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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Drudgery Reducing Technologies and Changes in Life of Farm Women: A Sociological Analysis(CCSHAU, 2022-09) Meenu Singh; Vinod kumariThe present study entitled “Drudgery Reducing Technologies and Changes in Life of Farm Women: A Sociological Analysis.” was carried out with the objectives to identify the drudgery reducing technologies, their knowledge and adoption among farm women and as well as their impact on the life of farm women. The study was carried out Haryana state in two districts Hisar and Mahandragarh with a sample size of 320 respondents. A well framed questionnaire and interview scheduled was followed to conduct the study. The socio-economic profile of respondents indicated that an overwhelming majority was married, in age group of 31-40 years, having small landholdings (2.6-5.0 Acres) and medium level of socio-economic status. About half of the respondents in both the districts were having low level of mass media exposure. A total 10 drudgery reducing farm technologies and 10 drudgery reducing household technologies were identified for investigation. More number of respondents in Hisar district were having high overall knowledge (61.3%) about drudgery reducing farm technologies as compared to Mahendergarh (25.0%). Regarding household technology, more than half of the respondents (52.5%) were having moderate overall knowledge about household technology. Women farmers in Hisar district were having high level of extent of adoption (64.4%) of drudgery reducing farm technologies as compared to those in Mahendergarh (25.0%). Majority of respondents (91.2%) in both the districts revealed that the technologies helped them in reducing time and efforts. About two-third of the respondents from both districts also reported that the technologies reduced muscular fatigue and pain and provided comfortable working postures. Regarding overall impact of the drudgery reducing technologies, 37.8% women reported high impact level of farm technologies followed by moderate (34.7%) and low (27.5%) while in case household technologies, 37.5% women reported high impact followed by moderate (32.5%) and low (30.0%). It was found various socio-economic variables were having significant association with knowledge, adoption and impact of drudgery reducing technologies. Lack of freedom in decision making, technologies in purview of men and financial constraints were the factors that worked as a barrier in adoption of drudgery reducing technology. It was concluded that keeping in view the benefits of drudgery reducing technologies to farm women there is need to enhance their knowledge with training/intervention for more adoption of these technologies in future.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization for targeting foliar blast disease in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.](CCSHAU, 2023-04) Kamboj, Aarti; Yashveer, . ShikhaIn the present investigation, 60 pearl millet genotypes were evaluated at experimental field of Bajra Section, CCS HAU, Hisar during kharif season, 2021 for morpho-phenological traits & blast disease and the study of genetic relatedness among them using microsatellite markers. Highly significant mean sum of squares were obtained due to the genotypes for all the traits studied. The traits viz., plant height, ear length, ear diameter, leaf blade width, effective number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, dry fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant exhibited high heritability (>60%) and high genetic advance as percent of mean (GA%M) (>20%) whereas, the traits ear length, leaf blade width, effective number of tillers per plant, dry fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant exhibited high Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) (>20%) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) (>20%). Correlation coefficient analysis revealed high significant positive correlation coefficients of grain yield with traits viz., plant height, ear diameter and dry fodder yield per plant. As per blast screening, 43 genotypes were found resistant to the disease while 17 genotypes were found susceptible. In order to develop blast resistant hybrids, selected resistant lines were crossed with elite lines of pearl millet and out of the 34 hybrids developed, 32 were found resistant to blast. The increased activities of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (POX) and Lipoxygenase (LOX) in the resistant hybrids further confirmed the disease scoring resultsThesisItem Open Access Effect of mineral solubilizing bacteria and fly ash application on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop(2022-08) Savita RaniCoal is a predominant source of global energy and contributes about 38% of the total energy production worldwide. Fly ash is one of the by-products generated in thermal power plants. Fly ash has been shown to have the potential to improve soil as well as crop health. Efforts are being made to study its compatibility with soil microflora by incorporating in soil in certain fixed proportions. Fly ash application along with mineral solubilizing bacteria can be explored to cut down the use of chemical fertilizers for achieving high crop productivity. Fly ash used in present investigation had grey color, sandy texture, alkaline pH, with trace amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron. A total of 75 bacterial isolates were retrieved from fly ash contaminated soil by dilution and plating, out of which 21 bacterial isolates (MSB1-MSB21) exhibited zone of clearance on Pikovskaya’s, modified Aleksandrov and Zinc minimal medium. Maximum solubilization index for isolate MSB1 and MSB2 was 4.60 and 4.94 for phosphorous, 3.23 and 4.13 for potassium and 4.32 and 4.71 for zinc respectively. All twenty one MSB isolates were found to be IAA producers in the range of 0.12-9.82 μg/ml. Thirteen MSB isolates showed HCN production and five isolates were observed as siderophore producers. On the basis of biochemical characterization and partial 16S rDNA sequencing, the isolate MSB1 exhibited 98.28% similarity with Bacillus safensis strain FO-36b and isolate MSB2 was showing 99.68% similarity with Brevundimonas vesicularis strain Busing. The viable count of bacterial isolate MSB2 in nutrient broth amended with fly ash increased with increase in fly ash from 0.5 to 3.0% and decreased with further increase in fly ash concentration upto five percent. Maximum viable count of MSB2 was observed as 8.68 log cfu/ml at 3% fly ash concentration after 72h of incubation. Similarly, the bacterial isolate MSB2 survived in soil amended with 3% fly ash concentration with viable count 7.83 log cfu/g after 72h of incubation that decreased with increase in fly ash concentration and incubation time. Under pot house conditions, fly ash amendment in soil at 3% concentration and wheat seeds treated with culture of MSB2 resulted improved plant growth in terms of shoot weight, root weight and yield in terms of no. of seeds, no. of spikes, no. of tillers and seed weight in comparison with control. According to the findings of this study, fly ash (3%) combined with mineral solubilizing bacterium can be used to reduce the use of chemical fertilizer for achieving high crop yieldThesisItem Open Access Optimum utilization of Delonix regia leaf meal in the diet of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Lowanshi, Ashutosh; Gulati, RachnaDuring present investigation, groundnut oil cake and deoiled rice bran were replaced by Delonix regia leaf meal under varying proportions to evaluate their effect on survival, growth, hematological parameters and enzymatic activity of Labeo rohita. On dry matter basis, groundnut oil cake, deoiled rice bran and D. regia leaves contained 42, 13 and 22.12 percent crude protein, respectively. Inclusion of D. regia leaf meal at 60 percent as deoiled rice bran replacement significantly increased the average weight (3.42g), average daily weight gain (0.22g), total weight (123.28g), total weight gain (34.26g), biomass (123.29g), percent increase in length (12.56%) of L. rohita as compared to control (2.61g, 0.17g, 89.07g, 26.13g, 89.07g, 10.26%, respectively). Percent increase in weight, specific growth rate, length of L. rohita was significantly higher at (62.21%, 1.25%,7.11cm) at 100 percent replacement of deoiled rice bran with D. regia leaf meal than at 0 (50.91%,1.14%, 6.06cm) percent replacement diet. The mean values of the average weight, total weight, weight gain of L. rohita were significantly higher in treatment fed with 20 percent inclusion of D. regia as replacement of groundnut oil cake as compared to other treatments and control with 0 percent inclusion of D. regia, respectively. Biomass and average daily weight gain of L. rohita were recorded highest in treatment fed with 50 percent inclusion of D. regia (114.25g, 0.30g) and lowest in the control group (99.42g, 0.16g). D. regia leaf meal diets did not show any adverse effect as 100 percent survival of L. rohita was recorded in all the treatments. Minimum FCR (1.56) was observed in D. regia leaf meal (30%) as replacement of groundnut -oil cake diet and maximum (1.94) in control diet. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the diet fed to L. rohita was found to be statistically higher (0.64) in 30 and 20 percent (0.60) D. regia leaf meal as replacement of groundnut -oil cake diet. Replacement of deoiled rice bran with 60 percent D. regia leaf meal gave better results in terms of percent increase in length (12.56%) and specific growth rate (1.25%) as compared to 30 percent D. regia leaf meal replacement of groundnut oil cake (4.47%, 1.08%, respectively). Feed conversion ratio (1.47) and protein efficiency ratio (0.68) were also better in 30 percent D. regia leaf meal replacement of deoiled rice bran than at 30 percent D. regia leaf meal replacement of groundnut oil cake (1.56, 0.64, respectively). Apparent digestibility of D. regia leaf meal diets for 40 and 100 percent replacement of groundnut oil cake and deoiled rice bran was 77.5 and 77.97 percent, respectively. The pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature remained in the range of 7.03 to 7.40, 6.02 to 6.13 ppm, and 24.66 to 25.56oC during the course of study showing no effect of D. regia diets.Free ammonia in different treatments remained under permissible level (0.05 to 0.09 ppm). Significantly higher total dissolved solids (79.50 to 91.52 ppm) were recorded in D. regia inclusion diets as compared to control diet (75.07 ppm). Haemoglobin and Haematocrit value of L. rohita was lowest in control diet (8.28g/dl, 22.8%) which significantly increased to 9.24 g/dl and 27.8 percent in 50 percent D. regia inclusion as replacement of groundnut oil cake. No significant effect of treatment diets was recorded on red blood cells and white blood cells. Red blood cell and white blood cell counts remained within the range of 2.39 to 3.20 × 106 μl and 17.49 to 17.52×103/μl, respectively. Effect of D. regia leaf meal on enzyme activity of L. rohita showed significantly lower Lipase activity (1.41 μM/mg protein/min) at 50 percent D. regia inclusion. D. regia leaf meal treatment diets did not influence the amylase and protease activity significantly. Amylase activity ranged between 18 to 25.50 μM/mg protein/min whereas, protease activity ranged from 24.21 to 28.59 Fluorescence change/unit. The anti-nutritional factors viz., total phenolic content, total oxalate content, tannin content, phytic acid and total alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of Delonix regia leaf were 31.24 mg gallic equivalents (GAE)/g sample in dry weight, 1.28mg/l, 17.80mg/l, 2.43mg/100g and 26.97 mg/100g, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) on brinjal(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Soniya; AnilStudies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Gueene) were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinosad 45% SC, thiacloprid 20.70% SC, cypermethrin 3% + quinalphos 20% EC, pyriproxyfen 5% + fenpropathrin 15% EC and betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8 % OD were applied at recommended dose of 200, 200, 187, 750, 400, 750 and 200 g or ml ha-1. Results revealed that spinosad and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin were most effective against L. orbonalis reducing 70.48 and 69.82 per cent shoot infestation; 74.39 and 70.18 per cent fruit infestation (number basis); 76.53 and 73.21 per cent fruit infestation (weight basis) over control with increase in yield of 109.74 and 97.23 per cent over control, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were found next in order of effectiveness. On the other hand, treatments with thiacloprid, cypermethrin + quinalphos and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid were comparatively less effective. Applications of betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin caused maximum reduction of whitefly (57.79 and 56.38%) and leafhopper (63.76 and 61.32%) while lowest reduction was recorded in case of emamectin benzoate (30.23, 24.46%) and spinosad (29.40 and 25.70%). Chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and pyriproxyfen + fenpropathrin were found to be relatively safer for natural enemies (coccinellids and spiders) whereas treatments with thiacloprid, betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and cypermethrin + quinalphos caused more than 50 per cent reduction over control in the population. Emamectin benzoate with LC50 of 0.32 ppm was 4.84 times toxic than chlorantraniliprole with LC50 of 1.55 ppm against first instar larvae of L. orbonalis. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in brinjal fruits followed first-order kinetics and residue reached below limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th days of application with half-life and waiting period of 1.47 to 1.65 days and 6.48 to 6.76 days at recommended dose while 2.04 to 2.57 days and 10.75 to 12.67 days at double of recommended dose, respectively during kharif 2020 and 2021. In case of combination insecticide (pyriproxyfen 37.5 + fenpropathrin 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) residue level reached below detectable level after 7 (single dose) and 10 days of spray (double dose) for pyriproxyfen and 10 (single dose) and 15 days of spray (double dose) in case of fenpropathrin. Half-life for pyriproxyfen was calculated to be 1.92 and 2.19 days while in case of fenpropathrin, it was 3.13 and 3.62 days at single and double doses, respectively during kharif 2020 whereas half-life of 1.82 and 1.57 days (pyriproxyfen) and 3.07 and 3.62 days (fenpropathrin) were calculated during kharif 2021 at corresponding doses. Harvest time residues in soil were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Waiting periods of 8.46 and 12.35 days (kharif 2020); 8.70 and 12.96 days (kharif 2021) were suggested in case of pyriproxyfen at single and double doses, respectively while 3.32 and 6.92 days (kharif 2020); 3.00 and 7.13 days (kharif 2021) were suggested at single and double doses of fenpropathrin, respectively. Dipping of brinjal fruits in baking soda solution (2%) resulted in maximum removal (63-71%) of chlorantraniliprole residues while dipping in lemon water resulted in maximum reduction of 52-66 and 60-47 per cent residues of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access A comparative study of forecast models for sugarcane yield prediction of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-11) Sanjeev; Bhardwaj, NitinCrop yield prediction is one of the most difficult issues in precision agriculture, and numerous models have been proposed. Because agricultural production is affected by a variety of factors such as climate, weather, soil, fertilizer, and seed variety. The most commonly used features in these models are temperature, rainfall, and soil type. Crop yield forecasting plays an important role for decision-makers at the national and regional levels. An accurate crop yield forecast model can help farmers decide what to plant and when to plant. Furthermore, as agricultural trade expanded and transportation infrastructure improved, farmers adopted a more business-like mindset and stopped viewing themselves as subsistence units. The study developed and compared the accuracy of sugarcane yield prediction models such as ARIMA, ARIMAX, ANN, NARX and Hybrid (ARIMA-ANN, ARIMAX-ANN) for the Karnal, Ambala, Kurukshetra, Yamunanagar, Panipat districts and Haryana as whole. The development of various models made use of time series data on sugarcane yields as well as fortnightly weather data on average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature, and accumulated rainfall over the crop period for Karnal, Ambala and Haryana from 1966–1967 to 2014–15, Kurukshetra, Yamunanagar, and Panipat from 1972–1973 to 2014–15. The yield data period from2015-16 to 2019-20 has been used to check the validity of the fitted models for sugarcane yield. The statistical modeling approaches viz., stepwise multiple linear regression, ARIMA, ARIMAX, ANN, NARX and Hybrid (ARIMA-ANN, ARIMAX-ANN) were applied for the study. ARIMAX and NARX models were developed to predict sugarcane yield for selected districts and Haryana using weather variable selected from stepwise multiple linear regression. Finally, forecast performance(s) of the fitted models were observed in terms of percent relative deviation, root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error of sugarcane yield forecasts from observed yield(s). Hybrid (ARIMA-ANN, ARIMAX-ANN) models performed well with lower error metrics as compared to the other fitted models. Five-steps ahead forecast figures i.e. 2015-16 to 2019-20 favored the use of Hybrid models to obtain sugarcane yield forecasts in all selected districts and Haryana under study. Empirical evidence from this study confirms that the Hybrid models can produce reliable forecasts. Therefore, developed forecast models are capable of providing reliable estimates of sugarcane yield well in advance while yield estimates given by state department were obtained quite later.ThesisItem Open Access A study on processing, nutritional evaluation and product development of Sesbania bispinosa (Dhaincha)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Seema; Kawatra, AshaThe present study was carried to evaluate the physicochemical properties & nutritional composition of Sesbania bispinosa grains and to analyse effect of different processing technique (soaking, roasting, boiling, sprouting and fermentation) on its nutritional composition and utilization of grains for product development Seed density, Hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index of sesbania grains was recorded to be 1.06 g/ml, 0.01 g/seed, 0.68, 0.10 ml/seed and 0.02, respectively Cooking time of sesbania grain was as 46 minutes. Crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and total carbohydrates in sesbania grains was observed to be 30.97, 5.69, 6.72, 3.18 and 53.44 g/100g, respectively on dry matter basis. Crude protein content increased by 5.13 percent and 3.45 per cent on sprouting and germination, respectively whereas, it decreased (P≤0.05) after roasting, soaking and boiling process. Crude fat decreased significantly (P≤0.05) after all processing treatments except roasting. Crude fibre conent reduced significantly during all processing treatments except sprouting and fermentation. Total sugar content improved significantly (P≤0.05) while, starch content reduced with all processing treatments. Total dietary fibre content and dietary fibre constituents (NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) altered with all thermal and non-thermal processing methods. Polyphenol content decreased after roasting, soaking and boiling whereas, increased significantly (P≤0.05) after sprouting and fermentation. Total antioxidant activity in sesbania grains improved significantly (P≤0.05) after each processing treatments being highest after sprouting. All the processings i.e. roasting, soaking, sprouting, boiling and fermentation resulted in improved in vitro protein digestibility in sesbania. Different processing treatment had significantly (P≤0.05) lowering effect upon antinutrients content including phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity and saponin content. Highest lowering effect exhibited by boiling and lowest was showed by soaking process. Physico-chemical properties improved significantly (P≤0.05) in flour obtained by all the processing treatments of sesbania grain. Different value added products (bakery, extruded, traditional, sprouted, fermented) were formulated using processed as well as unprocessed sesbania flour in different (10-50 %) proportions. Most of the developed food products were acceptable up to 10-30 per cent level of incorporation of processod and unprocessed samples. Sesbania grain can be used to contribute good amount of protein and other nutrients at low cost sparing other conventional legumes. This underutilized legumes (Sesbania bispinosa) should be further explored in respect of safe level of consumption, frequency of consumption, serving size to improve health status of human beings.ThesisItem Open Access Development of cold plasma system for shelf life enhancement of strawberry (Fragaria× anannasa)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Sapna; Attkan, Arun KumarThe study was conducted to develop lab scale cold plasma system for the surface treatment of strawberries. To evaluate the developed cold plasma system, experiments were conducted on strawberries by varying applied voltage (10, 20, and 30kV), electrode gap (60, 65, and 70mm), and exposure time (60, 90, and 120 s). The strawberry was exposed to the cold plasma in-package as well as without the package. The effects of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties of the treated strawberry were analyzed using the response surface method (RSM). The treated as well as untreated control samples were stored at 4⁰C and the effect of the storage period on the different microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties was examined. There was a significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial count of the strawberry. Total bacterial count and mold and yeast count, for treated strawberries, had decreased with an increase in applied voltage from 10 to 30 kV. The total bacterial count and mold and yeast count decreased with the decrease in electrode gap and increase in exposure time. There was no significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the color change values (ΔE), firmness, TPC, and TFC of the strawberries. There was a significant effect of storage time on all the parameters of the strawberry. The cost economics of the developed lab scale cold plasma system was evaluated based on economic indicators viz. breakeven point (92.33kg), payback period (0.68yr/ 8months), and benefit-cost ratio (1.48) of treated strawberry at selling price of Rs.250/kg. Overall, the developed lab-scale cold plasma system was found quite efficient for surface treatment and shelf life enhancement of strawberries.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Deepak Kumar; Sangwan, OmenderThe present investigation “Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)” was carried out at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in kharif 2019-2020 and 2020-21 with the objective of estimating diversity of 150 genotypes of desi cotton. Variation among genotypes was present for hypocotyl pigmentation, leaf colour, leaf shape, leaf hairiness, flower stigma, leaf nectaries, stem hairiness, boll weight, petiole pigmentation, flower petal colour, boll shape, prominence of tip, plant height, boll opening, seed index, ginning percentage, fibre length, fibre strength and fibre fineness. Analysis of variance revealed presence of variability for all the quantitative traits among the genotypes other than number of locules per boll and seed index. GCV and PCV were high for number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield, medium for plant height, number of monopods, single boll weight, gossypol content and these parameters were found low in days to first flower, seed index, GOT (%), oil content, fibre length, fibre strength), fibre uniformity, fibre maturity and fibre fineness. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for most of the traits viz. boll weight, plant height, number of monopods per plant, seed index, oil content, number of bolls per plant, fibre fineness, fibre strength and seed cotton yield per plant. This shows the dominance of additive gene action behind the traits hence direct selection will be effective for these traits. Correlation studies showed that seed cotton yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with all the traits except days to first flower, plant height and negatively correlated with biochemical and fibre quality traits. Thus, improving other traits, seed cotton yield per plant will also increase. Fibre quality traits like fibre length is significantly positive correlated with fibre strength but negative correlated with seed cotton yield thus suggests that quality and quantity cannot be improved simultaneously one has to be compromised. Whereas, improving fibre length and fibre strength at a time is possible as they are in positive relationship. Genetic diversity analysis was done using 100 SSR markers out of which 66 were found polymorphic with average number of alleles as 2.73 per locus. FFS15 and HD 328 or HD 551 and HD 544 showed 98% similarity index, which means they are the most similar genotypes and have similar genetic background whereas genotypes namely Vira 6 and BHO 5 VIII were the most dissimilar genotypes.
