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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of possible potent herbicidal organic compounds using green catalysts(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; Rajvir SinghEvery day there is a new invention in the field of chemistry but the people are curious about how much they are benign to us. Green chemistry serves as a tool to reshape the chemical processes to make them clean. Thus, green chemistry is the future chemistry which is simple, efficient and benign in all steps of particular synthesis processes. Coumarins, Imidazoles and Dihydropyrimidinones are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their effective biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to the environment and human health due to their toxic nature. Since last few years, attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis by using a green catalyst. Green catalyst is a megahit catalyst which is helpful to overcome the negative environmental effects due to various hazardous and toxic chemicals used in synthetic pathways. Hence, the most important aspect of green chemistry is the use of green catalysts in chemical reactions. Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by using various green catalyst (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Oxalic acid, Citrus limetta juice, Pineapple juice and Lemon juice). These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz. 1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Synthesized compounds were screened for herbicidal activity at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/mL concentrations. Compounds 11, 28 and 40 were found more active against the root and shoot of Raphanus sativus L.due to the presence of methyl, chloro and methoxy group (electron-donating groups) as substituents respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation and decontamination of chlorantrantraniliprole in okra(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; SushilDissipation and decontamination of chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 18.5% SC) in okra and soil (at harvest time) was studied following foliar spray on okra at recommended (30 g a.i. ha-1) and double of recommended (60 g a.i. ha-1) by Central Insecticide Board (CIB). The residue of the insecticide was analyzed using GC – MS/MS with a triple Quadruple analyzer, operated in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions m/z 278 > 249 and 278>251. Recovery experiment was performed on okra and soil sample fortified @ 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg kg-1and the observed recoveries were in range 85.23 – 88.79 % and 84.65 – 88.65% respectively. The initial deposit of CAP residue in okra fruit was 0.077 and 0.140 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half -life 1.90 and 1.92 days and reached below quantified level (LOQ i.e 0.01 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. In soil (at harvest time) the residue level was < LOQ for both doses. The decontamination processes dislodges the chlorantraniliprole residue to the extent of 84.00 – 38.89% from okra fruits and washing followed by boiling was found more effective i.e. 84.00 % in dislodging residue of chlorantraniliprole than washing alone and unwashed conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence analysis for morphological and biochemical traits in Desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; Pundir, S.R.The present investigation entitled “Genetic divergence analysis for morphological and biochemical traits in Desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)” was carried out at the Research area of Cotton Section and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana, India) during Kharif 2017-18. The observations were recorded for different quantitative and biochemical characters to assess the genetic diversity in 60 Desi cotton genotypes. The GCV and PCV were observed high for seed cotton yield /plant, plant height (cm), number of bolls /plant, lint yield /plant (g), and protein content (%). High heritability was observed for almost all the characters studied except number of monopods /plant. The highest genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for traits like lint yield /plant (g), seed cotton yield /plant and gossypol content (%). Hence, on the basis of highest value for component of variation and variability parameter direct selection for traits would be most effective. Seed cotton yield /plant had a positive and highly significant correlation with trait like number of monopods /plant, number of bolls /plant, boll weight (g), lint yield /plant (g), seed index and lint index at genotypic level indicated that there was strong inherent association between these traits. On the basis of cluster analysis sixty Desi cotton genotypes were grouped into seven clusters, indicated the presence of substantial genetic diversity in the evaluated germplasm lines/genotypes. In this context, the highest intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster V and lowest in cluster II. The maximum inter-cluster distance were showed between clusters II and IV, whereas, the minimum inter cluster distance was noticed between cluster III and VII, followed by clusters I and II. The genotypes of cluster III viz; FFS-1, Garovilli, H 476-5, HD 10, HD 3 and HD 20 were best performing. Based on study of morphological genetic diversity, the genotypes viz., BH 92, DC-93, HD 5278, FFS-9, BH 102, AC 33, HD 351, HD 372, BH 41, N-W-1, HD 392, G 20 and G 23 showed sufficient amount of genetic diversity for yield and its component traits which may be used in cotton breeding programmes for further improvement.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular analysis of yr genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell)(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja; Dhanda, S.SThe present investigation entitled “Molecular analysis of Yr genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell)”was conducted to evaluate 210 recombinant inbred lines of bread wheat to identify Yr genes using SSR markers, estimate variability and associations among the various traits. Medium to high values of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean for grain yield per plant and biological yield in both years indicating a high scope of selection for these traits followed by 100-grain weight, number of spikelets per ear, harvest index, days to heading and days to maturity. Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with biological yield, harvest index, number of tillers per plant, ear length, number of spiklets per ear, plant height and number of grains per ear, whereas negative and significantly correlated with days to heading in both years.Biological yield and harvest index had high direct and indirect effects on grain yield per plant over the years, indicating the true relationships with grain yield, in this set of material. Fifteen, out of 70 SSR markers used were found polymorphic in parental genotypes and in RILs. The gene Yr7, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr36, Yr47 and Yr53 were linked to yellow rust resistance in the present investigation. The RIL No. 52 with 4 Yr genes (Yr7,Yr36,Yr47,Yr53) had better performance for the traits loaded on PC-2, namely grain yield per plant, biological yield and number of tillers per plant and showed 4 Yr genes (Yr7,Yr36,Yr47,Yr53). This line was also better than overall mean for grain yield and its components. The lines viz, RIL No. 13, 24, 31, 120, 121, 134 showed a desirable combination of the traits loaded on PC-1 and PC-2, namely grain yield per plant, biological yield and number of tillers per plant and complemented with disease resistance. Among these lines, RIL No. 24, 121 had 2 Yr genes (Yr18,Yr26, Yr7,Yr47). The RIL No. 117, 25, 12, 15 had better performance for the traits loaded on PC-1, namely grain yield, biological yield and ear length and showed 2 Yr genes out of Yr7,Yr47, Yr18,Yr36, Yr26,Yr29, Yr26,Yr29 observed in the present study. The RIL Nos. 12, 15, 25 were also showed better performance than mean values in terms of grain yield and its components.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptation of kathiawar embroidery motifs to fabric painting(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja; Vivek SinghThe present study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state to explore the possibility of adaptation of kathiawar embroidery motifs to fabric painting. Seventy kathiawar embroidery motifs were collected personally from secondary sources like books, journals, and internet. The collected motifs were categorized as geometrical, floral, and animal & bird motifs and were screened into thirty motifs by advisory committee keeping in mind their suitability for fabric painting on jacket. These three categories included ten motifs each. Top ranked four motifs in each category were selected by experts for further research work. Maximum number of collected motifs were animal & bird motifs followed by floral motifs. A total of sixty designs were created using twelve selected motifs with the help of CorelDRAW software. Top ranked five designs were selected by experts by using a preferential choice index for design placements and colour ways. A total of five painted jackets were developed as per the selected designs, their placements and colour ways. Developed jackets were assessed by thirty consumers for their acceptability level on various parameters. Design number 3, 13 and 21 were highly acceptable designs while design number 45 and 46 were acceptable designs. Created designs, design placements, colour ways and fabric painting technique were highly acceptable parameters of all the designs by consumers. In terms of overall appearance, three jackets (design number 3, 13 and 21) were assessed as highly appealing and two jackets (design number 45 and 46) were assessed as appealing. Cost of all the developed jackets was considered „appropriate. Consumers had high opinion about all the designs of developed jackets as they were strongly agreed with all the opinion statements regarding suitability of created designs for product and technique, size and shape of created designs, design placements, colour schemes and overall appearance of the developed jacket with average scores ranging between 2.36 to 2.59. Expert had high opinion regarding adaptation of kathiawar embroidery for fabric painting as they strongly opined that fabric painting is easy in execution and has effectively replicated the effect of kathiawar embroidery to maintain its beauty. It is time saving and cost effective surface embellishment technique as per market trend with WMS ranging between 2.34-2.76. Thus, transformation of innovative designs of kathiawar embroidery into fabric painting has enhanced the range of designing and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of plant growth regulators and nutrients in Kinnow mandarin(CCSHAU, 2017) Pooja; Ashwani KumarThe experiment comprising of thirteen fertilizer treatments in different combinations of growth regulators and nutrients was conducted on seven years old earmarked plants at Chaudhary Farm House, Malapur and in Post-harvest Technology Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2015-16 to study the effect of on fruit drop, yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin. The data were recorded on June drop, pre-harvest drop, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield, percent fruit retention, fruit length, fruit diameter, shape index, peel thickness, peel thickness index, juice content, rag content, peel content, TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugar and leaf N, P, K and Zn content. The recorded data were analysed using Randomized Block Design. The results of the experiment indicated that the foliar application of 2, 4-D, GA3, K2SO4 and ZnSO4 had significantly positive influence on most of the recorded parameters. The final fruit retention, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield, ascorbic acid content, shape index and non-reducing sugars were found maximum while June and pre-harvest drop was found minimum with foliar application of 2,4-D 20 ppm. The juice content and TSS were found maximum while peel thickness, acidity, peel content were found minimum with foliar application of 2,4-D 10 ppm. The total sugars, fruit size and fruit weight were observed maximum with K2SO4 2% while rag content was found maximum with GA3 20 ppm. The reducing sugar was found highest with foliar application of K2SO4 1.5%. The content of potassium and zinc content was found maximum with the foliar application of K2SO4 2% and ZnSO4 0.75% where as nitrogen and phosphorous content were found unaffected by the application of 2,4-D, GA3, K2SO4 and ZnSO4.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological studies in wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) under terminal high temperature conditions(CCSHAU, 2017) Pooja; Munjal, RenuThe present investigation was conducted to evaluate various physiological traits & identify promising wheat genotypes under terminal high temperature condition. The twenty genotypes i.e. ten tolerant (WH 730, WH 1124, WH 1021, HD 3059, DBW 90, PBW 373, Raj 3765, HD 2851, HD 2285, PBW 550) & ten heat susceptible (HD 2967, DPW 621, WH 1105, DBW 88, HD 3086, HD 2733, WH 711, WH 1080, WH 1142 & K 0307) were grown during rabi season of 2016 - 17 at Field Crop Research Area, of Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar, The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of 4 rows of 3m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows & between plants, respectively. Terminal high temperature significantly influenced physiological, biochemical, yield & yield attributes in both heat susceptible & heat tolerant genotypes but the reduction was more pronounced in the susceptible genotypes in comparison to the tolerant ones. WH 1021 was adjudged to be most tolerant genotype due to minimum reduction in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content & minimum increase in canopy temperature, cell membrane stability. WH 1021 also showed maximum no. of productive tiller/ m row length, biomass, grain yield, thousand grain weight & maximum harvest index. K 0307 was adjudged to be most susceptible due to maximum reduction in all physiological & biochemical trait except chlorophyll fluorescence & canopy temperature. K 0307 showed poor performance in yield & yield attributes. The tolerant genotype WH 1021 was found to be the most suitable one under terminal high temperature conditions on the basis of the overall picture of physiological, morpho-physiological & yield traits studied.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and characterization of imidacloprid degrading bacteria(CCSHAU, 2017) Pooja; Goyal, SnehImidacloprid, a chloronicotinyl insecticide is used in various crops like, cotton, rice, cereal, maize, sunflowers, potatoes and vegetables for the control of biting and sucking insects, including rice hoppers, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, termites, turf insects. So, there is strong need to remediate imidacloprid. The best method used is bioremediation using microorganisms mainly because of its eco-friendliness and cost effectiveness. During the present investigation, thirty one mutually morphologically distinct bacterial isolates were obtained from imidacloprid contaminated soil samples from Jalalpur kalan village and HAU fields by enrichment culture technique. Eight bacterial isolates showed growth up to 30,000 ppm imidacloprid amended in Mineral salt medium (MSM) containing glucose (0.2%). Out of eight, four isolates showing good growth onMSM agar plates containing 30,000 ppm of imidacloprid were selected for different carbon and nitrogen source utilization pattern on MSM agar plates. All the isolates showed good growth in presence of five different carbon and nitrogen sources. Therefore, these carbon and nitrogen sources were selected for imidacloprid utilization in MSM.More bacterial count and protein content was observed in the medium amended with glucose as carbon source and ammonium chloride as nitrogen source as compared to medium amended with other carbon and nitrogen sources with all the four isolates. To study the utilization of imidacloprid in liquid medium (containing glucose and ammonium chloride), medium was amended with 100 ppm imidacloprid. After 7 days of growth, residual imidacloprid was determined in the medium. Maximum utilization of imidacloprid was found with the isolate IP5 (83%) followed by IP1 (82.2 %), IP6 (74.5%) and IP7 (55.1%) respectively. Growth of four selected isolates was studied in sterilized as well as unsterilized soil amended with imidacloprid (100 ppm) for a period of two months under laboratory conditions. Viable count was higher in imidacloprid amended soil as compared to unamended soil with all the isolates. Imidacloprid level decreased in all the treatments. Percent degradation of imidacloprid was found more in unsterilized soil as compared to sterilized soil. Maximum utilization of imidacloprid was found with the isolate IP5 (76.0 %) followed by IP1 (73.0 %), IP6 (72.0%) and IP7 (57%) in sterilized soil. Similar trend was observed in unsterilized soil i.e. maximum utilization of imidacloprid with the isolate IP5 (82.2 %) followed by IP1 (80.9 %), IP6 (77.27%) and IP7 (68.34 %) respectively. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of the two imidacloprid utilizing bacterial isolates IP1 and IP5 in the presence of cotton plants under natural conditions. Germination of seeds was not observed in the treatments amended with 200 ppm imidacloprid. Shoot and root growth was found to be significantly higher in the inoculated treatments amended with 50-100 ppm imidacloprid as compared to their respective uninoculated treatments. Significant decrease in imidacloprid content was observed in soil on inoculation with bacterial isolates. Promising isolates were identified on the basis of 16 s rDNA gene sequencing. Bacterial isolate IP1 was found to be most similar to Bacillus pumilus strain NFB1 and IP5 was found to be most similar to Bacillus aryabhattai.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different soil moisture regimes on morpho-physiological characteristics, yield and juice quality of spring planted sugarcane(CCSHAU, 2016) Pooja; Nandwal, A.S.The present investigations were carried out on four sugarcane varieties, two of mid late group viz., CoH 128 and CoS 767 and two of early group viz. Co 0238 and CoJ 64 during spring season of the year 2014-15 and 2015-16 under the field conditions at Regional Research Station, Chaudhary Charan Singh, Haryana Agricultural University, Uchani, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Forty days after planting three level of available soil moisture (ASM) were created i.e. irrigation at 50% ASM level (control), irrigation at 40% ASM level (mild stress) and irrigation at 30% ASM level (severe stress). These ASM levels were created only during pre-monsoon (in the month of May and June) period by withholding irrigation and later on i.e. post monsoon period (in the month of July), the crop was irrigated for stress revival as per requirement. Morpho-physiological, biochemical and quality parameters were recorded at various intervals and correlated with yield components. The maximum germination was recorded in varieties CoJ 64 (65.5%) and lowest in CoH 128 (48.5%) at 45 DAP. The maximum reduction in stalk height was recorded in the month of June and it was reduced by 51.15 and 39.17% at 30 and 40% ASM levels, respectively as compared to 50% ASM level and highest stalk height was recorded in the variety Co 0238. Total number of tillers were reduced by 26.06 and 19.16% at 30 and 40% ASM levels, respectively in the first week of July and highest reduction was recorded in variety CoJ 64 and lowest in CoS 767. Leaf area (23.21-16.33 dm2/clump), leaf area index (3.06-2.12), crop growth rate (6.44-4.99 g m-2 day-1), relative growth rate (0.007- 0.006 g g-1 day-1) and net assimilation rate (1.00-0.69 g m-2 day- 1) were severely affected under low ASM levels. Among the varieties, maximum reduction in growth parameters were recorded in varieties CoH 128 and CoJ 64 than in Co 0238 and CoS 767. After stress revival, recovery was better in Co 0238 and CoS 767. The water potential (-0.64 to -1.22 MPa) and osmotic potential (- 0.86 to -1.79 MPa) of leaf become more negative with increasing the days after exposure to low ASM levels. Values of water potential (-1.51, -1.08) and osmotic potential (-1.61 o p -1.05 MPa) was more negative in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767, respectively than CoJ 64 and CoH 128. At 90 DAP, RWC (%) content of leaf decline from 87.88 to 63.20% and less reduction was recorded in Co 0238 and CoS 767. After stress revival, highest recovery was recorded in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. The maximum relative stress injury was recorded in CoJ 64 (27.49%) followed by CoH 128 (25.80%), Co 0238 (21.70%) and CoS Title of Thesis : Effect of different soil moisture regimes on morphophysiological characteristics, yield and juice quality of spring planted sugarcane Full name of degree holder : Pooja Admission Number : 2012BS12D Title of Degree : Doctor of philosophy Name and address of Major Advisor : Dr. A.S. Nandwal Professor (Plant Physiology) cum Additional Director of Research CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar-125 004, India Degree awarding University/Institute : Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar Year of award of degree : 2016 Major subject : Plant Physiology Number of pages in thesis : 116 + xiii Number of words in the abstract : 1121 767(20.70%) at 30% ASM level at 90 DAP. On rewatering (at 120 DAP) highest recovery was recorded in varieties Co 0238. The photosynthetic rate (6.68 to 2.82 m mol H2O m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (6.68 to 2.82 m mol H2O m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.333 to 0.102 m mol H2O m-2 s-1) get reduced at low ASM levels. The maximum reduction was noticed in CoJ 64 and CoH 128. Stress revival brought a significant improvement in these parameters. Water use efficiency was increased only in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767 at 30% and 40% ASM levels at 60 and 90 DAP, respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence (0.632 to 0.447), total chlorophyll content (12.01 to 9.44 mg g-1 DW) and K+ content in leaves (2.63 to 1.7%) decreased with increased duration of stress at low ASM levels with maximum in varieties CoJ 64 and CoH 128. On stress revival, recovery was better in varieties Co 0238 and CoS767. Lipid peroxidation in terms of MDA content (379.38 to 776.72 nmole MDA g-1 DW), reactive oxygen species content (813.0 to 1253.7 μmoles XTT FORMAZAN g-1 FW), canopy temperature (35.86-38.31°C) and pH of cell sap of leaves (5.70-5.88) increased in all the varieties at low ASM level. However, there values were more in varieties CoJ 64 and CoH 128 than in CoS 767 and Co 0238. Proline (100.87 to 393.83 μg g-1 DW), total soluble carbohydrates (12.77 to 22.41 mg g-1 DW), total soluble proteins (9.59 to 13.79 mg g-1 DW) and total ascorbic acid content (9.36 to 13.13 mg g-1 DW) increased at low ASM level, with more increase in Co 0238 and CoS 767 as compared to CoJ 64 and CoH 128. A gradual decrease was observed in above parameters after stress revival. Low ASM levels caused formation of new protein band of MW 18.56, 13.46, 31.6 and 36.6 kDa in leaves of variety Co 0238. In case of CoJ 64, one new polypeptide band of MW 38.5 kDa appeared and two polypeptide bands of MW 13.6 and 18.56 kDa disappeared. Variety CoS 767 showed the presence of four new band of 13.46, 15.6, 18.56 and 38.2 kDa. Likewise in variety CoH 128 two new polypeptide bands of MW 25.2 and 26.8 kDa appeared and 4 band of MW 13.46, 15.6, 18.17 and 54.6 kDa disappeared at 30% and 40% ASM levels. ASM levels 30% and 40% significantly induced the antioxidative defense system by increasing the specific activities of enzymes viz., peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase whereas mean values of specific activity of catalase were low and activity of antioxidative enzymes was more in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. The specific activity of sucrose synthase did not show significant difference at different level of ASM. Juice quality parameters viz., Brix, pol and CCS (%) were not affected at low ASM levels however, maximum values of theses parameters were recorded in varieties CoJ 64 followed by Co 0238, CoS 767 and CoH 128. The yield parameters viz., number of millable canes (22.05 and 15.7%), single cane weight (23.8 and 18.32%), cane length (20.16 and 14.9%) and internodal length (9.72 and 7.8%) were reduced significantly at 30% and 40% ASM levels, respectively. Among the varieties reduction was more in variety CoJ 64 and CoH 128 than Co 0238 and CoS 767. Cane yield significantly reduced by 40.5 and 31.0% at 30% and 40% ASM levels, respectively. Similarly sugar yield reduced by 40.56 and 31.9% at 30 and 40% ASM levels, respectively as compared to 50% ASM level. Significantly low reduction in yield parameters were recorded in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. The variety Co 0238 produced significantly highest cane yield and sugar yield (78.41 and 9.70 t ha-1) followed by CoS 767 (65.91 and 8.04 t ha-1), CoH128 (64.26 and 7.31 t ha-1) and CoJ 64 (57.60 and 7.06 t ha-1). Based on the above morpho-physiological, biochemical, juice quality and yield parameters studied, it is concluded that sugarcane varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767 showed better performance at 30% and 40% ASM levels than CoJ 64 and CoH 128.