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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the genetics of white rust and its association with DNA markers in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Aggarwal, Madhu; Punia, M.S.The present investigation comprised of two experiments. The first experimental material consisted of six generations i.e. parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and back crosses (BC1 and BC2) of six crosses namely, Varuna x Bio-YSR; Rohini x Bio-YSR; RH-8812 x Bio-YSR; Varuna x JMMWR-9348; Rohini x JMMWR-9348 and RH-8812 x JMMWR-9348 to study the inheritance of white rust resistance and genetics of quantitative traits including seed yield and its component characters as well as to investigate the association of white rust resistance with molecular markers. The second experiment was carried out in Line x Tester mating design conducted to study the GCA and SCA effects of parents and crosses, respectively along with heterosis of the resulted hybrids. Both the experiments were conducted in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar, India during two successive years of Rabi seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14. The results have shown that inheritance of white rust resistance was governed by a single dominant gene which was also confirmed by SSR marker analysis. It has been observed that there was a strong association between field results for inheritance of white rust and SSR marker studied. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for all traits studied. The A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for most of the characters indicating thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. Additive component was significant for most of the characters and even as preponderant in magnitude over the dominance component. Either all or any of the three types of epistatic interactions (i, j and l) were significant for most of the cases and generally it was the “i" type of interaction which is more frequently prevailing for most of the traits studied over the crosses. However, the magnitude and direction of estimates changed from cross to cross. Additive x additive (i) type of interaction was reported for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, siliqua length (cm), number of seeds per siliqua and oil content (%). Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, siliqua length (cm), number of seeds per siliqua and oil content (%). Complementary type of interaction was also recorded for 1000 seed weight. The GCA effects indicated that among females, RH-1120 was a good general combiner for number of primary branches per plant, seed yield per plant (g) and 1000 seed weight (g); RH-1155 for number of primary branches per plant, main shoot length (cm) and siliqua length (cm). Among the males, Bio-YSR was found to be a good general combiner for plant height, number of secondary branches per plant and 1000 seed weight (g); JM-1 for days to flowering , seeds per siliqua and seed yield per plant (g). On the basis of SCA effects, 5 crosses namely, RH-0845 x Bio-YSR; RH-1155 x JM-1; RH-1139 x JMMWR-9348; RH-1152 x JM-1 and Kranti x JMMWR-9348 were found to be good for seed yield per plant (g). Significant heterosis was observed for plant height (cm), main shoot length (cm), number of siliquae on main shoot, siliqua length (cm), days to flowering, days to maturity and seed yield per plant (g). The contribution of lines was in general more than testers toward total variance for every character except for days to maturity and number of secondary branches per plant. SCA variances were higher than GCA variances which indicated that one can go for hybrid breeding programmeThesisItem Open Access Biodiesel production from lipid generating microalgae(CCSHAU, 2014) Narula, Amrita; Anand, R.C.In the present scenario, the future of crude oil looks quite bleak as it may lead to all oil resources coming close to a moribund one day. Moreover, consumption of present petroleum sourced fuels at the rocket speed rate has also led to various environmental problems. One of the major concern is global warming. To make a dent in global warming, bioenergy must be generated at a very high speed. Microalgae may be the best option to produce bio-energy at rates high enough to replace a substantial fraction of fossil fuel used by our society. The primary objective of this study was to isolate lipid generating microalgal isolates for biodiesel production. The microalgal water samples were collected from ponds of different locations of eight districts of Haryana including Hisar, Rohtak, Fatehabad, Sirsa, Panipat, Karnal, Ambala and Kurukshetra. The samples were analysed for pH, EC, salinity, turbidity, total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The microalgal samples were enriched in the Bold’s Basal medium and incubated at 23 ±10C, 50-55% humidity with 16:8 hours light: dark photoperiod for 21 days. A total of twenty four microalgal isolates were obtained after purification. Using Nile red staining technique microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 were selected for further study and grown in four media of different chemical composition viz., Soil extract, Chu-13, Kuhl and Bold’s Basal medium. The microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 produced maximum biomass (0.21 and 0.29g/l ) in Bold’s Basal medium whereas lipid content (29.6 and 25.2%) was maximum in Kuhl medium when grown at 23 ±10C, 50-55% humidity with 16:8 hours light: dark photoperiod for 21 days. Among the inorganic nitrogen sources tested potassium nitrate (original source) resulted in biomass accumulation of 0.12 and 0.19 g/l with 29.4 and 25.2% lipid content in the microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 respectively while among organic nitrogen sources, peptone supplementation showed maximum lipid content of 38.2 and 22.1% from 0.04 g/l and 0.10 g/l biomass respectively. Similarly, among the carbon sources, glucose had been found to be a better supplement as it produced biomass of 1.59 and 1.21 g/l with 57.6 and 50.2% lipid content in microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 respectively. Lipid and biomass production studies at different pH, temperature and salinity indicated biomass production of 0.14 g/l having 32.6% lipid at pH 8, 0.23g/l biomass having 42.4% lipid at 250C and 0.07g/l biomass containing 61.4% lipid on 20 g/l sodium chloride supplementation in microalgal isolate HMA-2 whereas in isolate FMA-2, 0.13, 0.21 and 0.11g/l biomass containing 26.1, 40.2 and 36.2% lipid was obtained under similar conditions respectively. Transesterification of algal oil of microalgal isolate HMA-2 using NaOH as catalyst and methanol resulted in biodiesel production to the tune of 9%.ThesisItem Open Access Technological gap and training needs of Bt-cotton growers in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Davender Kumar; Hudda, R.S.The present study was conducted in the native state Haryana. Out of 21 disticts, in the state, two districts namely Sirsa and Hisar has largest area and production under Bt-cotton among all the district of Haryana state and contributes about 50 per cent of Bt cotton production in the state. Cotton is soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plants (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the America, India and Africa. All the commercial cotton is Native American species (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense). The overall technology gap was found to be about 47.50 per cent. Aspect wise of the respondents fall in high level of technology gap. It was high in case of varieties and agronomic practices (52.08 per cent and 45.42 per cent respectively). It was observed from the data that 49.17 high level of sowing methods of the respondents were found to be having high level of manures and fertilizer application 50.83 per cent. It was very much clear from the table that 54.58 per cent of the respondents had high level of technology gap in pest and disease management.as for as picking of cotton was concerned, the most of the respondents 41.25 farmers belong to high technology gap When asked about their interest and needs for various training programme, almost all the farmers showed their interest in obtaining the training for the Bt-cotton growers farmers in different subject matter areas Insects scoutin, (88.75%) Application and use of chemicals (86.66%) Features of Bt-cotton technology (83.75%), Bt-cotton varieties/hybrid (82.50%).ThesisItem Open Access Pollination studies in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Jat, Manoj Kumar; Chaudhary, O.P.Field experiment entitled “Pollination studies in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)” as conducted at Forage Section, Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2012 and 2013. The flower of T. Alexandrinum completed their life cycle on an average 173.3±13.3 hours during 2012 and 200.4±2.4 hours during 2013. A total of forty five insect species belonging to 25 families of 6 orders were recorded on the T. alexandrinum flowers. Apis dorsata F. was most abundant floral visitor (4.90/m2/5 min.) followed by A. mellifera (2.69/m2/5 min.) and A. florea 0.30/m2/5 min. during 2012. A. dorsata (3.08/m2/5 min.) was the most abundant species followed by A. mellifera (2.61/m2/5 min.) and Eristalinus spp. During 2013. The maximum amount of dry nectar sugars was produced by fully opened flower at 10.00 h (2.468 mg/flower), 13.00 (2.446) and 16.00 (2.444). The fully opened flowers produced maximum amount of energy 41.05 joules/flower followed by half open flowers (31.80 joules). The overall mean foraging rate was maximum in A. florea and A. mellifera (7.2 and 7.1 flowers/min., respectively) and minimum (5.1) in nectar forager A. dorsata. A. dorsata visited maximum number of flowers/minute while collecting N+P (7.2) followed by P (6.3) and least for nectar (5.1). The mean foraging speed of A. dorsata was maximum (17.9 seconds/flower) followed by A. florea (16.1) and A. mellifera (5.6).The A. mellifera foragers spent least time on T. alexandrinum flowers while foraging for N+P (4.6 second) followed by P (4.9) and N (7.4). Highest number of loose pollen grains were carried on the body of A. dorsata foragers (79,625) followed by A. mellifera (73,250) and A. florea (36,375). The overall mean relative pollination efficiency (RPE) ranking for the forager groups of three honey bee species in descending order were: (N+P) A. dorsata > (P) A. dorsata > (P) A. mellifera > (N+P) A. mellifera > (N) A. dorsata > (N) A. mellifera > (P) A. florea > (N+P) A. florea = (N) A. florea. It was concluded that N+P foragers (16.4 RPE) of A. dorsata were the most efficient pollinators of T. alexandrinum flowers followed closely by pollen forager (13.3 RPE). The seeds setting (%), seed yield, 1000 grains seed weight and per cent germination of T. alexandrinum significantly increased under bee pollination treatments than compared to other treatments. Saturated bee pollination by employing an 8- frame A. mellifera colony resulted in significantly higher yield over lower intensity bee pollination (4 and 2 frame colonies) and open pollination. The utility of T. alexandrinum crop as highly valuable nectar and pollen sources was confirmed for A. mellifera colony development.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different manures on the hydro-biological parameters, bacterial population and growth performance of Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita; Gupta, R.K.In the present investigations, the experiment was carried out in 18ft×20 ft sized ponds from Sept., 2011 to Aug., 2012 at the Fish Farm Hatchary of CCSHAU, Hisar. Different organic fertilizers i.e Vermicompost @ 15,000, Vermicompost @ 10,000, cow dung @ 10,000, poultry manure @ 6,000, pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr and control were used to monitored their effect on water quality parameters, bacterial population and growth performance of Catla catla (as surface feeder), Labeo rohita (as column feedrer) and Cirrhinus mrigala (as bottom feeder). One forth dose of fertilizers were applied 15 days prior to fish stocking and remaining doses given at fortnightly interval. The fry/fingerlings were stocked @ 30 fish per pond in the ratios of 3:4:3 and fed upon supplemented feed given at 2% of their body weight. The water parameters like DO, pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, turbidity, free CO2, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and planktons were found in optimum range in all treated ponds. The maximum values of dissolved oxygen (5.81 to 8.65 mg/l), turbidity (35.96 to 16.30 cm), phytoplanktons (99 to 5,786 no/l) and zooplanktons (186 to 2,046 no/l) were observed in pond waters treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr. While that of pH (5.63 to 5.80), alkalinity (200.00 to 360.62 mg/l), hardness (173.06 to 292.02 mg/l) were found to be maximum in vermicompost @15,000 kg/ha/yr. Free CO2 (1.40 to 3.40 mg/l) and nitrogen (0.990 to 0.170 mg/l) were found to be maximum in the pond waters treated with cowdung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr. Temperature (26.53 to 34 oC), potassium (3.24 to 23.94 mg/l) and phosphorous (0.72 to 0.199 mg/l) were found to be maximumin in the pond waters treated with poultry manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr. The range of water parameters increased significantly (P<0.05) in the pond waters treated with different manures. The bacterial strains isolated in pond waters treated with different manures were 7 gram negative (A. hydrophilla, E. coli, E. aerogens, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens) and 3 gram positive (M. luteus, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp.). The average counts of pathogenic heterotrophic bacteria in poultry manure @ 6,000 kg/ha/yr was found to be maximum in decreasing order followed by pig manure @ 4,000kg/ha/yr, cow dung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr and control, respectively. However, bacteria, E. aerogens, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca and Streptococcus sp. were absent in vermicompost @ 10,000 and vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr treatments. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost @ 10,000, followed by vermicompost @ 15,000, cow dung @ 10.000, poultry manure @ 6,000 and pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr, respectively. Among the 3 species L. rohita showed maximum growth followed by C. catla and C. mrigala. There was two times more growth of Indian major carps in pond treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr as compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular breeding for developing grain protein and micronutrient (Iron and Zinc) dense Indian bread wheat genotypes(CCSHAU, 2014) Tomar, Luxmi; Yadav, Neelam R.Marker assisted selection strategy was used to introgress the functional Gpc-B1 allele in Indian wheat varieties (WH711 and PBW343) from Lassik, a hard red spring wheat. Fifty two of the most widely accepted Indian varieties were screened for their GPC and micronutrient (Zinc and Iron) content. A narrow range of variability was observed in GPC (9.3-13.7%), zinc (25.8-54.1mg/kg) and iron (37.5-57.9mg/kg) content. H711 and PBW343 were selected and crossed with Lassik. F2 plants were screened for presence/ absence of functional Gpc-B1 and rust resistance genes Lr37/Yr17/Sr38 and Lr34/Yr18 using allele specific amplification (ASA) markers. Plants from F2 observed, on an average 26.4% increase in GPC, 37.5% in zinc and 64.8 % in iron content. The plants did not show any rust susceptibility under field conditions. F2 plants with minimum reduction in yield were chosen for back-crossing with their respective Indian parent. Plants obtained from subsequent back crosses i.e . BC1F1 and BC1F2, also had better quality attributes than the parents. The GPC increased on an average by 30.2% and twice zinc (90.2%) and iron (52.5%) as compared to the recurrent parent. Hybrid plants also had better agronomical properties and showed resistance to stripe rust under field conditions whereas parental genotypes faced significant yield loses. These plants showed complete rust resistance due to presence of Gpc-B1/Yr36 with the Lr37/Yr17/Sr38 and Lr34/Yr18 loci. This population has all the combined benefits of better nutritional quality, yield and disease resistance and could be used both in MAS as well as for transferring the Gpc-B1in other Indian varieties to minimize the linkage drag. Though introgression of Gpc-B1 was linked with a net reduction in yield, interestingly, some of these plants with functional Gpc-B1 allele had higher TKW than either of the parents emphasizing the extent of influence of GxE interaction could have on Gpc-B1 allele. A consensus between quality and quantity has to be reached while breeding for improving GPC in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Risk Perception and Capacity Building of Women in Diversified Agriculture for Entrepreneurship(CCSHAU, 2014) Ritu; Yadav, LaliThe study on, “Risk perception and capacity building of women in diversified agriculture for entrepreneurship” was conducted covering 200 randomly drawn respondents from four villages of purposively selected Hisar district of Haryana. Most respondents played active participation, showed information seeking behavior and consulting role in decision making for diversified agricultural activities. Most respondents perceived training needs for dairy at commercial level, taking measures for clean milk production, vermicomposting, food processing and purchase and sale of milch animals. Majority respondents perceived risk in terms of uncertain whether condition, inadequate knowledge and skill of innovative appropriate irrigation technology, rising price of agricultural inputs, problem of middleman and high and varying interest rate. Most respondents were willingly to undertake diversified entrepreneurial agricultural activities, were highly willing to change the existing pattern of farming diversification. Huge majority respondents were willing to pay to undertake specified training with rider to undertake diversified agricultural activities as an entrepreneurial. The perceived entrepreneurial attributes to undertake diversified agricultural activities were creativity, innovativeness, achievement motivation and rationality for dairy, ability to motivate others, self-confidence, skill competence and foresightedness for floriculture, creativity, environmental scanning, change proneness and goal setting skills for vermicomposting, communicability, environmental scanning, skill competence and goal setting skill for food processing, creativity, self-confidence, change proneness and rationality in thinking for medicinal and aromatic plants. Majority scored high on perceived attributes for all the technologies (serrated sickle, coat bag and capron) except sag cutter. Significant knowledge gain on all activities was observed. Significant association was observed for independent and dependent variables.ThesisItem Open Access Media Development and Its Impact on Production and Processing of Button Mushroom in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Akanksha; Batra, AshaThe present study was conducted in Haryana state. One eighty male and sixty female comprising of total sample of 240 respondents from Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Jhajjar districts were selected randomly for assessing impact of mushroom growers and female respondents regarding mushroom production and processing. The results shows that growers have sufficient gain in knowledge and had most favourable attitude towards mushroom production whereas in case of mushroom processing female respondents have gain in knowledge but they had favourable attitude regarding processing. Constraints were measured in terms of personal, technical, financial, infrastructural, marketing and health. Weighted mean scores were calculated and ranks were given on the basis of WMS and result shows that both mushroom growers and female respondents assigned 1th and 6th rank to financial and infrastructural constraints. All the production messages and on the basis of weighted mean scores and ranks messages for processing were finally selected for media preparation. Standard procedures for development of media were followed. The effectiveness of printed manual was assessed through several parameters that accuracy, coverage, objectivity, writing style, content presentation, illustration and compatibility. Overall weighted mean scores were perceived to be high for all the messages. Effectiveness of Compact Disc (CD) was assessed through of audio quality, video quality, presentation of message, content importance, suitability and text was rated as high. The content validity ratio for all the attributes of CD and printed manual was found to be significant. Inter consistency reliability for CD and printed manual was found to be statistically significant at 5 per cent level of significance. Field applicability was also found to be high for all the messages. The impact of CD was found to be significant for gain in knowledge and change in attitude. The impact of CD on growers and on female respondents was of moderate level.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and Mass Multiplication of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species indigenous to Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) K.V.V.S., K. Kranti; Walia, K.K.Identification and mass multiplication of indigenous isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes was attempted. Of the fifteen populations studied- fourteen belonged to genus Steinernema and one to genus Heterorhabditis. Six new species S. numeropapillatum n. sp., S. oryzae n. sp., S. sirsaense n. sp., S. indicum n. sp., S. gangulyi and S. hisarense n. sp. were identified. First four species were with horn like structures in cephalic region of IJs which was absent in last two species. Other species identified were H. indica Poinar et al. 1992, S. pakistanense Shahina et al. 2001 (three populations), S. bicornutum Tallosi et al. 1995, S. ceratophorum Jian et al. 1997, S. siamkayai Stock et al. 1998. SEM studies of S. oryzae n. sp. and S. sirsaense n. sp. revealed the lateral field pattern as 2,4,6,8,6,4,2 and 2,4,6,4,2, respectively and also the number of genital papillae as 25. Of the eight media tested, S. abbasi ans H. indica both multiplied maximum on modified dog biscuit medium. Wout‟s medium was second best in IJs yield. Yield was maximum at 30 days and reduced drastically at 60 days. S. abbasi yielded maximum at 25 ºC whereas H. indica multiplied maximum at 30 ºC. None of the species multiplied at 15 ºC.