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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of hybrid paddy production in Poanta Sahib block of district Sirmaur (H.P.)(palampur, 2019-07-23) Thakur, Narender; Gupta, ManojRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal crop and is the staple food for more than 60 per cent of world‘s populace. About 90 per cent of all rice grown in the world is produced and consumed in the Asian region. In India, rice accounts for 32.7% and 41.5% of the acreage and production of food grains respectively. The present study was undertaken on hybrid paddy in Poanta Sahib block of Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. A survey of 60 hybrid paddy growers was conducted in Poanta Sahib block. Out of 60 farmers, 24 hybrid paddy growers were small and 36 growers were large. The major findings revealed that the average area under hybrid paddy cultivation was 1.14 ha on small farms, 1.94 ha on large farms with an average of 1.62 ha. The major component of cost was found to be hired labour estimated at Rs. 20592 per ha on overall farms. Value of seed was another major cost component as the cost of seed was estimated at Rs. 6346 per ha on overall farms. The productivity of hybrid paddy came out to be 67.14 q/ha on overall farms. The returns over total cost were Rs. 31802/ha on overall farms. The highest output-input ratio was on small farms (1.47:1) as compared to large farms (1.16:1) and it was 1.34:1 at overall farms. Maximum technological gap in hybrid paddy cultivation was in fertilizers use as excess amounts of chemical fertilizers were used. Number of irrigations was also higher than recommended rate on overall farm situations. The hybrid paddy production was found to be 108.84 q per farm on overall farms and 99.85 per cent of which was meant for sale in the market. The hybrid paddy growers followed three major marketing channels, out which channel-I (Producer- Govt. procurement agency-Miller-Govt. agency-fair prices shops-Consumer) was found to be major marketing channel disposing 64.38 per cent of total marketed surplus. The low efficiency index in channel-II was reported due to many market functionaries involved between producer and consumer. Non-availability of proper market and lack of milling facilities and labour shortage, high wage rate and tractor charges were the main problems reported by growers in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P.(palampur, 2017-07-15) Mehta, Kanika; Guleria, J.S.The present study pertained to economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P. This study is based upon the data collected for the Agricultural Year 2015-16 from 60 tomato (30 open-field and 30 polyhouse) growers, selected through proportional allocation method from Baijnath and Bhedu Mahadev blocks of Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh. The study reveals that under open-field/ natural conditions, among vegetables, the average yield of tomato crop was found to be the highest in the study area. Under protected conditions, the maximum cropped area was found to be under tomato (52.59%) followed by capsicum (21.04%) and cucumber (14.83%). Human labour was found to be the most important component of tomato cultivation under both open-field and protected conditions, accounting for 73.43 per cent and 82.68 per cent of the total variable cost, respectively. Under open-field conditions, the net returns over variable cost was Rs. 2,32,282/ha and output-input ratio stood at 1.50:1. Under protected conditions, it was found that all types of costs viz. variable, fixed and total costs declined with the size of the holding, mainly due to economies of scale. Further, it was found that the returns over total cost and variable cost were higher on small farms in comparison to large farms. The output-input ratio stood at 1.15:1, on overall basis. Protected cultivation contributed 10.68 per cent in the total annual gross household income of the polyhouse growers, at overall level. Large polyhouse category earned higher proportion (14.52%) as compared to small category (7.02%). The income variability of polyhouse growers was found to be less in comparison to the open-field growers. Unavailability of improved varieties at the time of sowing, the high cost of improved varieties, lack of awareness regarding the high yielding and resistant varieties, lack of storage facilities, etc. were the major problems faced by open-field growers in the study area. In case of polyhouse growers, the lack of knowledge about site, orientation, material etc., non-serious approach of construction companies, problem of repairs/spare parts, lack of technical knowhow and training, inadequate extension and advisory services, etc. were the major problems. The study has suggested that efforts are required for creating cold storage facilities to increase the shelf life of tomato. Aside from prolonging the shelf life of the crop, product diversification through processing may enhance the income of tomato growers in the study area. There is a dire need to bring polyhouses under insurance cover to make the scheme more sustainable in future.ThesisItem Open Access ROLE OF BACKYARD POULTRY IN HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY OF CHAMBA DISTRICT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2019-07-23) KAPOOR, NITIKA; Kumar, RajeshBackyard poultry is one of the important activities being promoted in the state for the supplementation of household income by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV Palampur. The backyard poultry has a potential of improving the socio-economic status of marginal, small farms and even landless households through the generation of supplementary income along with other farm activities. The present study was conducted in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh to study socio- economic status of households and workout the economics of backyard poultry. Both primary data were collected from 60 backyard poultry owners of Chamba and Mehla block, selected by using two stage random sampling technique. Simple tabular method was used for the analysis of data and results have been presented by working averages, percentages, indices, etc. The average size of land holding was 0.22 ha in which 86 per cent area was under cultivation crops. The analysis of cropping pattern revealed that maize and wheat were the major crops grown by the respondents. The livestock inventory was about 5.79 animals which comprised cattle, bullocks, sheep and goat. Among the cereal crops, the productivity of maize was highest (about 23q/ha) followed by wheat. The total per farm value of farm inventories except land was worth Rs. 2,56,539 comprising buildings Rs. 1,91,916, livestock Rs. 57,548 and farm machinery and implements Rs. 7075. The size of backyard poultry unit was about 47 birds comprising 31 hens and 16 broilers. Under backyard poultry schemes, the respondents had purchased 76.67 chicks on subsidized rates while 3.52 waterers, 3.6 feeders and 60 kg of feed were supplied to the respondents free of cost. The average total initial investment on backyard poultry was around Rs. 23,898 out of which, investment on poultry shed was highest (89.62%) followed by cost of chicks (6.74%). The average annual use working capital in the backyard poultry was Rs. 41,048 in which poultry feed accounted for about 60 per cent followed by cost of family labour (31.27%). The total annual cost of managing the backyard poultry was estimated at Rs. 44,596/annum. The annual production of poultry unit comprised 4640 eggs, about 20 poultry birds sold for meat and 10.28q of poultry manure. The gross value of all these products was estimated at Rs. 59114 in which major share was from the sale of eggs (86%). Backyard poultry in the study area was found to be profitable activity as the net returns over total coat were to the tune of Rs. 14518/unit and 309/bird, respectively. Moreover, the Benefit cost ratio worked out 1:1.33, which indicated total investment of worth Rs.1 in backyard poultry will generate an income of Rs. 1.33. The major portion of total production of main products of poultry viz., eggs (86.26%) and bird meat (100%) was marketed. The share of income from backyard poultry was about 17 per cent of the total agricultural income. The major problems in backyard poultry were loss by predators, losses due to the insect pest and diseases, costly feed and damage to field crops by poultry birds.ThesisItem Open Access MECHANISMS OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND ECONOMICS OF MAIN ORGANIC CROPS IN CHAMBA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-09-23) KHOSA, ARSHDEEP SINGH; Thakur, Rajesh KumarAgriculture has been a passion and a way of life for the majority of the rural population of India. In order to improve the socio-economic status of farming community and achieve the self- sufficiency in foodgrain production, emphasis was given for the diversification and intensification of farming systems. In the process of agricultural development, the use of inorganic inputs like fertilizers, herbicides and other plant production chemicals increased tremendously. Through the regular use of these inputs, on one hand, there has been significant increase in the cost of production and on the other hand, soil health, quality of produce, quality of water got adversely affected. On this account, the demand of organic farming and its products has increased world-wide and it is an opportunity for farmers who practice organic farming. Keeping these factors into consideration, planners and policy makers are promoting the organic farming in the country through different schemes and incentives. In Himachal Pradesh, there are some pockets, especially in Chamba, Shimla, Solan, Kinnaur, Lahaul & Spiti where farmers have not yet shifted to inorganic farming and by default practicing organic practices in crop production. The present study was conducted in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh to study the institutional mechanism for the promotion of organic farming and to work out the economics of organically produced crops. In order to meet out the objectives of the study both primary as well as secondary data were used. The primary data were collected through personal survey method from 60 farmers (44 marginal and 16 small) of Chamba and Mehla blocks through three stage random sampling technique. As far as the institutional mechanism for the promotion of organic farming in the state was concerned, it was found that the department of organic agriculture and natural farming has played an important role in the standardization of practices for the preparation of organic inputs and developing package of practices for the cultivation of okra, potato, pea, mash etc. The university also undertaken the capacity building of 5,926 trainees comprising 74 per cent famers and also created awareness through 12 radio/Tv talks and conducting 98 field demonstrations on different aspects of organic farming under Niche Area of Excellence programme funded by ICAR (2012-2017). The average size of land holding of the sample households was 0.7838 ha of which 84 per cent was cultivated land on overall farm situation. The analysis of cropping pattern revealed that maize, paddy, rajmash and black gram of kharif and wheat, barley, potato and pea of rabi were the major organically grown crops in the study area. The analysis of resource use pattern revealed that the respondents were using the organic input like jivamrit, matka khad, vermiwash, beejamrit and fermented butter milk which prepared by themselves at the farm. High utilization of human labour was noticed in case of potato (110 human days/ha) followed by pea (99 human days/ha) and paddy (94 human days/ha) on overall farm category. Among kharif crops, net return over variable cost was higher in rajmash (Rs. 47,704/ha) followed by maize (Rs. 27,667/ha) while in rabi crops, potato (Rs. 42,572/ha) followed by pea (Rs. 42,388/ha) on overall farm situation. The B:C ratio of kharif crops were 1.73 in rajmash followed by 1.24 in maize while in rabi crops it was 1.59 in pea followed by 1.39 in potato. Among the cereals the productivity levels ranged from 13.49 q/ha in case of barley to 21.36 q/ha in case of maize. The productivity of vegetables was found be more than 100 q/ha while it was about 7 and 5 q/ha in case of rajmash and black gram, respectively on overall farm situation. In utilization of crops, study indicated that the low level of marketable surplus in cereals i.e. about 46, 49, 35, 27 per cent in maize, paddy, wheat, barley, respectively and in pulses it varied from 38 to 45 per cent but vegetable enjoy substantial quantity of marketable surplus of about 73 per cent in pea and 84 per cent in potato.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS OF GARDEN PEA CULTIVATION IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.(CSK HPKV,Palampur, 2019-07) Sharma, Damini; Bala, BrijPea is the major commercial vegetable crop of district Kullu. It occupies the maximum area under vegetable crops as it is cultivated not only in Rabi season but also cultivated during Kharif season in some parts of the district. Keeping in view the economic importance of the crop, the present study has been proposed to look into the costs and returns involved in its cultivation. Various technological gaps, problems and constraint in pea cultivation were also studied. The study was conducted in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Two blocks were selected purposively, one Kharif and other Rabi pea dominant block. Then a sample of five villages in each block was selected. A sample of 60 farmers was selected by proportional allocation method in the selected villages. The sample pea growers were classified into two groups i.e. Group I (Rabi pea growers) and Group II (Kharif pea growers).Primary data were gathered by survey method for agricultural year 2017-18. Average area under pea cultivation was 0.40 ha on Group I and 0.53 ha on Group II farms. The average yield was observed to be 91.48q/ha on Group I farms which was higher than the Group II farms i.e.38.17 q/ha. The total variable cost of pea per hectare on Group I farms was Rs 85,393 and Rs 59,277 on Group II farms. The total value of output was found to be Rs 2,28,700 and Rs 1,71,765 per hectare on Group I and Group II farms, respectively. The net returns over variable cost were Rs 1,43,306 and Rs 1,12,487, respectively for Group I and Group II pea growers. The technological gaps were observed to be positive in all the inputs which indicated that there exists ample scope of enhancing the yield of the crop by increasing input-use levels. The gaps in yields of crops were contributed more by the faulty management practices in the pea cultivation. Non-availability of labour, high labour charges, non-availability of inputs, fluctuating prices and lack of extension services were some of the problems faced by the farmers. Efficient extension services imparting proper knowledge of improved pea cultivation technology, and availability of quality inputs to farmers on time should be ensured so that the production of pea, especially Kharif pea is enhanced to level the potential yield and the farmers can earn more income.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-07-15) Bharathi, Chinthaparthi Prathibha; Sharma, K.D.Agriculture is the core sector of economy in Himachal Pradesh for obvious reasons of livelihood dependence and its key role in overall socio-economic development. However, there is ample evidence to show that pattern of agricultural development has not been uniform across different districts of the state. The share of agriculture in GSDP continuously declined from 35 to 10 per cent over the period but the work force dependent on agriculture has not decreased to that extent as during 2010-11 about still 63 per cent of the total working population was engaged in this sector. Being a hilly state, arable land is the most limiting factor in Himachal Pradesh as most of the geographical area is under forests, pastures and barren lands and only 12 per cent of the reported geographical area is available for cultivation. Average size of holding in the state also decreased from 1.16 ha in 1995-96 to 0.99 ha in 2010-11.The cropping pattern in the state is dominated by cereal crops, however, the pace of diversification through vegetable crops has picked up momentum in the recent years. This was also revealed by the significant negative or slow growth of area under foodgrain crops and significant positive growth of area under vegetable crops in different districts. The increase in production of maize, paddy and pulses was mainly on account of the yield effect except in wheat where yield effect was found negative. In vegetable crops the increase in production was mainly on account of area (expansion) effect and partly due to yield effect though the interaction effect was negative for most of the vegetable crops. The instability in area under foodgrain, vegetable and fruit crops was found low, however, high instability was found in the production and yield in these crops in the state as well as across the districts. It has been found that major proportion of area under cereal and vegetable crops was retained while, the major proportion of area from pulses and other crops got shifted to cereals and vegetable crops. As a result of this dynamic shift in the crop area among different crops in 2020-21, the area share would be 80.00, 0.96, 11.52 and 7.52 per cent from the existing share (2010-11) of 81.23, 3.37, 8.56, and 6.84 per cent under cereals, pulses, vegetables and other crops, respectively. Livestock population in the state as well as in most of the districts was decreased but the proportion of cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep increased while, the proportion of other animals which mainly include mules, yak, ponies, etc., drastically decreased over the period. Production of milk, egg increased significantly while, the meat and wool production was having slow or negative growth in the state as well as in most of the districts. The structural growth during the two periods (1990-91 to 2000-01 and 2001-02 to 2016-17) revealed acceleration in the growth of cow milk production while there was deceleration in the buffalo milk production. Among technological components and growth drivers, irrigation has remained a major limitation as only 20 per cent of the total cultivated area was under irrigation in the state in 2010-11 and there has been slow pace of irrigation development. The area under HYV maize has increased, but surprisingly proportion of HYV area under wheat and paddy decreased in the state as well as in most of the districts. Per hectare consumption of fertilizers has continuously increased over the years in the state as well as in most of the districts. The extent of mechanization has also improved over the years and is expected to increase due to decrease in the draft animal population and incentives provided by the state government on purchase of small implements and machinery. There has been appreciable progress in the development of infrastructure and institutions but the density and distribution of various institutions were not uniform across different districts. Based on the study it is suggested that, there is a need to formulate district specific strategies, improve seed supply mechanism, development of supporting institutions and efficient markets to provide impetus to the growth of agricultural sector in the state.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRAS ON ADOPTION OF FARM TECHNOLOGIES AND INCOME OF FARMERS--A CASE STUDY OF KVK KANGRA(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-07-23) Bharti; Sharma, K.D.The growth of Indian economy depends upon performance of agriculture and allied sectors. With the use of technology based knowledge on farm, farmer is able to realize better production and income. To bridge the gap between potential yields and actual yields obtained by farmers in our country, extension agencies like KVK are working to serve the farmiing society. Keeping this background in view, the present study pertained to impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendras on adoption of farm technologies and income of farmers. The investigation was undertaken in Kangra block of Kangra district where KVK is located. The main aim was of the study to examine the extent of adoption of improved management practices by farmers and impact of KVK on adoption, farm productivity and income. Stratified twostage random sampliing design was employed to select 60 sample farmers (30 beneficiary farmers and 30 non-beneficiary farmers) from the study area. Data were collected by survey method from sample farmers and office of KVK Kangra. It has been found that KVK Kangra played a significant role in dissemination of technical know-how about farming. The achievement of planned target was found to be more than 100 per cent which was clearly indicated by FLDs, OFTs, trainings and the number of participants in extension activities executed by KVK. The findings of study revealed that paddy, wheat and vegetables were the main crops grown by beneficiary farmers. Paddy, maize and wheat were the major crops grown on non-beneficiary farms. Area under vegetable crops was higher and, thus, beneficiary farms were more diversified than non-beneficiary farms. This was also validated through Herfindahl, Simpson and Entropy indices. The beneficiary farmers used more critical inputs and better management practices. Therefore, the technological gap was lower on KVK adopted farms as compared to non-beneficiary farms. The composite management index based on adoption of improved practices indicated higher adoption on beneficiary as compared to non-beneficiary farms for cereals, vegetables as well as livestock production. It was found that on the whole, the extent of adoption of improved practices was 45-50 per cent higher on beneficiary farms as majority of the farmers were in the category of very high to high adopters. Regression analysis also revealed the significant impact of KVK Kangra on increasing the productivity of crops and milch animals. There was a significant difference in the gross and net returns particularly with respect to summer and winter vegetable crops. Similarly, the returns from milch animals were also higher on beneficiary farms. The composition of farm income showed significant difference in the income from vegetable crops. On overall basis, the farm income was Rs. 1,88,572/farm on beneficiary farms and Rs. 82,862/farm on non-beneficiary farms. The factor analysis revealed that irrigated area, area under vegetable crops and KVK significantly contributed in enhancing farm income. The beneficiary farmers obtained Rs. 66,254 higher income than the non-beneficiary farmers. It was found that there is a need to expand the outreach of KVK to those areas which have not been served so far. The emphasiis should be laid on resource poor farmers having less irrigated area and poor economic status. There is also need to include entrepreneurship and record keeping so that farmers can effectively adopt improved technology and prepare business plans to enhance their incomes.ThesisItem Open Access ROLE OF BACKYARD POULTRY IN HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY OF CHAMBA DISTRICT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Nitika, Kapoor; Thakur, Rajesh KumarBackyard poultry is one of the important activities being promoted in the state for the supplementation of household income by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV Palampur. The backyard poultry has a potential of improving the socio-economic status of marginal, small farms and even landless households through the generation of supplementary income along with other farm activities. The present study was conducted in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh to study socio- economic status of households and workout the economics of backyard poultry. Both primary data were collected from 60 backyard poultry owners of Chamba and Mehla block, selected by using two stage random sampling technique. Simple tabular method was used for the analysis of data and results have been presented by working averages, percentages, indices, etc. The average size of land holding was 0.22 ha in which 86 per cent area was under cultivation crops. The analysis of cropping pattern revealed that maize and wheat were the major crops grown by the respondents. The livestock inventory was about 5.79 animals which comprised cattle, bullocks, sheep and goat. Among the cereal crops, the productivity of maize was highest (about 23q/ha) followed by wheat. The total per farm value of farm inventories except land was worth Rs. 2,56,539 comprising buildings Rs. 1,91,916, livestock Rs. 57,548 and farm machinery and implements Rs. 7075. The size of backyard poultry unit was about 47 birds comprising 31 hens and 16 broilers. Under backyard poultry schemes, the respondents had purchased 76.67 chicks on subsidized rates while 3.52 waterers, 3.6 feeders and 60 kg of feed were supplied to the respondents free of cost. The average total initial investment on backyard poultry was around Rs. 23,898 out of which, investment on poultry shed was highest (89.62%) followed by cost of chicks (6.74%). The average annual use working capital in the backyard poultry was Rs. 41,048 in which poultry feed accounted for about 60 per cent followed by cost of family labour (31.27%). The total annual cost of managing the backyard poultry was estimated at Rs. 44,596/annum. The annual production of poultry unit comprised 4640 eggs, about 20 poultry birds sold for meat and 10.28q of poultry manure. The gross value of all these products was estimated at Rs. 59114 in which major share was from the sale of eggs (86%). Backyard poultry in the study area was found to be profitable activity as the net returns over total coat were to the tune of Rs. 14518/unit and 309/bird, respectively. Moreover, the Benefit cost ratio worked out 1:1.33, which indicated total investment of worth Rs.1 in backyard poultry will generate an income of Rs. 1.33. The major portion of total production of main products of poultry viz., eggs (86.26%) and bird meat (100%) was marketed. The share of income from backyard poultry was about 17 per cent of the total agricultural income. The major problems in backyard poultry were loss by predators, losses due to the insect pest and diseases, costly feed and damage to field crops by poultry birds.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS OF GARDEN PEA CULTIVATION IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Sharma, Damini; Bala, BrijPea is the major commercial vegetable crop of district Kullu. It occupies the maximum area under vegetable crops as it is cultivated not only in Rabi season but also cultivated during Kharif season in some parts of the district. Keeping in view the economic importance of the crop, the present study has been proposed to look into the costs and returns involved in its cultivation. Various technological gaps, problems and constraint in pea cultivation were also studied. The study was conducted in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Two blocks were selected purposively, one Kharif and other Rabi pea dominant block. Then a sample of five villages in each block was selected. A sample of 60 farmers was selected by proportional allocation method in the selected villages. The sample pea growers were classified into two groups i.e. Group I (Rabi pea growers) and Group II (Kharif pea growers).Primary data were gathered by survey method for agricultural year 2017-18. Average area under pea cultivation was 0.40 ha on Group I and 0.53 ha on Group II farms. The average yield was observed to be 91.48q/ha on Group I farms which was higher than the Group II farms i.e.38.17 q/ha. The total variable cost of pea per hectare on Group I farms was Rs 85,393 and Rs 59,277 on Group II farms. The total value of output was found to be Rs 2,28,700 and Rs 1,71,765 per hectare on Group I and Group II farms, respectively. The net returns over variable cost were Rs 1,43,306 and Rs 1,12,487, respectively for Group I and Group II pea growers. The technological gaps were observed to be positive in all the inputs which indicated that there exists ample scope of enhancing the yield of the crop by increasing input-use levels. The gaps in yields of crops were contributed more by the faulty management practices in the pea cultivation. Non-availability of labour, high labour charges, non-availability of inputs, fluctuating prices and lack of extension services were some of the problems faced by the farmers. Efficient extension services imparting proper knowledge of improved pea cultivation technology, and availability of quality inputs to farmers on time should be ensured so that the production of pea, especially Kharif pea is enhanced to level the potential yield and the farmers can earn more income.
