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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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End date: 2014 × Start date: 2014 × Thesis Type: M.Tech ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of saline water on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) production under drip irrigation system
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Sushant Kumar; Sanjay Kumar
    Drip irrigation, with its characteristic of low rate and high frequent irrigation applications over a long period of time, can maintain high soil matric potential in the root zone.Thus, a field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the salt and water movement in soil under drip irrigation system on okra crop and to investigate the effect of frequency and salinity levels of irrigation water on okra. The residual moisture content in the root zone after 60 days of sowing showed increasing trend with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water beyond ECiw 2.5 dS/m. In daily irrigation under saline water of ECiw 7.5 dS/m (F1S4), the ECe values after 60 days of sowing, at 10 cm radial distance, increased by 151.81, 203.21, 268.31 and 307.41% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively and at 20 cm radial distance, increased by 310.84, 357.05, 435.92 and 497.04% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In alternate day irrigation under saline water of 7.5 dS/m (F2S4), the ECe values after 60 days of sowing, at 10 cm radial distance, increased by 177.71, 219.87, 278.87 and 310.37% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively and at 20 cm radial distance, increased by 323.49, 385.90, 464.79 and 514.81% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. Delay in of fruiting was observed with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water suggesting that use of good quality and saline water in different parts of the fields may be effectively used to prolong the productive season of okra. Decreasing irrigation frequency with saline water further delay the fruiting suggested the role of irrigation frequency to manipulate the time of maximum fruits for okra. In daily irrigation, the relative yields obtained were 102.32, 89.22, and 79.80% in F1S2, F1S3 and F1S4 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F1S1). In alternate day irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 104.66, 83.14 and 70.81% in F2S2, F2S3 and F2S4 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F2S1). On comparing drip irrigation frequency treatment 7.22, 5.09, 13.54 and 17.67% higher yield was obtained in daily irrigation as compared to alternate day irrigation of respective treatment (canal water, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 dS/m).Thus, decrease in okra yield was observed with decrease in irrigation frequency as well as increase in salinity of irrigation water. Upto ECiw 2.5 dS/m salinity of irrigation water, there was an increase in crop yield under both the frequencies but it is non-significant. But with further increase in ECiw, a significant decrease in yield was observed. The water productivity increased up to ECiw 2.5 dS/m after that its value decreased with further increase in the salinity of irrigation water.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of weeders in cotton
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Mor, Aman; Bansal, N.K.
    The performance of different types of weeder was evaluated so that the farmers can make a decision while purchasing the weeder of good quality. The present study was carried out to predict the performance of tractor operated and engine operated inter row rotary weeder and it was compared with traditionally used tractor drawn high clearance cultivator and manual hand hoe (Kasola). The crop and machine performance parameter were recorded at three stages of cotton crop i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. The soil resistance was recorded before, just after weeding (3rd stage) and at the time of harvest. The plant height, canopy of plant & weeding efficiency were recorded at three stages i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. Yield data (g/plant) was recorded under all the treatments taken in both varieties. The weeding efficiency with the use of tractor operated weeders was obtained up to the level of 74 to 76 per cent whereas it was 85.5 to 89.59 per cent with manual hand hoe. There was a significant difference in plant height at square and flowering stage whereas the canopy of plant was significant only at flowering stage. There was no significant effect on bolls per plant and lint yield per plant with the use of mechanical weeder. The field capacity of tractor operated inter row rotary weeder was in the range of 0.54 to 0.59 ha/h whereas it was 0.8 ha/h in tractor operated high clearance cultivator, 0.16 ha/h with engine operated power weeder and 0.05 ha/h with manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in cost of operation with mechanical weeder over manual hand hoe was in the range of 80 to 93. The B:C ratio of mechanical weeder selected for study was in the range of 1.57 to 4.4 and payback period was in the range of 0.44 to 1.7 years. Time saving over manual hand hoe in weeding operation with the use of tractor operated weeder was 90 to 93 per cent whereas in engine operated weeder it was 68.7 per cent over manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in labour requirement with the use of mechanical weeder was in the range of 96 to 99 per cent over manual hand hoe. The pulse rate after weeding operation in all the treatment were in the range of 104 to122 beats/min whereas the blood pressure was slightly higher with the use of engine operated power weeder (142/90) and manual hand hoe (135/88). Based on study the tractor operated inter row rotary weeder (Make, M2) is recommended.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Irrigation strategies using saline water for cotton crop
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Ravi; Jhorar, R.K.
    The use of saline water for agriculture crop production is of paramount importance for the regions where groundwater is saline, water table is rising and the availability of good quality water is scarce. Three types of experiments i.e. micro plot study; field plot study and field column study were conducted. The experiment in the micro plots was conducted to study the varietal different in the salt tolerance of some of the BT cotton varieties. Field soil column experiment was conducted to calibrate the soil parameters of the selected model. The experiment in the field plots was conducted to observe crop yield which were used to calibrate and validate the model. Different cotton genotypes responded differently when irrigated with saline water. Cotton genotype Krishi Dhan 9810-BG-II gave considerably higher seed cotton yield than all the other genotyped when irrigation water salinity levels was > 2.5 dS m-1. The simulation model SWAP was calibrated and validated satisfactorily for predicting the effect of use of saline water for cotton crop. Model simulations showed that initial salinity of the root zone is an important factor and increasing the depth of irrigation is more beneficial than increasing the frequency of water application.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of water application attachment in seed drill for dryland farming
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Verma, Kanishk; Vijaya Rani
    In India around 75% of area i.e. 108 million hectares is rainfed of total 143 million hectares of arable land. Whereas, in Haryana out of 44.02 lac ha geographical area, 35.65 lac ha is a cultivable land with 8.25 lac ha is rainfed which is about 19 % of the total area. Dry lands contribute 42% of the total food grain production of the country. These areas produce 75% of pulses and more than 90% of sorghum, millet, groundnut from arid and semi-arid regions. Due to dependency on rains the sowing is often delayed in dryland area which substantially reduces the yield of crop upto 35 %. A water application attachment seed drill was designed at COAE&T CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar which provides water to seeds at time of sowing and help farmer to sow seed timely. The machine was tested and evaluated at CCS Haryana Agricultural University Farm. The performance was compared with ridger seeder, seed drill and hand plough. The effective field capacity of water application attachment on seed drill was observed 0.47 ha h-1 at average operating speed of 3.6 km hr-1. The field efficiency calculated was 73%. The water application rate of water application attachment on seed drill was fixed at 3000 l ha-1. Seed emergence per cent in water application attachment on seed drill was 8% higher than ridger seeder, 27% higher than hand plough and 16 % higher than seed drill. Number of plants per meter row length by water application attachment on seed drill was 13 %, 22 % and 18 % higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Number of pods per plant in water application attachment on seed drill was 8%, 11 % and 12.5% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. 1000 seed weight by water application attachment on seed drill was 2% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Yield in water application attachment on seed drill was 15%, 24% and 27% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Thus the water application attachment seed drill may be used by farmer of dryland for timely sowing of crop and increase in production may be achieved.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design, development and performance evaluation of foot operated aonla pricking machine
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Nitin Kumar; Sharma, D.K.
    The Indian gooseberry preserve is one of the specialties of the Indian fruit preservation industry selling hundreds of tons of preserve every year. Therefore pricking is considered as an important economic activity in India. Till date, the pricking of aonla fruits is done manually employing poorly designed hand tools thus, making the pricking task very tiresome and time consuming for workers resulting into lowered productivity. So in order to suit the prevailing conditions, pedal operated aonla pricking machine was designed, developed and tested. The principles of ergonomics were used while designing to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency with which work was carried out and to maintain and promote worker’s health, safety and satisfaction. The machine was designed for 50th percentile population so that it can be used by all the workers of different sex and anthropometric measurements efficiently. For testing of machine, ergonomic evaluation was done in terms of physiological, biomechanical and psycho-physical parameters with 25 workers (15 males and 10 females). A study of optimization of a number of process variables namely speed of the machine (35, 45 and 55 rpm), duration of pricking activity (30, 40 and 50 mins) and seat height (836, 928 and 1020 mm) for the aonla preserve manufacture was attempted. Response surface methodology was adopted for optimization of process variables. The effect of process variables was studied on capacity, BPDS, energy expenditure of workers and sensory scores. It was found that the capacity, BPDS and energy expenditure of workers were directly proportional to the speed of operation and duration of pricking activity whereas sensory score was inversely proportional to them. Besides, organoleptic evaluation of the preserve was also conducted. The preserve prepared at 35 rpm obtained maximum sensory score (7.8/9) followed by the preserve at 45 rpm (7.6/9) and by preserve prepared from the aonla pricked at 55 rpm of the machine (7.5/9). The machine was successful in pricking 27 kg of aonlas per hour at 55 rpm with no damage to the fruits and with proper number and depth of pricks. The tests for ascorbic acid and polyphenols content were also done for fresh aonla and its preserve. A reduction of 28.05 % of ascorbic acid and 52.80 % of polyphenols was recorded during its storage period. Machine was found highly acceptable by the users due to more safety, comfort and higher economic benefits while working. During the pricking of aonlas, the juice which got squeezed out of the fruits was also collected with the help of a juice collector provided in the machine itself. On an average, 39 ml of juice was collected per kg of the aonla pricked. The economic analysis revealed 2 years of payback period and 67.4% as break even point.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative evaluation of quality changes in stored wheat in hermetic silo bags and conventional methods
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Sunil Kumar; Garg, M.K.
    A study was undertaken to observe the efficacy of hermetic bag in comparison with conventional grain storage structures i.e. steel bins and gunny bagstraditionally employed in India. Comparison was based on qualitative analysis of stored wheati.e. moisture content, thousand kernel weight, germination percentage, sedimentation value, protein content, gluten content, gluten index, mold count, insect infestation and pasting characteristics of all structures with respect of time.Top layers of hermetic bags and steel bins responded more to the ambient temperature and relative humidity. The temperature was maximum in the middle layers and lowest in bottom layers of all the structuresduring nine months.Relative humidity remained almost constant in hermetic bags, which defined the airtightness of the bags. The biological respiration of wheat increased the level of carbon dioxideupto 9.48%on consuming oxygen, which inhibited the proliferation of insects even though insets were manually inserted into two ofhermetic bags.Respiration of wheat and insect activity was more during warmer months of storage period which in resulted highest level of CO2in bagsand bins. Insect infestation was detected in steel bins and gunny bag piles on October 30th, 2013 and September 30th, 2013 respectively. The detected insect was lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica). Germination percentage, sedimentation value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, setbackviscosity and gluten index were found to be reduced with the advancement of storage time. Mold count and insect infestation was minimum in low moisture content hermetic bags due to modified atmosphere. Gelatinization temperature, breakdown viscosity and protein content of all structureswerethe same. An increase in the values of peak time, pasting temperature, trough viscosity, milling yield and gluten content was observed in all the structures. Moisture content of the hermetic bags became constant after three months. But in case of steel bins and gunny bag piles moisture content responded to thechange in ambient conditions. Thousand kernel weight variation of all structures responded with respect to change in moisture content of the grains. Hermetic bagscan be an attractive environment friendly solution for preventing storage losses in India. The fact that no chemical fumigants are required makes them environment friendly as well.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Application of artificial neural network in prediction of tractor performance
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Karwasra, Nitin; Anil Kumar
    Prediction of tractor performance can lead to simulation and optimization of tractor performance, allowing optimum setting of different parameters as well as enhancing decisionmaking of manufacturer in design of new tractor. In the present study was carried out to predict tractor drawbar and PTO performance. 20 input different parameters selected for both drawbar and PTO performance prediction. The data used as input to train the network is collected from 141 tractor test reports tested between 1997-2013 at Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute, Budni (M.P.). A Back propagation artificial neural network was developed using Neural Network Toolbox in Matlab software. Matrix of 1140x20 and 1140x1 was made as input and target values for drawbar prediction and 1704x20 and 1704x1 for PTO prediction in ANN. The optimum structure of neural network was determined by a trial and error method and 30 different structures were tried. For prediction of tractor drawbar performance the highest performance was obtained for the network with two hidden layer each having 35 neurons which employed Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. Regression coefficient and mse for this model is 0.994 and 1.284 respectively. For prediction of tractor PTO performance ANN model with 2 hidden layers having 40 and 35 neurons in first and second layer respectively gives highest performance. Regression coefficient and mse for this model is 0.996 and 1.080. Both the models are now ready to predict the tractor performance based on 20 input parameters.