Thumbnail Image

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

Browse

2012 - 201422
Reset filters
End date: 2014 × Start date: 2012 × Thesis Type: M.Tech ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 22
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design, development and testing of modular metering mechanism for multi crop planter
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Chaudhary, Pooja; Bansal, N. K.
    India will have to produce 300 million tonnes of food grains to feed her 1.19 billion populations. Sowing technique is most important operation performed in agriculture because production mainly depends upon field emergence and initial crop establishment. Presently, different sowing machines are used for various crops like Bt. cotton planter, zero till machine for wheat and DSR machine for direct seeding of rice and it is not possible for a farmer to have different machines for sowing different crops. Therefore, tractor drawn multi-crop planter was designed, developed and evaluated having provision of sowing all major cereal crops, pulses and oilseeds at desired row to row as well as seed to seed spacing especially for paddy by direct seeding technique and Bt. Cotton. The developed ground wheel was of 380 mm diameter having provision of chain sprocket arrangement of power transmission through a designed gear box with varying speed ratio of 1.6 to 4.5 times reduction from ground wheel to seed metering plate. The diameter of seed metering plate was 140 mm with varying number of cells and cell size to suit recommended spacing of major crops. The speed reduction of ground wheel to fertilizer metering shaft is 2.3:1. The fertilizer hopper has inclinations for accomplishing easy emptying and better utilization of fertilizer from hopper to fertilizer box having vertical roller discs with eight cells in each disc. The two depth control levers and separate seed hopper and seed metering mechanism/attachment with six vertical roller discs having 8 cells each was provided for small seeded crops. The performance evaluation of developed prototype was carried out under field condition for Bt. cotton and direct seeding of rice. The effective field capacity of machine for both crops was 0.50 ha h-1 and 0.45ha h-1 respectively at an average forward speed of 3 km h-1 with time lost in turning of prototype 35 sec/turn and the corresponding field efficiencies were 61 per cent and 83 per cent respectively. The field emergence (No. of plants /10m furrow length) observed in Bt. cotton planter was 12-21 plants (7days after planting), 18-30 plants (15 days after planting) and 20-28 plants (21days after planting) in Bt. cotton crop whereas field emergence of 125-140, 135-155 and 140-150 plants 7DAS, 15DAS and 21DAS was recorded in DSR crop. The distribution of plants in row and crop response at field indicated that mean plant spacing observed was 48 cm and 10 cm with a quality of feeding index 77 per cent and 78 per cent respectively for Bt. cotton and DSR crop. The missing index and multiplying index recorded in Bt. cotton were 15% and 8% respectively, while, 16% and 6 % in DSR crop. The precision in spacing observed was 6.3 percent and 7.08 per cent in Bt. cotton and DSR respectively. The average plant height recorded 21 DAS in Bt. cotton and DSR was 15 cm and 13 cm respectively. The cost of operation calculated for Bt. cotton and DSR crop was Rs ha-1 700 and Rs ha-1 777 respectively.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Mass transfer kinetics of aloe vera during osmo-convective dehydration
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Rushikesh; Garg, M. K.
    A study was undertaken on osmotic-convective and convective drying of aloe vera cubes to investigate mass transport process. Fresh aloe vera leaves were washed and cut into 15 × 15 × 15 mm cubes. These cubes were osmotically dehydrated in different concentration (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºBrix) and process temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC) with syrup to fruit ratio (3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1) for 4 h duration of osmosis. Central composite rotatable design was used to analyse osmotic dehydration process. The osmosed and unosmosed aloe vera cubes were dried in heat pump dryer at 30, 40, 50 ºC and tray dryer at 50, 60, 70 ºC drying air temperatures. The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, sugar concentration and process temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction and water loss increased with increase of sugar concentration and process temperature while solid gain decreased with increase in sugar concentration and process temperature. It was found that osmosis as a pretreatment prior to convective air drying was able to decrease drying time. Drying curves were affected by the drying air temperature and osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment. Increase in the air temperature caused a decreased in the drying time. It was observed that drying rate increased with increase in drying temperature from 30°C (HPD) to 70°C (tray) and constant rate drying period was absent throughout the drying process of aloe vera cubes dried under all drying air temperatures. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 1.37E-08 to 4.56E-08 m²/s and 9.11E-09 to 5.18E-08 m²/s during convective drying of unosmosed and osmosed aloe vera samples depending on the drying air temperature. The values of rehydration ratio of conventionally hot air dried sample were higher than the osmo-convective dried aloe vera samples. The osmo-convective dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than convective dried ones. Air temperature and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on sensory evalution.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Salt and water dynamics in soil under drip irrigation system on cole crop
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Sharma, Parmod; Sanjay Kumar
    leaching of excessive salts, selection of salt tolerant crops, frequent application of water etc. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the salt and water dynamics in soil under drip irrigation system on cabbage crop and to investigate the effect of frequency and salinity levels of irrigation water on cabbage. The residual moisture content in the root zone after 90 days of transplanting showed increasing trend with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water beyond ECiw 3 dS/m. Equal amount of water application coupled with information on residual moisture content in the rootzone suggested that cabbage plants utilized lesser amount of water with increasing level of salinity beyond ECiw 3.0 dS/m. In daily irrigation under saline water of ECiw 12 dS/m (F1S5), the ECe values after 90 days of transplantation increased by 206.4, 222.1, 244.4 and 264.1% on comparing with initial values in 0- 15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In alternate day irrigation under saline water of 12 dS/m (F2S5), the ECe values after 90 days of transplantation increased by 279.2, 262.7, 270.1 and 280.2% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In daily irrigation, harvesting was started early (60 days after transplanting) in canal water, saline water of ECiw 3 and 6 dS/m, whereas, in alternate day irrigation, it was in canal water and saline water of ECiw 3 dS/m. The date of first harvesting was also affected by the quality of irrigation water. Use of highly saline water (ECiw > 6 dS/m) resulted into delay of first harvesting by about 20 days as compared to the use of relatively good quality water suggesting that use of good quality and saline water in different parts of the fields may be effectively used to prolong the productive season of cabbage. In daily irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 100.53, 90.75, 67.82, and 41.68 % in F1S2, F1S3, F1S4 and F1S5 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F1S1). In alternate day irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 100.8, 86.16, 60.30 and 28.63 % in F2S2, F2S3, F2S4 and F2S5 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F2S1). Higher yield of cabbage under daily irrigation as compared to alternate day irrigation for different levels of salinity of irrigation water suggested the importance of high frequency of irrigation for the use of saline water.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of traveler irrigation system
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Jangra, Pardeep; Jhorar, R.K.
    Efficient irrigation can only be attained through controlled and uniform application of water and therefore, a lot of emphasis is being given for the adoption of pressurised irrigation systems. One of the latest pressurised irrigation systems, traveler irrigation system is being introduced in Indian farming conditions. Therefore, a study about traveler irrigation system was conducted at the RDS seed farm, CCSHAU, Hisar. The major objectives of the study were to evaluate the hydraulic performance of traveler irrigation system along the travel path and to identify the operational aspects of traveler irrigation system. The traveler irrigation system was operated at three speeds i.e. speed 1 (25.42 m h-1), speed 2 (52.00 m h-1) and speed 3 (82.94 m h-1). The average depth of water application was measured as 11.45, 8.12 and 5.95 mm for speed 1, speed 2 and speed 3, respectively. The average width of the wetted strip was 49.5 m for speed 1 and 2, and 50.0 m for speed 3. The water distribution/precipitation profile of the traveling gun was found to be of trapezium/trapezoidal shape. The coefficient of uniformity as well as depth of water application was lower in the start end area of the travel path as compared to the middle area. Maximum value of the coefficient of uniformity as well as distribution uniformity for different speeds was attained when 20 to 30 per cent overlap was assumed between the adjacent travel paths. To attain maximum uniformity of water application the tested traveler irrigation system should be operated at adjacent travel path distance of 35 to 40 m, when wind velocity is within 9.0 km h-1 and pressure at the gun is about 3.0 kg cm-2.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for round the year use
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Arjoo; Yadvika
    A study was conducted to evaluate performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for round the year use. In the present study, performance of solar tunnel dryer was evaluated at no load and at full load conditions. Full loading was done with garlic, chilli, fenugreek and aonla candy according to their seasonal availabilit y in Hisar. At no load performance was evaluated during three seasonsi.e summer, winter and autumn. At full load conditions moisture content versus time and drying rate versus moisture content relationships were determined. The drier reduces the moisture content of garlic from 63% to 70% (w.b.) to the required moisture level of 9% to 10 % (w.b.) in 8 t o 10 days and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 14.53%. Treatments were given to garlic and their effect on drying days were studied and results show that there were no significant difference in time of drying. During drying of chilli it was found that the chilli can be dried from an initial moisture content of 77% to 79% (w.b.) to the final moisture level of 7% (w.b.) in 6 to 7 days and average thermal efficiency was estimated to be 14.33%. In case of drying of fenugreek, during the month of January it was found that the fenugreek can be dried from an initial moisture content of 86% (w.b.) to 7.2% ( w.b.) in 5 days and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 17.63%. Similarly during drying of aonla candy, it was found that the aonla candy can be dried from aninitial moisture content of 44% (w.b.) to the required moisture level of 16% (w.b.) in 4 d ays and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 8.89%.Products dried were hygienic and their organolaptic evaluation showed that they were of good quality and highly acceptable. Economic evaluation was done and the money pay back period of STD was calculated as 1 yr 4 months.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of a desiccant integrated solar dryer
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Nitesh; Yadav, Y.K.
    A desiccant integrated solar dryer was developed and its performance was studied under the climatic conditions of Hisar, India. The system consisted of flat plate solar collector, drying chamber and desiccant unit. Drying with solar heated air is satisfactory during sunshine hours and to continue this process through the night-time desiccant was integrated within the drying system. The desiccant was developed from 60% bentonite, 20% vermiculite, 10% CaCl2 and 10% cement. The regeneration studies of developed desiccant were carried out for moisture adsorption at 30°C and 96% RH for 144 h and moisture desorption at 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C for 8 h. The maximum adsorption capacity of desiccant was 35.12% (db) and it was efficiently regenerated by solar energy. The dryer was operated in two modes sunshine hours and off-sunshine hours. During sunshine hours the hot air from flat plate solar collector was forced into the drying chamber and simultaneously the desiccant unit received solar radiations directly for regeneration. In off-sunshine hours, the dryer was operated by circulating the air inside the drying chamber through the desiccant bed by blower fan in a closed loop. Performance of desiccant integrated solar dryer was observed at three different air mass flow rates of 0.010 kg/s, 0.015 kg/s and 0.020 kg/s for day and night operations. In desiccant integrated solar dryer 10 kg of green peas were dried from initial moisture content of 75% (wb) to 5%(wb) in 18 h at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s whereas in solar dryer without desiccant unit it took 30 cumulative hours as the drying continued for 2 sunshine days. The average collector thermal efficiency and dryer thermal efficiency were 62.18% and 52.21%, respectively at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s. The pickup efficiency of dryer varied from 18.17% to 68.25% and specific moisture extraction rate of 1.4 kg/kWh at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s. In the drying experiments it was observed that 68% of moisture was removed by hot air using solar energy and remaining by the desiccant material at air mass flow rate of 0.020 kg/s. The green peas dried in desiccant integrated solar dryer had higher overall acceptability and rehydration ratio as compared to drying in solar dryer without desiccant unit.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Mapping and management strategies for waterlogged areas
    (CCSHAU, 2012) Paudyal, Kalpana; Jhorar, R.K.
    Reliable information on spatial extent, distribution and severity of waterlogging problem is one of the prerequisite to identify appropriate management strategy for the waterlogged areas. Therefore, a study about the mapping and management strategy for the waterlogged area was carried out for Rohtak district of Haryana, India. The major objectives of the study were to develop an appropriate mapping strategy for the identification of water logged areas and subsequent identification of appropriate strategy for the management of water logged areas. IRS – 1D, LISS-III satellite data acquired on March 6, 2010 was used to identify surface water logged area as well as toupdate different topographical features digitized with the help of SOI toposheets. Water table depth and water quality maps were also prepared using data from different sources. Based on satellite imagery, about one per cent of the study area was found to be affected by surface waterlogging during the pre monsoon period of 2010. It was suggested to use digital image processing, rather than visual inspection of satellite imagery, to identify surface waterlogged areas. In general, the existing surface drains in the study area were found to be quite effective in controllingboth surface and subsurface waterlogging problems in thevicinity of the drains. Depending on the quality and depth of groundwater encountered in different regions of the study area, specific management strategies were identified. The identified strategies included surface drainage system, efficient irrigation system, reduction in canal water supply, conjunctive use ofcanal water, groundwater and rainwater, introduction of salt tolerant crops, plantation of highly transpiring trees, planned leaching of salts and fish farming with saline water.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of saline water on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) production under drip irrigation system
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Sushant Kumar; Sanjay Kumar
    Drip irrigation, with its characteristic of low rate and high frequent irrigation applications over a long period of time, can maintain high soil matric potential in the root zone.Thus, a field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the salt and water movement in soil under drip irrigation system on okra crop and to investigate the effect of frequency and salinity levels of irrigation water on okra. The residual moisture content in the root zone after 60 days of sowing showed increasing trend with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water beyond ECiw 2.5 dS/m. In daily irrigation under saline water of ECiw 7.5 dS/m (F1S4), the ECe values after 60 days of sowing, at 10 cm radial distance, increased by 151.81, 203.21, 268.31 and 307.41% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively and at 20 cm radial distance, increased by 310.84, 357.05, 435.92 and 497.04% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In alternate day irrigation under saline water of 7.5 dS/m (F2S4), the ECe values after 60 days of sowing, at 10 cm radial distance, increased by 177.71, 219.87, 278.87 and 310.37% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively and at 20 cm radial distance, increased by 323.49, 385.90, 464.79 and 514.81% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. Delay in of fruiting was observed with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water suggesting that use of good quality and saline water in different parts of the fields may be effectively used to prolong the productive season of okra. Decreasing irrigation frequency with saline water further delay the fruiting suggested the role of irrigation frequency to manipulate the time of maximum fruits for okra. In daily irrigation, the relative yields obtained were 102.32, 89.22, and 79.80% in F1S2, F1S3 and F1S4 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F1S1). In alternate day irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 104.66, 83.14 and 70.81% in F2S2, F2S3 and F2S4 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F2S1). On comparing drip irrigation frequency treatment 7.22, 5.09, 13.54 and 17.67% higher yield was obtained in daily irrigation as compared to alternate day irrigation of respective treatment (canal water, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 dS/m).Thus, decrease in okra yield was observed with decrease in irrigation frequency as well as increase in salinity of irrigation water. Upto ECiw 2.5 dS/m salinity of irrigation water, there was an increase in crop yield under both the frequencies but it is non-significant. But with further increase in ECiw, a significant decrease in yield was observed. The water productivity increased up to ECiw 2.5 dS/m after that its value decreased with further increase in the salinity of irrigation water.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of weeders in cotton
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Mor, Aman; Bansal, N.K.
    The performance of different types of weeder was evaluated so that the farmers can make a decision while purchasing the weeder of good quality. The present study was carried out to predict the performance of tractor operated and engine operated inter row rotary weeder and it was compared with traditionally used tractor drawn high clearance cultivator and manual hand hoe (Kasola). The crop and machine performance parameter were recorded at three stages of cotton crop i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. The soil resistance was recorded before, just after weeding (3rd stage) and at the time of harvest. The plant height, canopy of plant & weeding efficiency were recorded at three stages i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. Yield data (g/plant) was recorded under all the treatments taken in both varieties. The weeding efficiency with the use of tractor operated weeders was obtained up to the level of 74 to 76 per cent whereas it was 85.5 to 89.59 per cent with manual hand hoe. There was a significant difference in plant height at square and flowering stage whereas the canopy of plant was significant only at flowering stage. There was no significant effect on bolls per plant and lint yield per plant with the use of mechanical weeder. The field capacity of tractor operated inter row rotary weeder was in the range of 0.54 to 0.59 ha/h whereas it was 0.8 ha/h in tractor operated high clearance cultivator, 0.16 ha/h with engine operated power weeder and 0.05 ha/h with manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in cost of operation with mechanical weeder over manual hand hoe was in the range of 80 to 93. The B:C ratio of mechanical weeder selected for study was in the range of 1.57 to 4.4 and payback period was in the range of 0.44 to 1.7 years. Time saving over manual hand hoe in weeding operation with the use of tractor operated weeder was 90 to 93 per cent whereas in engine operated weeder it was 68.7 per cent over manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in labour requirement with the use of mechanical weeder was in the range of 96 to 99 per cent over manual hand hoe. The pulse rate after weeding operation in all the treatment were in the range of 104 to122 beats/min whereas the blood pressure was slightly higher with the use of engine operated power weeder (142/90) and manual hand hoe (135/88). Based on study the tractor operated inter row rotary weeder (Make, M2) is recommended.