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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids at varying fertility levels under aerobic conditions.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-28) Singh, Tanya; Manuja, SandeepA field experiment was undertaken during kharif 2021 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P.) with the objective of studying performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids at varying fertility levels under aerobic conditions. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three fertility levels (75 %, 100% and 125 % of the recommended dose of fertilizers, RDF 90:40:40 kg NPK ha-1 ) in main plot and four varieties (Arize AZ 6508, PAC 807+ , Arize 6129 and HPR 2143) in subplot, the treatments being replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction and medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and had adequate DTPA extractable zinc. The results so obtained in this investigation clearly indicated the significant impact of fertility levels on the growth, development, yield attributes and yield of different rice varieties cultivated under aerobic conditions. The varieties also showed significant differences in terms of all the growth, development and yield indices though the interaction between the fertility levels and varieties were not found to be significant. Application of 125% RDF, remaining at par with 100 % RDF, gave significantly higher values for almost all the yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers (298.3), number of grains per panicle (74.8) and 1000-grain weight (23.69) which ultimately resulted in significantly higher grain (38.29 q ha-1 ) and straw yield (48.36 q ha-1 ) of rice. This treatment also proved to be the most economic one giving higher gross return (Rs 91,075 ha-1 ), net return (Rs 42,009 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (0.87). Application of 75 % RDF gave significantly lower yield as well as economic returns. Application of higher dose of fertilizers also increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in both grain and straw resulting in their higher uptake of respective nutrients. The available nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil after the harvest of rice was significantly influenced by fertility levels with significantly higher values reported with the application of higher doses while application of lower dose of 75 % RDF resulted in significantly lower available nitrogen and phosphorus. Amongst the varieties PAC 807+ gave better results in term of grain yield (39.20 q ha-1 ), gross return (Rs 91,033 q ha-1 ) and net return (Rs 40,633 q ha-1 ) while the inbred check variety HPR 2143 gave lowest grain yield (31.42 q ha-1 ) but highest B:C ratio (0.95). Thus farmers can get more productivity of aerobic rice with the cultivation of hybrids with application of higher dose of fertilizers though for achieving higher profitability the farmers should go in for the cultivation of open pollinated check variety HPR 2143 at higher doses of fertilizers.ThesisItem Open Access Weed dynamics and phytosociological studies in diversified cropping systems(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-15) Rana, Shivali; Rana, S. S.The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under AICRP-IFS at Bhadiarkhar farm CSK HPKV, Palampur. Ten cropping systems C1–“Maize – wheat”, C2 – “Maize –Gobhisarson + Toria”, C3– “Dhaincha–Early cabbage – Frech bean”, C4– “Sunhemp – Vegetable Pea - French bean”, C5–“Maize + Soybean – Chickpea + Linseed”, C6– “Rice – Wheat + Gram”, C7– “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Oats + Sarson”, C8 – “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Ryegrass + Berseem”, C9 – “Baby corn – Broccoli - French bean”, C10 “Okra – Turnip - Tomato” in a randomized block design with three replications were evaluated for appraisal on weeds floristic diversity, phytosociology, phenology, weed dynamics, NPK depletion and yield loss. Soil of experimental field was silty-clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction with PH 5.38. Weed flora was composed of 13 species in kharif 2021 viz. Ageratum conyzoides (24%), Cyperus spp. (20%), Phyllanthus niruri (11%) and Galinsoga parviflora (10%) were the dominating weed species and remaining weed species were Alternanthera philoxeroides, Artemesia vulgaris, Commelina bengalensis, Coronopus didymus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa spp., Ipomoea spp. and Monochoria vaginalis. During rabi 2022,13 weed species were reported, out of them dominating weed species were Poa annua (25%), Coronopus didymus (15%), Spergula arvensis (14%) and Trifolium repens (10%)and the other weed species were Anagallis arvensis, Avena fatua, Cynodon dactylon, Phalaris minor, Lolium temulentum, Raphanus spp., Stelleria media and Vicia sativa. Ageratum conyzoides was the most important weed during the kharif season with IVI value ranging from 35.2 to 100.1 under different cropping systems. This was followed by Cyperus spp. ranging from 18.1 to 67.1 and Galinsoga parviflora ranging from 26.0 to 62.3. During rabi season, the most important weed was Poa annua with IVI value of 40.8 to 70.4 in cropping systems. This was followed by Coronopus didymus ranging from 26.1 to 65.6 and Spergula arvensis ranging from 15.8 to 56.3. Simpson’s index of diversity and Simpson’s reciprocal index indicated higher weed diversity under C3 – “Dhaincha – Early cabbage – Frechbean” followed by C4 – “Sunhemp – Vegetable Pea - French bean” and C5 – “Maize + Soybean – Chickpea + Linseed for kharif season. For rabi season Simpson’s index of diversity and Simpson’s reciprocal index indicated higher weed diversity in C3 cropping system– “Dhaincha – Early cabbage – Frech bean” followed by C4 – “Sunhemp – Vegetable Pea - French bean” and C6 – “Rice – Wheat + Gram”. Majority of the kharif weeds emerged during June reached flowering between July and August, seed setting and maturity in September and Rabi weeds emerged during October and November also,flowering occurred during January and February, maturity during March and April. Nutrient depletion by weeds ranged from 39.8 – 43.9 kg/ha N, 10.4 – 15.6 kg/ha P and 19.3 – 25.5 kg/ha K under different cropping systems, minimum under cropping system C1 – “Maize – wheat” for N, C2 – “Maize –Gobhisarson + Toria” for P and C7 – “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Oats + Sarson” for K and maximum under cropping systemC7 – “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Oats + Sarson” for N, C10 “Okra – Turnip - Tomato for P and C3– “Dhaincha – Early cabbage – Frechbean” for K. For kharif season, percent yield loss was found to be higher in C6 – “Rice – Wheat + Gram” and for rabi season it was higher in C9 – “Baby corn – Broccoli – French bean” cropping system. Weeds inflicted huge yield losses ranging from 38.46% in C1 Maize – Wheat to 82.20% in C8 Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra–Ryegrass + Berseem.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of regulated deficit irrigation on crop and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-14) Kumari, Saroj; Kumar, AnilA field experiment was conducted in wheat crop during rabi 2021-22 at Irrigation and Water Management Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the yield and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments consisted of selected combination of four deficit levels viz. high (50% ETC), medium (70% ETC), low (90% ETC) and free from deficit (100% ETC) and three phases of application viz. phase I (CRI and jointing), phase II (flowering) and phase III (dough stage). A total of eight combinations viz. FFF: Free from deficit at all three phases; LLL: Low deficit at all three phases; MMM: Medium deficit at all three phases; FMM: Free from deficit at phase I, Medium at phase II, Medium at phase III; HFM: High at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, Medium at phase III; MFH: Medium at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, High at phase III; MFM: Medium at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, Medium at phase III; HFH: High at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II and High at phase III, were tested under randomized block design, replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available potassium, high in available phosphorus and low in available nitrogen. Results revealed that among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher growth, root volume and weight, yield attributes, yield and water productivity and was similar to the wheat cultivation under water deficit free condition at all critical stages of growth (FFF). Any water deficit below 90% ETC especially a high deficit of 50% ETC at phase I (CRI) and phase III (dough) (HFH) resulted in significant decrease in yield and water productivity. Although, a higher net return (₹ 72303 ha-1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.35) was obtained under water deficit free condition but it was closely followed by net return and benefit-cost ratio of ₹ 67603 ha-1 and 2.26, respectively under regulated low water deficit regime (LLL).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on productivity and quality of fodder sorghum(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-20) Singh, Sandeep; Kumar, NaveenThe field experiment was conducted at Fodder Unit, CSK HPKV, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh) during kharif 2021 to study the effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on productivity and quality of fodder sorghum. The soil of experimental field was silty clay loam in texture; acidic in medium; low in available nitrogen and DTPA extractable zinc; medium in available phosphorus and potassium and fair in available boron. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications, consisting twelve treatments i.e., T1- triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T2- salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS) , T3- 5 kg Zn ha-1 , T4- 2 kg B ha-1 , T5- 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 , T6- 5 kg Zn ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T7- 5 kg Zn ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS), T8- 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T9- 2 kg B ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS), T10- 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T11- 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS) and T12- water spray at the time of PGRs application. Application of 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS) resulted in better plant height (cm), mean stem diameter (cm), shoot number (m-2 ), leaf stem ratio, dry matter accumulation (g m-2 ), higher green and dry fodder yields (t ha-1 ), nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S & B), crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre yield of sorghum. Significantly higher B and S content was recorded with soil application of 2 kg B ha-1 . Soil application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted in significantly higher Zn content; however significantly higher uptake of Zn was recorded with the application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS). Soil properties viz., soil pH, bulk density, available N, P, K, S and B remained unaffected under different treatments however Zn content in soil was recorded significantly higher with application of 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS). Application 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS) resulted in higher net returns (59.40 ₹ x 103 ), while higher benefit-cost ratio was obtained with the application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of garden pea varieties under pea+onion intercropping system and different farming practices(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-01) Sood, Priyanshi; Kumar, RameshwarA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2021-22 at Holta Organic Farm, Holta, Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur on evaluation of garden pea varieties under pea+onion intercropping system and different farming practices. The experiment consisted of twenty four treatments comprising of four farming practices (zero budget natural farming, organic farming, inorganic farming and integrated farming), three garden pea varieties (PB 89, HPM 1 and HPM 2) and two cropping systems (pure pea crop and pea+onion). The trial was laid out in split split plot design, replicated thrice, with farming practices in main plot, varieties in sub plot and cropping systems in sub sub plot. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Results revealed that integrated farming practices resulted in higher growth, development and production of pea crop in comparison to other farming practices and pea variety HPM1 came out to be best performing variety under all the farming practices. Intercropping with onion resulted in significantly highest increase in pea equivalent yield under zero budget natural farming (54%). However, highest pea equivalent yield was recorded under organic farming practices. Quality of both the crops under study was found to be the best under Organic and Zero budget natural farming practices. Soil health was significantly improved under organic farming practices in comparison to others and these also increased the availability of N, P and K nutrients. Highest net returns were recorded under integrated farming practice (₹158049/ha), whereas highest B:C ratio was recorded under zero budget natural farming (2.76).ThesisItem Open Access Performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties under organic, natural and conventional farming practices(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-21) Sharma, Anchal; Sharma, G.D.A field experiment entitled “Performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties under organic, natural and conventional farming practices” was carried out during Kharif 2021 at Integrated Research Farm Holta, Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P) to evaluate the effect of different farming practices on growth, development, productivity and quality of okra varieties and to assess the effect of treatments on soil properties and economics. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium and low in available nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and consisted of 12 treatments comprising of combinations of four farming practices viz. organic farming, natural farming, inorganic farming, integrated nutrient management in main plots and three varieties, namely, Palam Komal, P-8 and Punjab Suhawani in sub plots. Integrated nutrient management resulted in significantly higher values of growth attributes, yield attributes, yield and quality attributes of okra over other farming practices, while the lowest values were recorded under natural farming practice. The increase in total fruit yield of okra in INM over natural farming practice was 38.3 per cent. Variety Palam Komal came out to be the best performer among the varieties. Significant increase in cation exchange capacity, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were also recorded under organic farming practice over the initial status. Organic farming practice also came out to be the best in terms of effect on soil health as microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes), microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher under organic farming practices. The highest gross and net returns were also recorded under integrated farming practice and in Palam Komal variety. Use of inorganic farming practices resulted in the lowest cost of cultivation (₹41933 ha-1 ) and the highest benefit-cost ratio (4.98). Net profitability was highest under organic farming farming, if the organic produce is sold at 20% premium.ThesisItem Open Access Simulating crop water requirement of potato under Natural Farming environment in North-Western Himalaya(Palampur, 2022-11-29) Walia, Sarthak; Singh Rana, RanbirA field experiment entitled “Simulating crop water requirement of potato under Natural Farming environment in North-Western Himalaya” was conducted during Rabi 2021-22 at Zero Budget Natural Farming research farm of Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The experiment comprising of four irrigation regimes viz; Limited irrigation (two), Limited irrigation (three), Penman Monteith at 60% AWC (four) and Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) with three dates of sowing (10th November, 10th December &10th January) was laid out under Randomized Block Design with three replications. The soil of experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen (268 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (18.3 kg ha-1 ) and potassium (176.5 kg ha-1 ). The experimental site is located 32°6ʹN latitude and 76°3ʹE longitude. The experimental site received 384.9 mm rainfall during entire crop growth period. The results revealed that the plant growth parameters viz., plant height, no. of plants/m2 , no. of leaves/plant, LAI recorded significantly higher values when crop was sown on 10th November under irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC which included five irrigations. However, Penman Monteith at 60 % AWC (four) and Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) did not vary statistically for yield parameters. Similarly, the yield parameters resulted in significantly higher yield under irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith at 60 % AWC (four) (120.9 q ha-1 ) which was at par with Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) (123.4 q ha-1 ) compared to Limited irrigation (two) (100.2 q ha-1 ) and Limited irrigation (three) (109.6 q ha-1 ) treatments. The highest benefit cost ratio was observed for 10th November sown crop (1.70) and under irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) (1.66). The validation of FAO-CROPWAT model was carried out and the root mean square error for estimated Evapotranspiration (ET) and Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) worked out from the field water balance method varied between 12.18 – 12.87% for different dates of sowing. The validated model was used to simulate elevated temperature regimes of 1°,2°,3°C rise in both maximum and minimum temperature, with 10%, 20% deficit rainfall and 10%, 20% rainfall surplus. With 1°,2°,3°C rise in temperature the increase in crop water requirement ranged between 3.7-9.84 % for various sowing dates. The net irrigation water requirement increased ranging between 4.57-10.43% and 2.58-8.33% with 10% decrease and 10 % increase in rainfall, respectively, whereas it ranged between 5.50-11.43% and 1.54- 7.36% for rainfall deficit of 20% and surplus of 20%, respectively compared to normal weather conditions during the crop growth period for different sowing dates. The regression and principal component analysis indicated that there was 97.99%, 95.18% and 92.99% variation explained to dry matter with weather parameters for 1st , 2 nd and 3rd date of sowing, respectively. The corresponding water footprints were lower in Penman Monteith at 60% AWC (four) compared to Penman Monteith at 50% AWC (five) which resulted in saving of 60 mm water for potato crop under Natural Farming environment in North-Western Himalayas.ThesisItem Open Access Productivity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties as influenced by planting methods and time of harvesting(Palampur, 2022-12-08) Vaishali; Sharma, Vinod KumarA field experiment was conducted during the cropping season of 2021-2022 (May-January) to study the performance of turmeric varieties as influenced by planting methods and time of harvesting at the Bhadiarkhar Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design comprising of two varieties (Palam Lalima and Palam Pitamber) and two planting methods (flat and ridge) in main-plot and time of harvesting (210, 225, 240 and 255 days after planting) in sub-plot. The soil of the experimental field was acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium. The data revealed that variety Palam Pitamber was significantly superior over variety Palam Lalima in respect of number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, total dry matter production, fresh weight of mother, primary and secondary rhizomes, fresh (176.70 q/ha) and dry rhizome yield (36.59 q/ha), higher content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, higher net returns (7,48,979 Rs/ha) and B:C ratio (2.96). Planting methods could not influence the yield attributes viz., fresh weight of mother, primary and secondary rhizomes, yield, curcumin content, net returns and B:C ratio significantly. Harvesting at 255 days after planting produced maximum fresh rhizome yield (180.7 q/ha) of turmeric which was statistically at par with 240 days after planting but was significantly better than earlier time of harvesting. Similar trend was also observed for dry rhizome yield. Harvesting the crop at 255 days after planting registered significantly higher net returns (7,60,021 Rs/ha) and B:C ratio (3.0) than earlier time of harvesting.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic nutrient inputs in Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze](Palampur, 2022-08-24) Choudhary, Lachha; Kumar, SanjayA field experiment was conducted at Research farm of Department of Tea Husbandry and Technology CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) during March, 2021- November 2021 to evaluate the effect of organic nutrient inputs in Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. The experiment comprised of 10 treatments with control (T1), FYM @ 20t/ ha (T2), vermicompost @ 10t/ha (T3), Split doses of vermicompost @ 5t/ha + 5 t/ha (T5), FYM @ 20t/ha + Jeevamrit @ 10% (T6), Vermicompost @ 10t/ha + Jeevamrit @ 10% (T7), FYM @ 20t/ha + vermiwash @ 10% (T8), Vermicompost 10t/ha + vermiwash @ 10% (T9) and Jeevamrit @ 10% (T10). The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The soil of experiment field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in nature, low in Nitrogen, medium in Phosphorus and Potassium. Results revealed that the growth, yield attributes and yield of tea increased with application of vermicompost @ 10t/ha + Jeevamrit @10%. Significantly higher gross return, net return and additional net return over control were recorded in treatment having vermicompost @ 10t/ha + Jeevamrit @10%. Irrespective of different treatments, the quality of black made tea was also influenced by seasonal effect. Theaflavins, thearubigin, total colour and brightness were higher in pre monsoon season followed by post monsoon and lower value was recorded in monsoon season. Among all the treatments, significantly higher theaflavins, thearubigin, total colour and brightness were recorded in vermicompost @ 10t/ha + vermiwash @10% compared to control. Application of vermicompost @10t/ha + Jeevamrit @10% recorded significantly higher available nutrients N, microbial count and microbial biomass and application of vermicompost @ 5t/ha+ vermicompost @5 t/ha recorded significantly higher P and K in soil at end of experiment in comparison to the control at the depth of 0 - 22.5 cm.
