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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Preparation and storage of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) products(CCSHAU, 2007) Badal, Jayant S.; GOYAL, R.K.The investigation on the preparation and storage of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cv. Oso Grande products were carried out during the year 2002-2003 at Fruit Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The present studies were conducted to standardize the method of preservation of strawberry pulp, preparation of RTS and Jam. The prepared products were evaluated for its changes in its physico-chemical and organoleptic properties during three months storage at an interval of 30 days. Total soluble solids, titrable acidity, total sugar and reducing sugar were found to increase with the increase in storage period whereas, ascorbic acid and pectin were found to decrease during both the temperature (Room temperature and Low temperature). The strawberry pulp can best be Experimental Results preserved by the addition of sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulphite @ 0.1% and 0.05% at low temperature and room temperature, respectively. Strawberry RTS beverages was observed that TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar were increased and titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and organoleptic rating were decreased during storage (Room temperature). Among different treatments RTS beverages prepared form pulp (18%), TSS (14%) and acidity (0.30%) was overall best acceptability. Strawberry jam was observed that TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar were increased and decline in titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and pectin was observed. Jam prepared from 100% strawberry pulp was found best in terms of colour, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Jam with strawberry pulp 1 kg. superior for processing of strawberry products.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical composition of a wheat genotype as affected by stages of nitrogen application(CCSHAU, 2007) Hitesh; Shashi MadanThe present investigation was conducted to study the effect of seed rates and stages of nitrogen application. WH-711 wheat variety at three seed rates i.e., 100, 112.5, 125 kg/ ha was sown under four different nitrogen splittings i.e., T1- ½ dose at sowing + ½ dose at CRI (Ist irrigation), T2 – 1/3rd dose at sowing + 2/3rd dose at first node (40-45 days), T3- 1/4th dose at sowing +1/2 at first node + 1/4th dose at anthesis (85-90 days) and T4- 1/3rd dose at sowing (2/3rd dose – 6.9 kg N ) at first node + 6.9 kg N as urea spray (3% ) at post anthesis (95-100 days). Treatment without nitrogen (control) was also included for comparison. Analysis of data revealed that splitting of recommended dose of nitrogen improved the grain quality by increasing the quality parameters viz. hectoliter weight, ß- carotene content, wet, dry gluten content and total protein content. Higher protein content of 12.68% was obtained at highest value of seed rate (125 kg/ha) and split dose of nitrogen T4. However, sedimentation value, starch, amylose content remained unaffected at different seed rates and varying stages of N-application. The nitrogen content and phosphorous content increased while the sulphur content remained unaffected with different seed rates and split dose of N-application. A progressive increase in total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing content was also observed at various stages of N-application. The lysine content and true protein content also increased with split dose of N-application; however both these parameters were not affected with different seed rate and various stages of N-application. Among different protein fractions, the albumin and globulin fractions increased with split dose of N while gliadins and glutenins remained unchanged The polypeptide pattern of gliadins and glutenins remained unchanged by different seed rates and stages of N-application. Grain yield was significantly higher at 125 kg/ha and 112.5 kg/ha as compared to 100 kg/ha seed rate. Splitting of recommended dose of N marginally increased the grain yield by 4.1% (43.5 q/ha) than the grain yield obtained (41.7 q/ha) at T1.ThesisItem Open Access Development of value added biscuits from organically produced food ingredients(CCSHAU, 2007) Nehra, Savita; N. KhetarpaulWheat (C-306) and chickpea (C-235) crops grown under organic and inorganic conditions were analyzed for their physico-chemical and functional properties and nutritional composition. The results revealed that inorganically grown wheat and chickpea had significantly higher 1000-grain weight and more grain hardness as compared to organically grown wheat and chickpea crops. Non-significant differences were observed in their grain density, hydration and swelling capacity. Organically grown wheat and chickpea had significantly higher swelling power and flour solubility, while water absorption, gelation capacity and gel consistency were almost similar in organically and conventionally grown wheat and chickpea. Overall, organically grown wheat, chickpea and sesame seeds contained significantly higher moisture, fat, total ash, total calcium and iron contents. Inorganically grown wheat, chickpea and sesame seeds had significantly higher contents of protein, fibre, phosphorus, phytic acid, polyphenol and trypsin inhibitor activity. Ashvagandha had higher contents of protein, antinutrients, total phosphorus than brahmi. On the other hand, brahmi had more fat and crude fibre, total calcium and iron contents and higher digestibility of protein and starch. Out of eight types of standardized and developed biscuits, three most acceptable ones i.e. sweet biscuits, melting moments and sweet and salted biscuits prepared from organic and inorganic food ingredients were selected for further nutritional analysis and study of shelf life. The sensory evaluation of the biscuits showed that the biscuits prepared from organically grown food ingredients had higher acceptability, than those prepared from inorganically grown food ingredients. Biscuits having organically grown food ingredients had significantly higher thickness and diameter and lower spread ratio than biscuits having inorganically grown food ingredient. Melting moments prepared by incorporating inorganic and organic wheat flour, chickpea flour, ashvagandha and sesame seeds had maximum amount of protein and fat contents than other types of biscuits. Among the various types of biscuits, sweet biscuits containing inorganic wheat flour, chickpea flour, ashvagandha and sesame seeds had significantly higher concentration of antinutrients than melting moments and sweet and salted biscuits. In vitro digestibility of protein and starch, total minerals and HCl extractable minerals were significantly higher in biscuits prepared from organic food ingredients. Among different types of biscuits, sweet and salted biscuits containing organic wheat flour, chickpea flour and brahmi had higher in vitro protein and starch digestibility. Sweet biscuits incorporating organic wheat flour, chickpea flour, ashvagandha and sesame seeds had maximum total calcium content whereas HCl extractability of calcium was maximum in the melting moments, containing organic wheat flour, chickpea flour and brahmi blends. Total iron content was higher in melting moments prepared from the blends of organic wheat flour, chickpea flour and sesame seeds while sweet biscuits prepared from organic wheat flour, chickpea flour and brahmi had higher HCl extractability of iron than the rest of biscuits. The data on sensory evaluation, fat acidity and free fatty acids of biscuits stored for varying periods indicated that all three types of biscuit having organic food ingredients could be stored well upto 60 days. Form the present study, it may be concluded that all three types of biscuits having organically grown ingredients were superior in terms of digestibility (in vitro), sensory characteristics of protein and starch and bioavailability of minerals. Further studies are required to assess the therapeutic value of such biscuits.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical composition of a wheat genotype as affected by stages of nitrogen application(CCSHAU, 2007) Hitesh; Shashi MadanThe present investigation was conducted to study the effect of seed rates and stages of nitrogen application. WH-711 wheat variety at three seed rates i.e., 100, 112.5, 125 kg/ ha was sown under four different nitrogen splittings i.e., T1- ½ dose at sowing + ½ dose at CRI (Ist irrigation), T2 – 1/3rd dose at sowing + 2/3rd dose at first node (40-45 days), T3- 1/4th dose at sowing +1/2 at first node + 1/4th dose at anthesis (85-90 days) and T4- 1/3rd dose at sowing (2/3rd dose – 6.9 kg N ) at first node + 6.9 kg N as urea spray (3% ) at post anthesis (95-100 days). Treatment without nitrogen (control) was also included for comparison. Analysis of data revealed that splitting of recommended dose of nitrogen improved the grain quality by increasing the quality parameters viz. hectoliter weight, ß- carotene content, wet, dry gluten content and total protein content. Higher protein content of 12.68% was obtained at highest value of seed rate (125 kg/ha) and split dose of nitrogen T4. However, sedimentation value, starch, amylose content remained unaffected at different seed rates and varying stages of N-application. The nitrogen content and phosphorous content increased while the sulphur content remained unaffected with different seed rates and split dose of N-application. A progressive increase in total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing content was also observed at various stages of N-application. The lysine content and true protein content also increased with split dose of N-application; however both these parameters were not affected with different seed rate and various stages of N-application. Among different protein fractions, the albumin and globulin fractions increased with split dose of N while gliadins and glutenins remained unchanged The polypeptide pattern of gliadins and glutenins remained unchanged by different seed rates and stages of N-application. Grain yield was significantly higher at 125 kg/ha and 112.5 kg/ha as compared to 100 kg/ha seed rate. Splitting of recommended dose of N marginally increased the grain yield by 4.1% (43.5 q/ha) than the grain yield obtained (41.7 q/ha) at T1. MAJOR ADVISOR DEGREE HOLDERThesisItem Open Access Laboratory evaluation of transgenic Bt cotton against helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spodoptera litura (Fabricius)(CCSHAU, 2007) Basavaraja H.; Chhillar, B.S.Studies on the “Laboratory evaluation of transgenic Bt cotton against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)” were carried out in the laboratory and at Research Farm, Department of Entomology Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during kharif 2006. Eleven genotypes including five Bt (Ankur 2534 Bt, Ankur 651 Bt, RCH 134 Bt, RCH 317 Bt and MRC 6304 Bt) and their corresponding non-Bt hybrids with one local hybrid HHH-223 were taken for the study and they were grown by adopting recommended package of practices. The survival of first instar larvae of H. armigera was observed on top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls for five days at an interval of 60, 90, 100, 120 and 140 days of crop age. Significant adverse effect of Bt was observed at 60, 90 and 100 days of crop age in top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls. The maximum per cent reduction in survival of larvae was observed at 60 days of crop age in top leaves (16.67-76.67 %), middle leaves (13.33-86.67 %), squares (26.67-86.67 %) xivand bolls (30.00-86.67 %). Similar trend followed at 90 and 100 days of crop age. No significant effect of Bt at 120 and 140 days of crop age was observed in comparison to non-Bt. The various biological parameters (larval period, larval weight, larval survival, pupal period, pupal weight and adult emergence) of H. armigera larvae from third instar onwards were studied on top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls at an interval of 65, 95, 105, 125 and 145 days of crop age. Significant adverse effect of Bt was observed at 65, 95 and 105 days of crop age in top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls. At 125 and 145 days of crop age no significant effects of Bt were observed. The various biological parameters of S. litura larvae from first instar onwards were studied on top leaves and middle leaves at an interval of 80, 120 and 140 days of crop age. No significant difference between Bt and non-Bt hybrids were observed. Fourth instar larvae of H. armigera were used to study various consumption-utilization indices at an interval of 70, 100 and 130 days of crop age in top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls. There was significant reduction in CI, GR, ECI, AD/AE and ECD in Bt genotypes at 70 and 100 days of crop age for H. armigera. At 130 days of crop age no significant effect of Bt was observed. Similarly fourth instar larvae of S. litura were used to study various consumption-utilization indices at an interval of 75, 105 and 135 days of crop age in top leaves and middle leaves. There was no significant reduction in CI, GR, ECI, AD/AE and ECD in Bt genotypes at 75, 105 and 135 days of crop age for S. litura. Twigs of different genotypes bearing leaves, flowers, squares and bolls were brought to the laboratory at 80 days of crop age to observe the ovipositional preference of H. armigera between Bt and non-Bt genotypes in a choice test conditions. No significant variation was found between Bt and non-Bt genotypes for oviposition studies. The total number of eggs laid on Bt and non-Bt hybrids ranged from 344 to 361 eggs/2 twigs/4 females.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of various grain protectants against pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infesting pigeonpea, cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp(CCSHAU, 2007) Vijaykumar Jangamashetti; Singal, Shiv K.Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. is one of the most important pulse crop cultivated in India. It is next only to chickpea in area and production among all the pulse crops grown in India. Pulses also constitute the main source of protein in developing countries like India, where per capita consumption of animal protein is very low. Pulses can be stored for considerable periods of times after harvest but during storage they may be attacked by various insect species. Among these the most important one is pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) mainly in pigeonpea. Synthetic pesticides played a significant role in restricting problems and were also cost effective. However, these chemical insecticides pose several problems like residual toxicity and health hazards to the consumers as well as users. The present investigations were carried out to study the effectiveness of grain protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder @ 20g/kg, neem oil @ 10ml/kg, mustard oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, groundnut oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, turmeric powder @ 3.5g/kg, mustard oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75 g/kg, groundnut oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75g/kg, saw dust (7cm covering), sand (7cm covering), dung cake ash (7cm covering) and wheat husk (7cm covering) against C. chinensis and their effect on quality of pigeonpea seed variety Manak. There were a total of 12 treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice including untreated seeds as control and kept in plastic jars. All the grain protectants except wheat husk, neem seed kernel powder and turmeric powder proved to be more effective as compared to untreated control for causing mortality of C. chinensis adults. As the storage periods of treated seed increased, the mortality of adults decreased. All the grain protectants except wheat husk and neem seed kernel powder proved to be most effective as compared to untreated control in reducing number of egg laid after 1, 45, 90 and 135 days of storage, respectively. On the basis of number of adult emergence and per cent seed damage, all the grain protectants except three protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder, turmeric powder and wheat husk treatments were highly effective and no adult emerged from saw dust, sand, dung cake ash and neem oil treatments at all storage intervals of 1, 45, 90 and 135 days of storage. This group followed by mustard oil + turmeric powder, groundnut oil + turmeric powder, mustard oil and groundnut oil proved to be the most effective and next effective group of grain protectants, respectively. None of the treatments had any adverse effect on standard germination which was above the prescribed Indian seed certification standards for pigeonpea seeds. Dung cake ash and turmeric powder treatments had adverse effect on seedling vigour index when compare to all other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional evaluation of aloe vera (L.) and its utilization for product development and clinical effects(CCSHAU, 2007) Bhumra, Loveleen Kaur; Kawatra, AshaTwo genotypes HAV-I and HAV-II of Aloe vera (L.) were procured and anlaysed for their nutritional composition. Moisture, protein and total soluble solids content of HAV-I genotype was significantly higher than HAV-II, whereas crude fat, ash, crude fibre and total sugar content was found to be more in HAV-II genotype in comparison with HAV-I genotype. pH and acidity of Aloe vera (L.) was 4.70 and 0.75 respectively in HAV-II and 5.70 and 0.66, respectively in HAV-I genotypes. Higher content of minerals like Ca, Fe, K, Cu, Zn was seen in HAV-II genotype compared to HAV-I. –carotene level was found to be 335.28 and 336.63 g/100g HAV-II and HAV-I genotypes of Aloe vera (L.), respectively. Ascorbic acid content was seen to be 53.28 mg/100g in HAV-I which was almost double the ascorbic acid content of HAV-II genotype (26.87 mg/100g). Various value added products were developed using fresh Aloe vera as well as its powder. All the products i.e. jam, chutney, squash, juice, pickle, churan, sev and biscuits, were rated as acceptable in sensory characteristics on 9 point hedonic scale. The feeding trial of developed churan on subjects suffering from chronic constipation showed improvement in the consistency and frequency of faecal matter thus indicating positive the role of Aloe vera as a laxative agent. Aloe-lemon juice supplementation in diet of NIDDM patients showed significant reduction in blood glucose level (38.12%) over a period of 6 weeks, concluding Aloe vera could be a good hypoglycaemic agent. On the whole, Aloe vera is a nutritious plant with various health benefits. To ease its intake, it can be incorporated in various food products. The inclusion of Aloe vera products in the diet of an individual can add to the diet’s nutritive and therapeutic value.ThesisItem Open Access Production of fermented beverage from pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br.](CCSHAU, 2007) Pawar Pravin Dnyanu; Leela WatiBeer has attained the universal statehood among all alcoholic beverages. Beer is produced by fermentation of wort containing residual reducing sugars with additional flavours. In most of the part of world, barley is universal substrate for beer production. With the increase in demand for limited quantity of barley malt available, the pearl millet grains were evaluated for brewing purpose. Four pearl millet varieties were screened for amylolytic enzyme activation during malting. The desirable acrospires ½ - ¾ of the length of grain germination was attained at 60 h of germination period. A steeping period of 10 h with 60 h of germination period resulted into highest alpha-amylase (95.22 DUN units), beta-amylase activity (177.78 μmole of glucose/g of green malt) and diastatic power (48 PMDU/ h dry weight of malt) in contrary malting loss was slight more than average. The standardized malting conditions were used to produce green malt, which was kilned at 45 OC for 24 h and subsequently at 55 OC for 8 h. The dried malt was rubbed to remove rootlets and shoot lets. Coarse-ground malt was mashed at 15 % conc. for a final brew. Among the wort samples prepared with differential grit combinations, the pearl wort had lower extract and reducing sugar than control barley wort. Fermentation of hopped wort with S. cerevisiae HAU-1 and S. uvarum NCDC-48 at a pitching rate of 0.3 and 0.5% (w/v) generated almost similar results of reducing sugar (% maltose w/v) and alcohol (% v/v) content. However, S. cerevisiae HAU-1 showed high ethanol tolerance during high gravity wort fermentation. Pearl millet (100%) beer had 3.5 % (v/v) alcohol content compared with control barley beer (3.6 %v/v). As intend the idea of bioacidification of wort and beer, fermentation was carried out with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15. For getting more alcohol content, the control pearl millet wort was adjusted for its brix content. From the sensory evaluation, it was observed that 8OBrix and L. acidophilus NCDC-15 cultured fermented beer showed satisfactory result as compared with commercial beer.ThesisItem Open Access Study of dewfall in mustard canopy and its effect on growth and yield(CCSHAU, 2007) Bharadwaj, Jyoti; Surender SinghThe present investigation entitled, “Study of dewfall in mustard canopy and its effect on growth and yield” was conducted at Research Farm of Dept of Agril Meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar located at 29010’ N latitude, 75046’ E longitude and 215.2 m amsl altitude. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five replications during rabi season of 2006-07. The treatments comprised of open and dew sheltered mustard crop with normal (2 irrigations) and terminal moisture stress (1 irrigation). The total dew amount in the entire crop season ranged between 95.99 mm in open irrigated crop and 92.51 mm in open stressed crop. In dew sheltered conditions, the total dew amount recorded was 3.52 mm in sheltered irrigated and 2.86 mm in sheltered stressed crop. Maximum dew events (30) were observed in November month in the open crop. In sheltered crop, the highest (10) events were observed during December month. There were total 124 dew events observed in open crop during the entire growing season. Among the various phenophases, the higher dew amounts i.e. 36.97 and 34.43 mm was received in open irrigated and open stressed crop, respectively during seed filling stage. The number of dew nights occurred during seed development phase was higher; however, the dewfall per night was more during flowering stage. The more number of dew events (47) were observed during seed development stage in open crop as compared to other growth stages. The GDD, PTU and HTU calculated were more in open crop when compared to dew sheltered fields at all growth stages owing to longer duration taken to attain various phenophases. The meteorological parameters viz., evening relative humidity (0.98), minimum temperature (-0.82) and wind speed (-0.89) were significantly associated with dew occurrence. Minimum temperature, evening time relative humidity and wind speed parameters gave fair estimate of dewfall with R2 values of 0.82. There was significant difference between the duration of attaining different phenophases and maturity under various treatments. Total dry biomass (980 g/m2) and siliquae biomass (412 g/m2) was significantly higher in open irrigated conditions when compared to open stressed treatments at physiological maturity. Biological (8948 kg/ha) and seed yield (2152 kg/ha) were significantly higher in open irrigated crop when compared to terminally stressed crop. It can be concluded that there were significant variations in dew climatology in open and sheltered mustard crop. However, dewfall contribution in mustard’s growth and development characteristics under Hisar conditions was not so significant because of moisture contribution from higher water table and rainfall. Input parameters viz., minimum temperature, relative humidity (evening) and wind speed gave a good estimate of dewfall (R2 =0.82), thus, may be used for prediction of dew occurrence and subsequent management of dew oriented plant protection measures in mustard crop.