing 5 percent lower calculated minerals viz Ca and P along with phytase and treatment T4 was given ration with 5 percent lower calculated ME along with enzyme Hizyme. All the five broiler diets were formulated and prepared conferring to BIS (1992) standards. Formulated diet with 5 per cent lower metabolizable energy with addition of exogenous feed enzymes in treatment T4 exhibited increased growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion, dressing yield and profitability.Supplementation of Hizyme at the rate 25 grams/quintal and phytase 5grams/quintal improved gain in live weight and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all treatments viz.T1, T2, T3andT4.Phytase supplementation @ 250 FTU/Kg feed did not compensate for the deficit in calcium and phosphorus as per BIS standards in treatment T2 during the starter phase but during the finisher phase the birds exhibited comparable weight gain and FCR compared to control T0.Hizyme and Phytase supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the crude fibre digestibility in treatment T2 compared to control group. Phosphorus digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared to control group. Tibial bone calcium content did not exhibit any difference in control and all the other treatments whereas the tibial bone phosphorus and magnesium content was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in treatment T3 and T4 compared to standard formulated diet T1. Blood parameters were not affected by supplementation of enzymes.Dressing percentage was not affected by reduction in ME, Ca and P, although live weight and dressed weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group T1 compared to treatment group T2 and T3. Cost of feed per kilogram gain in live weight was lowest in treatment T4 (Rs. 41.83/Kg) supplemented with Hizyme and second lowest in treatment T2 (Rs. 42.27/Kg) where as it was highest in control group T0 (Rs. 46.82/Kg).ThesisItem Open Access THE USE OF COTTONSEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN REPLACER IN POULTRY BROILER BIRD(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-07) Thakur, Archna; Katoch, ShivaniThe study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the locally available non-dehulled cottonseed cake in the poultry broiler birds under completely randomized block design. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=108) were divided into 4 main treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3. Each treatment group was further divided in 3 replicates with 9 chicks in each. T0 served as standard control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake- groundnut based ration. Treatment T1 was given ration containing 20 per cent non-dehulled cottonseed cake and T2 was given ration containing 20 per cent fermented non-dehulled cottonseed cake whereas treatment T3 was given ration containing 20 per cent non-dehulled cottonseed cake with additional supplementation of ferrous sulphate (600ppm) and lysine (2%). All the four broiler diets were formulated and prepared conferring to ICAR (2013) standards. Substitution of non-dehulled cottonseed cake as protein replacer at 20 per cent level depressed gain in live weight, poor feed conversion ratio (FCR) and affected the liver functioning in both treatments T1 and T2 compared to control T0 whereas treatment T3 supplemented with iron (Fe) and lysine compensate the toxic effect of gossypol and improved performance and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to treatment T1 and T2 but not comparable to control T0. Supplementation of non-dehulled cottonseed cake did not show any significant variation in complete blood count except for TLC which was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment T1. Plasma phosphorous, triglycerides, HDL, SGOT, SGPT, total protein and albumin content were non-significant amongst control and other treatment groups. Control T0 exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher carcass weight, dressed weight, dressing percentage, breast muscle yield and cooking yield. Overall acceptability of chicken meat was higher in treatment T1 and T2. Cost benefit ratio indicated higher cost/kg gain in live weight in non-dehulled cottonseed cake and fermented non-dehulled cotton seed cake formulated ration. Thus, replacement of 20 per cent non-dehulled cottonseed cake available in the market as a protein replacer in feed of broiler birds was found to be uneconomical.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM) AND GILOY (TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA) ON MILK YIELD AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD AND MILK IN DAIRY COWS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-06-08) Sharma, Anurag; Kumar, NareshThe study was conducted on Jersey crossbred lactating cows randomly divided into four groups, each group having six animals. T1, T2 and T3 group cows received Giloy stem powder (150 g), or Fenugreek seed powder (150 g), or a combination of both the herbs (75 g of each) respectively, mixed with the concentrate feed for 60 days while the control group (T0) received only the concentrate. Milk yield was recorded every 5th day from Day 0 (a day before the starting of herbal treatment) to Day 75 (15 days after the stoppage of herbal feeding). Milk and blood sampling was done fortnightly, from Day 0 to Day 75. Milk samples were analyzed for milk composition parameters (Fat, SNF, milk protein and Lactose per cent) and minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn). Blood plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters viz. glucose, lipid profile (TAG, Cholesterol, HDL and LDL), protein profile (Total protein, albumin, globulin and A: G ratio) and renal profile (urea nitrogen and creatinine) and minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn). It was found that the feeding of Giloy stem powder or Fenugreek seed powder alone or in combination to lactating Jersey crossbred cows did not lead to any significant change in the milk yield. Milk Fat, SNF, milk protein and lactose did not change to any significant extent after feeding of Giloy or Fenugreek or both. Giloy supplementation lead to significantly lower levels of blood glucose while fenugreek alone or in combination with giloy was effective in lowering the total cholesterol and LDL levels in the blood of lactating dairy cows. Most of the other blood biochemical parameters remained unchanged in control and treated animals. Herbal supplementation had no significant influence on any of the mineral elements (Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn) estimated in milk and blood plasma of lactating cows used in this study.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ALTERNATE CARBOHYDRATE RICH MATERIALS ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF ENSILED WHEAT STRAW(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016) Chandel, Swati; Rani, DaisyThere is a shortage of green fodder by 57.4 per cent (Dev et al. 2006) and concentrates by 93.1 per cent (Vashist et al. 2000) in Himachal Pradesh. The farmers of the state, buy huge quantities of wheat straw from neighbouring states at higher price and feed it as such to their livestock. If these are fed scientifically, they may provide enough energy and nutrients to the animals. No research work has been done on the use of locally available carbonaceous materials, in place of molasses for ensiling wheat straw. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim to find out some suitable alternative of molasses for ensiling and thus improving the nutritional worth of this poor quality roughage. Maize flour, wheat flour, rice flour and jaggary, were used and their amounts were calculated on the basis of NFE content. So, all carbonaceous materials provided same amount of NFE as that obtained from 4kg molasses. Wheat straw was ensiled with cow dung (70:30), along with urea (4%) and respective carbonaceous material, in laboratory silos for 40 days. On the basis of quality parameters of laboratory ensiled WS, silage of WS + urea + maize flour + cow dung was compared to that of silage prepared by using WS + molasses + urea + cow dung, in five jersey male calves for nutrient utilization. No significant differences in intakes of dry matter, DCP and TDN, weight gain and apparent digestibilities of nutrients (except that of DM and CF) were observed. The calves in both the treatments were in positive nitrogen and energy balance and the difference in nitrogen retention of calves between both the treatments was also not statistically significant. It was concluded that maize flour could replace molasses for ensiling wheat straw, without affecting nutrient utilization in cow calves.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MALORI (Rumex hastatus) LEAF EXTRACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-04-18) Soney, Priya; Rani, DaisyThe ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters had focused the research on the use of alternative growth promoters. It has been shown that Rumex hastatus (RH) had a great pharmacological and antioxidant potential. No work has been done to explore the effect of its extract on growth performance of broilers. Thus, this study was designed with the aim to supplement the methanolic extract of dried leaves of RH (MERH) @ 0, 73, 146 and 292 g/q of feed and designated as M0, M200, M400 and M800, respectively. A total of 192 (No.) day-old broiler chicks of Vencobb strain were divided into 4 groups, with 48 chicks in each group. Growth characteristics, digestibility of nutrients, dressing percentage; weight of abdominal fat, liver, gall bladder, kidney and lymphoid organs; chemical composition of breast and thigh muscles, plasma biochemicals and minerals, histopathology of liver, micrometry of ileum and economics of broiler production were studied. The overall feed intake of M200 group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of M400 group. The overall highest gain in weight (2123.41g) and the best feed conversion ratio was recorded in M400 group. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen free extract was significantly (P<0.05) higher in M400 group compared to that of M800 group. Total plasma cholesterol level in M400 group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than M200 and statistically equivalent to control and M800 group. The height of villi of ileum was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in M400 (586.41 μm) and significantly (P<0.05) the lowest in M800 (531.30 μm) group. The thigh muscles of M400 group broilers had higher contents of dry matter, fats, protein and minerals. M400 supplementation reduced the cost of feed per kg gain in weight by 1.21 per cent with respect to control. MERH did not have any effect on liver of healthy birds. It was concluded that M400 was the best supplementation level as it increased nutritional worth of meat and improved the economy of production.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING RIPENED TEA FRUITS (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) ON THE GROWTH OF POULTRY BROILERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Thakur, Shilpa; Sharma, V.K.The present study was carried to evaluate the effect of whole ripened tea fruits as NCFR feed additives for improving growth performance, nutrient utilization and economy in broilers chicken. In present research trial total 120 birds, divided into 4 treatments and 3replicates of 10 chicks per treatment were fed on starter diet for 28 days and thereafter shifted on finisher diet up to 42 days. The T0 (control) group offered conventional ration replaced with whole tea fruit at 3, 6, and 9 per cent in T1, T2 and T3 treatment groups respectively. The results revealed a significant decrease in FI, GIW and FCR as the inclusion level of whole tea fruit increased in diet throughout the trial. Due to poor performance of T3 group, this group was abandoned for further studies after starter phase. Digestibility of all the nutrients was decreased in treatment groups. Blood P was significantly (P<0.001) higher in T2 group. Total cholesterol level was significantly (P<0.05) & (P<0.001) lower in T1 & T2 groups respectively. The dressed weight (percentage), thigh & breast quarter weight was reduced in tea fruit fed groups. Overall acceptance of meat was highest in T2 group. There was no mortality in T1 group suggested highest immunity rate. Tea fruit was not efficient in improving cost of production. As per latest data, in 2016; tea production in HP was 9, 18,646 kg green tea. Estimated tea seed production was 4, 62,000 kg/year. Thus it can be concluded that dried whole ripened tea seed is not efficient in broiler production but it can be safely administered as unconventional feed stuff in broiler diet up to 3 per cent level under draught and scarcity of feed stuff & up to 6 per cent for better organo-leptic meat production.ThesisItem Open Access AZOLLA (Azolla pinnata) FEEDING IN COMBINATION WITH DIRECT FED MICROBIAL FOR REARING OF BROILER BIRDS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-14) Shambhavi; Katoch, ShivaniAbstract The study was conducted to evaluate feeding of dried Azolla (Azolla piñnata) alone and in combination with direct fed microbial (Probiotic) in commercial broiler poultry birds under complete randomized design. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=120) were divided into 3 main groups T0, T1, and T2. Each group was further divided in 4 sub-groups or replicates with 10 chicks in each. Group T1 was given ration containing 2.5 per cent dried azolla without direct fed microbial whereas group T2 was given ration containing 2.5 per cent dried azolla along with direct fed microbial viz. L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus added in daily quota of feed at the rate of 13.4×10 8 cfu and 1.52×10 8 cfu respectively. T0 served as standard control diet. The substitution with dry azolla was done in a way that the crude protein and metabolisable energy values were similar in all treatments. Substitution of dried azolla for soyflake with (T2) and without (T1) probiotics did not affect growth performance of birds during pre-starter and starter phase however, significantly (P<0.05) lower weight gain in both the treatments T1 and T2 compared to control T0 was observed during finisher phase. No significant variation in weekly weight gain was observed among different treatments throughout the trial. Significantly (P<0.05) better feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in control T0 compared to treatments T1 and T2 during finisher phase. Supplementation of dried azolla with probiotics did not show any variation in blood plasma calcium, phosphorous and triglycerides content compared to control and other treatment however, cholesterol was numerically lower in group supplemented with probiotics. Supplementation of dried azolla with probiotics improved the digestibility of calcium by 8.42 and 16.06 per cent compared to control and T1 respectively, which was revealed in tibial calcium content. Supplementation of dried azolla with probiotics led to significantly (P<0.05) lower pH, higher gizzard weight, total breast muscle yield and pectoralis minor muscle yield. Further T2 exhibited numerically higher carcass weight, dressed weight, dressing percentage, giblet weight (liver, heart and gizzard), wing weight and skin weight.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING TECHNOLOGY OF APPLE POMACE IN CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-10) Nazir, Shaid; Rani, DaisyABSTRACT The study was conducted with the aim to find out practical method of using apple pomace in calves. Apple pomace was mixed with wheat straw (WS) in the ratios of 100:1 (AP-100), 85:15 (AP-85), 70:30 (AP-70), 55:45 (AP-55) and 40:60 (AP-40) in anaerobic culture jars for 28 days. They were ranked on the basis of proximate principles, fibre constituents and fermentation parameters.AP-85 was the best ratio in terms of nutritive value. AP was mixed with WS in the ratio of 85:15 and ensiled for 28 days on large scale to evaluate its feeding value for calves. Six male cow calves were used for estimation of voluntary intake, nutrient intake and digestibility parameters. Two metabolic trials were conducted. The first metabolic trial was conducted by using the mixture of ensiled apple pomace mixed with fresh wheat straw (EAPFWS) in the ratio of 85:15, whereas the second trial was conducted by feeding ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw (EMAPWS) i.e. AP and WS were mixed in the ratio of 85:15 and then ensiled. The DMI (kg/h/d) was significantly (p≤.05) higher in EMAPWS. Except CP and cellulose, the digestibility of all the nutrients was increased by ensiling the mixtures of AP+WS. There was an increase in digestibility by 5.24, 16.21, 7.6, 9.33, 3.42, 23.07, 5.42 and 6.37 per cent, respectively, of DM, EE, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses and OM. DCP intake as percent body weight as well as per kg W0.75 did not differ significantly. The TDN content as well as TDN intake were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in EMAPWS as compared to that of EAPFWS. TDN content of EMAPWS was 8 per cent higher and TDN intake (per cent of body weight) was 14 per cent higher than that of EAPFWS. The calves in both the treatments were in positive nitrogen and energy balance. Nitrogen retention in EMAPWS was statistically (p≤0.05) higher than that of EAPFWS. Feeding EMAPWS reduced the expenditure incurred on feeding to gain one kg body weight, by 25.22 percent than feeding ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS. So, it was concluded that ensiling AP with WS in the ratio of 85:15 was the best method to preserve and feed AP to cow calvesThesisItem Open Access FORMULATION, PREPARATION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DOG BISCUITS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-07) Chauhan, Prince; Rani, DaisyABSTRACT Specific ingredients of new formula was used to prepare NF (new formula) biscuits and OF (old formula) biscuits by using existing formula of university. One lot of NF was baked for 25 minutes (NF25), one lot for 35 minutes (NF35) & one lot for 45 minutes (NF45). The biscuits of old formula (OF) were baked for 30 minutes (OF30). After forming dough from all mixed ingredients, dough was rolled and ¼ inch thick biscuits were cut with the help of cookie cutters. All the biscuits were baked in a pre-heated oven at 300o F. Biscuits were then left in oven (after turning it off) for another 20 minutes. Biscuits of NF were brushed with slightly beaten egg white for glaze and that of OF30 were coated thin paste of chicken flavor masala (MDH). On the next day biscuits were once again dried at 700 F in preheated hot air oven for 5 hours. The biscuits were then stored in air-tight containers for chemical composition, energy, mineral analysis and for preference and palatability studies. Chemical composition was again analysed after one month period to study storage loss. NF had the higher mineral content than OF. The energy content of NF biscuits was higher than OF. Two experimental studies were conducted using five dogs to measure palatability and preference. The Research concluded that biscuits of new formula should be baked at 3000 F for 35 minutes in pre-heated oven and the new variety of biscuits had more fibre, NFE, minerals and more preferred and more palatable for dogs but 13.77 per cent more costly compared to the old one.