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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Response of wheat to zinc application under high SAR and saline conditions(CCSHAU, 2005) Gaur, Mayank; Mor, R.P.Four screen house experiments were conducted to study the relative tolerance of wheat varieties to salinity and SAR and interactive effect of zinc with salinity and zinc with SAR on wheat crop. In first experiment, the treatments consisted of two wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17) and four salinity levels (0, 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1) having chlorides and sulphates salts. In second experiment effect of different SAR levels 10, 20, 30 and 40 (mmol/L)½ on wheat included two wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17). The third experiment interactive effect of different Zn levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1) soil at fixed ECe (9 dSm-1) was investigated on the yield and nutrient uptake of two wheat varieties. The fourth experiment on performance of wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17) to different zinc application levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1) under SAR 40 (mmol/L)½ condition. Each experiment was replicated thrice in a factorial completely randomized design. In all the experiments the desired salinity and SAR levels were created using chloride and sulphate salts of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. With the increasing salinity from 0 to 12 dSm-1 there was a decrease in biomass, grain and straw yield of both the wheat varieties (WH-755 and SNH-17). However, the magnitude of decrease in wheat yield depended upon level of salinity and wheat cultivar. There was a decrease of 19.3, 22.4 and 32.8 percent in grain yield of wheat at 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1 salinity levels, respectively. The reduction in grain yield of wheat was more in case of WH-755 as compared to variety SNH-17. The wheat variety SNH-17 found to be relatively more tolerant to salinity as compared to WH-755. The overall straw yield of both the varieties were statistically at par with each other and decreased by 28.33, 37.54 and 43.70 percent at 6, 9 and 12 dSm-1 with increasing salinity, respectively as compared to non-saline. The grain and straw yield of both the varieties reduced with the increasing SAR levels. The overall reduction in grain and straw yield were 26% and 19%, respectively, at SAR 40 in comparison to SAR 10. The increasing levels of Zn from 0 to 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil increased the grain and straw yield of wheat by 27.5% and 42%, respectively at ECe 9 dSm-1. Application of zinc under high SAR 40 (m mol/L)½ increased the grain yield by 42% when Zn levels increased from 0 to 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil. The overall concentration of zinc increased by 24.78, 55.69 and 60.66 percent at 5, 10 and 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil in a saline soil (ECe 9 dSm-1) and at a fixed SAR [40 (m mol/L)½]. The overall increase in Zn concentration and uptake were 22.88 and 32.37, 9.45 and 71.18 and 62.83 and 74.96 percent at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The uptake of N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu except K by wheat straw decreased with increasing zinc application levels from 0 to 20 mg kg-1 soil, under both the saline (ECe 9dSm-1) and high SAR [40(m mol/L)½] soil conditions. Increasing levels of Zn had appreciable ameliorative role in saline and sodic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Epidemiology and Management of root-rot of clusterbean(CCSHAU, 2005) Shekhar Kumar; Sher SinghRoot-rot complex in clusterbean caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii is a major disease of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] in Haryana. The inoculum age of 7 days old culture, inoculum density of 50g/kg soil, soil temperature of 30oC, soil moisture of 30 per cent water holding capacity (WHC) and soil pH of 6.0 were found to be optimum for disease development in three varieties, viz. FS-277, Pusa Nav Bahar (PNB) and HG-75. Garlic extract at 20 per cent concentration was found most effective against root-rot complex which showed maximum inhibition of the pathogen, i.e., 90.25 per cent under laboratory conditions. Under screenhouse conditions garlic extract at 20 per cent concentration in HG-75 was found most effective against the pathogens which exhibited minimum seedling mortality (4.75%). Trichoderma harzianum was found an effective antagonist against root-rot complex which showed maximum inhibition of the pathogen, i.e., 73.77 per cent under laboratory conditions. Under screenhouse conditions Trichoderma harzianum in HG-75 was found most effective against the pathogens which exhibited minimum seedling mortality (5.50%). Among organic amendments mustard residue and vermicompost when applied in combination @ 5g/kg soil resulted in maximum disease control, i.e., 11.75 per cent seedling mortality in HG-75.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability among the accessions of Sesbania species for morphological and biochemical markers(CCSHAU, 2005) Poonam Rani; SubhadraField experiment and isozymic analysis on 40 accessions of Sesbania were carried out with the objectives: (i) to estimate variability among accessions of Sesbania using various isozymes and morphological markers and (ii) to establish relationship among accessions using these parameters. The accessions were grown in randomized block design with three replications. The observations were recorded on 15 variables viz., plant height (at 20 and 60 days after sowing, and at maturity), green biomass, dry weight, number of root nodules, fresh weight of root nodules, leaf length, leaves per plant, leaflets per leaf, number of pods per plant , pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the 15 morphological characters. Accession EC 493668 (T21) from Australia was identified for its direct exploitation as a cultivar. Seed yield showed positive correlation with number of pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, leaf length and plant height at maturity. Weight of root nodules, number of pods and pod length showed high positive direct and indirect effects contribution towards their correlation with seed yield. Seed yield and its components showed medium to high heritability and genetic advance. UPGMA method with Euclidean distances based on agromorphological traits grouped accessions into seven clusters. Accessions T3 from cluster 1 and T24 from cluster 7 were recommended for hybridization programme for improvement of grain yield. Cluster 7 showed high inter cluster distance from clusters namely cluster 2, 3 and 4. The accessions were fingerprinted for 6 isozyme systems (acid phosphatase, amylase, catalase, glutamate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and malate dehydrogenase) and grouped the accessions into 11 clusters. Malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase exhibited maximum unique isozymic patterns i.e. 38 and 31, respectively followed by acid phosphatase, amylase, peroxidase and catalase. None of the enzyme system could alone distinguish all the accessions individually, however, a combination of any of the two enzyme systems may be used to distinguish all 40 accessions uniquely. Majority of accessions of S. rostrata were grouped together in one cluster in both agromorphological and isozymic data analysis. Both analyses indicated that geographical diversity is important but not the sole factor determining the genetic diversity.ThesisItem Open Access Storage behaviour of potato as affected by time of haulm killing and harvesting(CCSHAU, 2005) Suhag, Munish; Nehra, B.K.The investigation “Storage behaviour of potato as affected by time of haulm killing and harvesting was conducted at vegetable research farm and laboratories of CCS HAU Hisar during 2001-02. The study was conducted under two sets. Ist set of samples was used for studies under ambient storage and IInd set was used for cold storage studies. The investigation consisted of eighteen combination of nine treatment of haulm killing at 90, 100 and 110 days after planting and field curing for 0, 10 and 20 days after haulm killing in each treatment with two varieties (Kufri Badshah and Kufri Sutlej). Total tuber yield increased from 246.9 q/ha to 277.4 q/ha in Kufri Badshah and from 216.3 to 248.3 q/ha in Kufri Sutlej with increase in crop duration from 90 to 110 days after planting. The mean weight loss under ambient condition decreased from 11.3% where crop duration was 90 days and no field curing was done to 7.4% where crop duration was 110 days and field curing was for 20 days in Kufri Badshah. Figures for these two treatment in Kufri Sutlej were 14.6 and 11.9% respectively. The mean weight loss increased from 0.9 to 27.5% as the storage period prolonged from 10 to 105 days. Similarly during cold storage mean weight loss decreased as crop duration and field curing increased. After cold storage also weight loss decreased with increase in crop duration and field curing. But after cold storage the mean weight loss increased from 10.1 to 23.5% within one month. Sprouting percentage was decreased from 54.0 to 47.6% in Kufri Badshah and 55.1 to 50.3% in Kufri Sutlej as the crop duration increased from 90 to 110 days and field curing was allowed for 20 days. Sprouting percentage increased from 22.5 to 76.1% during storage from 60 to 150 days. As the crop duration and field curing increased mean dry matter content also increased. It ranged from 16.5 to 18.1% in Kufri Badshah and 15.3 to 17.9% in Kufri Sutlej with increase in crop duration from 90 to 110 days and field curing was allowed from 0 to 20 days. The dry matter content also increased as the storage period increased. It ranged from 16.4 to 17.3% during storage of 30 to 150 days. Sugar content slightly increased with increase in crop duration and also with field curing, however there was no set pattern. During storage sugar content increased for the first 60 days and lateron it decreased.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of wheat varieties and development of low fat - fiber biscuits(CCSHAU, 2005) Sangeeta Kumari; Grewal, Raj BalaThe present study was carried out with the objectives to evaluate different wheat varieties and to develop low fat-high fiber biscuits. Sixteen wheat varieties including four commonly grown, three newly released – high yielding and nine new elite material of wheat varieties were procured from Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Three varieties were assessed for physical, chemical, functional and rheological characteristics. Biscuits were prepared from flour of all varieties and analyzed for physical and sensory characteristics. On the basis of sensory and physical characteristics, the wheat varieties suitable for preparation of low fat – high fiber biscuits were selected. Carrot pomace powder as fiber source and pectin as carbohydrate based fat replacer was incorporated for preparation of low fat – high fiber biscuits. Carrot pomace powder was evaluated for proximate composition and total dietary fiber. Functional and rheological properties of flour in selected wheat varieties after incorporation of fat replacer and fiber source were also studied. Physical evaluation revealed that WH-157 had maximum whereas WH-773 had minimum 1000 grain weight and test weight. Grain hardness and length/breadth ratio was highest for R-3765 and WH-283, respectively. WH-157, WH-283, WH-542, R-3765, WH-712, WH-781 and WH-775 had harder texture in comparison to other varieties. The grains of WH-1002, WH-147, WH-736, WH-542, WH-712 were bolder than other varieties studied. Chemical evaluation indicated that protein, crude fiber and gluten content was maximum in WH-283, R-3765 and WH-533. Only WH-1001 and WH-1002 had less than 9% gluten. Total dietary fiber was highest in WH-533 and lowest in WH-542. Pelshenke value, sedimentation value, water absorption capacity, dough development time, dough stability, farinographic quality number of WH-712 wheat variety was highest whereas mixing tolerance index of this variety was lowest. Wide variations in physio-chemical and rheological properties of commonly grown and new elite material of wheat varieties was noticed. Sensory and physical evaluation of biscuits prepared from studied wheat varieties indicated that sweet biscuits prepared from WH-157, WH-1001, WH-1002, WH-1006 whereas sweet 'n' salty biscuits prepared from WH-712, WH-773, WH-147, UP-2338 were superior in terms of sensory characteristics and spread ratio. Proximate composition and total dietary fiber content of carrot pomace powder revealed that carrot pomace powder was good source of total dietary fiber. Addition of carrot pomace powder as well as pectin (1%) to wheat flour decreased the pelshenke value and dough raising capacity but increased the sedimentation value and water absorption capacity whereas incorporation of carrot pomace powder increased dough development time, stability, farinogrphic quality number but drastically decreased mixing tolerance index. Physical and sensory evaluation of high fiber biscuits indicated that incorporation of carrot pomace powder increased the spread ratio of biscuits whereas no significant difference was found in the mean scores for sensory attributes of biscuits with use of carrot pomace upto 20%. Futher reduction of fat in high fiber biscuits formulation upto 50% and use of 1% pectin as fat replacer had no effect on spread ratio of sweet biscuits but decreased spread ratio of sweet 'n' salty biscuits. However, no significant difference in sensory characteristics of both types of biscuits was noticed. Incorporation of carrot pomace powder (20%) as fiber source and 1% pectin as fat replacer to decreased 50% fat in formulation improved the total dietary fiber and mineral content and decrease fat, energy content and cost of biscuits. Results of investigation indicate that carrot pomace powder and pectin can be successfully utilized for preparation of low fat – high fiber biscuits without adversely affecting physical and sensory characteristics of biscuits.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of feeding practices of dairy animals in Haryana(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University;Hisar, 2005) Dalip Kumar; Tomer, B. S.ThesisItem Open Access Study on dehydration of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.(CCSHAU, 2005) Naresh Kumar; Siddiqui, SaleemThe present investigation was undertaken to standardize various pretreatments for dehydration of ber fruits. Fresh ripe fruits at yellow green stage were subjected to different pretreatments viz., water blanching (7 min), blanching in 0.5 % KMS solution (5 min), blanching in KMS solution (5 min) + slow freezing, NaOH blanching (5 min) and then washing with 0.5 % citric acid solution, microwave blanching and osmo-dehydration. Pretreated samples were dehydrated at 65ºC in a cabinet dryer. Dehydrated fruits were evaluated for sensory score and physico-chemical characteristics. Pretreatment KMS + slow freezing recorded better retention of ascorbic acid followed by osmo-dehydration. Nonenzymatic browning was minimum in fruits given KMS + slow freezing followed by osmo-dehydrated fruits. Rehydration ratio was not significantly affected by various pretreatments. Drying rate was faster in first six hours and then slowed down. It was maximum in fruits given NaOH + citric acid pretreatment followed by osmo-dehydrated and water blanched fruits. Dehydrated fruits having 20 % moisture content received maximum organoleptic scores. However 15 % moisture fruits, though showing a little lower organoleptic score, may show better shelf life as compared to 20 % moisture fruits. Organoleptic score was improved by all the pretreatments. Maximum scores were observed for osmo-dehydrated and KMS + slow freezed fruits.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of different clones of Jojoba in nursery and its in vitro propagation(CCSHAU, 2005) Dalal, Virender; Dhillon, R.S.The present invesigation on performanceof different clones of jojobain nursery and its in vitro propagationwas conducted in 2003-2004 in CCSHAU, Hisar.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the use of antioxidants for extending the shelf-life of khoa(CCSHAU, 2005) Munish Kumar; Beniwal, B.S.A study was carried out to study the effect of antioxidants for extending the shelf-life of khoa. Tocopherol acetate and sodium ascorbate were tried as antioxidants at the rate of 10, 15, 20 ppm and 400, 600, 800 ppm, respectively. The stored khoa was subjected to organoleptic evaluation. The best concentrations of antioxidants was 15 & 600 ppm and this was selected used for further study. The storage life of khoa was studied by packing it in different packaging conditions at different temperatures upto 60 days. During storage study it was analyzed for sensory evaluation, chemical analysis in terms of free fat, free fatty acids, TBA value, peroxide value, NPN per cent and SPC. Sodium ascorbate at the rate of 600 ppm was found to be effective for checking the increase in TBA value. Tocopherol acetate was found to have significant effect on body and texture of khoa.