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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Heat transfer in nanofluids over different conformations with various effects(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Pardeep Kumar; Poonia, HemantThe boundary layer flow, heat transfer flow, and mass transfer flow past a nanofluid due to different geometries have all been examined in the current study using numerical methods. The nanofluid flow saturated in different solid objects, such as stretching sheet, stretching cylinder, Riga plate, rotating disc, etc., are commonly used in many fields of engineering and manufacturing procedures. Numerous physical phenomena are involved in the various flow conditions, including the magnetic effect, velocity slip effect, thermal slip effect, suction/injection, Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects, porosity, heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation, Arrhenius energy, chemical reaction, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and nanoparticle volume fraction, in nanofluid flow have been discussed. To investigate the variations in velocity profiles, temperature, and concentration distributions, the influences of these parameters are plotted and discussed. Moreover, the factors of engineering interest, such as skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are studied and discussed in details. The system of governing non-linear partial differential equations is transformed into the system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations by applying an appropriate transformation. Then, the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method of fourth-fifth order along with shooting technique is used to solve them with the help of computing tools. Also, bvp4c, bvp5c MATLAB inbuilt solver are used. For validation of present numerical codes, the result are compared with previously published works. Thus, an excellent correlation between the current results and the available solutions in the literature is attained. The obtained results have huge significances in different fields of applied science and different branches of engineering and applied mathematics.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-efficacy of different herbicides in maize (Zea mays L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Pardeep Kumar; Sangwan, MeenakshiThe present study entitled “Bio-efficacy of different herbicides in maize (Zea mays L.)” was performed or conducted at Agronomy Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2020 with major objective to find out the effect of different weed control treatments on weeds, phenology, growth and yield of kharif maize. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design with 18 treatments and three replications. The treatments were atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb atrazine 500 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, halosulfuron methyl 67.5 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, atrazine 500 g ha-1 + halosulfuron methyl 67.5 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb halosulfuron methyl 67.5 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb 2-4,D 500 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, atrazine 1000 g ha-1 as PRE fb one hoeing at 35 DAS, one hoeing at 20 DAS fb atrazine 500 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS, tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 25 DAS, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS, topramezone 25 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, topramezone 25 g ha-1 + atrazine 500 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb topramezone 25 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, paraquat as directed spray 800 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb paraquat as direct spray 800 g ha-1 at 35 DAS, weedy check and weed free. Major weed flora infesting the field were Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Convolvulus arvensis. Atrazine 1000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS and atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS provided effective control of all types of weeds at different crop growth stages. Application of topramezone as POE is also effective against the weed flora but poor efficacy against C. rotundus. Among herbicide treatments at 50 & 80 DAS, atrazine 1000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS provided highest weed control efficiency (93.3 & 91 %) during kharif season. Among herbicidal treatments, maximum grain yield and yield attributes of maize were reported with PRE application of atrazine 1000 g ha-1 or 750 g ha-1 fb POE tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS (3942 and 3905 kg ha-1, respectively). No visual phyto-toxicity of any applied herbicide was observed in maize crop except with application of paraquat as POE at 25 and 35 DAS, phyto-toxicity symptoms i.e. yellowing, 40-50% and 20-30% were appeared on crop after 7 and 15 DAT, respectively. Maximum net returns (47106 & 46547 Rs. ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.6) was reported with atrazine 1000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS and atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S at 35 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of QTL(s) for terminal drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Pardeep Kumar; Kharb, PushpaDrought stress, particularly at the end of the growing season i.e. terminal drought stress is a major constrain production and yield stability in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Identification of genomic regions contributing to drought stress tolerance can help to develop better chickpea varieties through pyramiding of favorable alleles into adapted genotypes by molecular marker-assisted breeding. In the present investigation, experiments were conducted to evaluate two F2 populations derived from crosses between (HC-1 and ICC 4958) and (HC-1 and RSG 931), for genotyping by SSR markers and F2:3 populations for phenotyping of phenological, growth-related; yield and yield-related; and physiological traits. F2:3 progeny lines of cross HC-1 × ICC 4958 displayed large variation for phenological, growth-related; yield and yield-related; and physiological traits. Root depth and root dry weight was found to be positively correlated with seed yield. Similarly relative water content, osmotic potential and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was positively correlated with seed yield while water potential, relative stress injury and CTD was positively correlated with seed yield. A DNA fingerprint database of 128 F2 progeny lines of cross, HC-1× ICC 4958 was prepared using 27 polymorphic SSR markers. F2:3 design was used to map the QTLs for drought stress tolerance using WinQTL cartographer 2.5 and a total of 16 novel QTLs were identified for growth-related traits (3); yield and yield-related traits (6); and physiological traits (7) on linkage group 7. Out of 16 identified QTLs, five were major QTLs, one each for root depth, 100 seeds weight, biological yield, osmotic potential of leaf and relative stress injury of leaf, which were contributing more than 15% in phenotypic variance. In another cross, F2:3 progeny lines of cross HC-1 × RSG 931 displayed variation for phenological, growth-related; yield and yield-related; and physiological traits. Root length was found to be negatively correlated with yield in 18 F2:3 progeny lines of cross HC-1 × RSG 931. DNA fingerprint database of 18 F2 progeny lines of cross HC-1 × RSG 931 was prepared using 25 polymorphic SSR markers, NTSYS-pc analysis and two-dimensional PCA scaling exhibited that 18 F2 progeny lines were interspersed between the two parental chickpea genotypes. In conclusion, after validation, QTLs identified in the present study can be used to introgress in elite chickpea genotypes by marker assisted selection to develop drought tolerant varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of tillage, cultivars, nitrogen and residue management on crop performance and carbon sequestration in rice-wheat cropping system(2016) Pardeep Kumar; Satish KumarA field experiment entitled “Effect of tillage, cultivars, nitrogen and residue management on crop performance and carbon sequestration in rice-wheat cropping system” was conducted at the participatory strategic research and learning platform for climate smart agriculture, Taraori, Karnal, Haryana during Kharif, and rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 in collaboration with CIMMYT under CGIAR’s research program on climate change, agriculture and food security (CIMMYT-CCAFS). The treatment consisted of three tillage and crop establishment (TCE) methods in main plots and four treatments in subplot for rice (cultivar and nitrogen management) and wheat (legume and nitrogen management) crops. It was conducted in split plot factorial design having twelve treatment combinations each crop with three replications. Plant height, dry matter accumulation and no. of tillers were significantly affected by tillage and crop establishment method in both the year for both of the crops. Treatment ZT DSR-ZTW + R showed higher CGR and RGR as compared to rest of the treatments. Yield attributes of rice such as effective tillers, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight etc were significantly influenced by TCE, Where PTR produced significantly lower number of effective tillers in comparison to ZT DSR but it produced higher number of grain per panicle over ZT DSR+R. Wheat grown under ZT DSR-ZT W +R resulted 8.63% (2013-14) and 14.60 % (2014-15) higher grain yield as compared to PTR-CTW. In both the years higher grain yield was observed under hybrid than Basmati. Treatment with full residue retention (ZT DSR-ZTW + R) showed highest potential of carbon sequestration; where up to depth of 30 cm, SOC was significantly affected by tillage and residue management. Tillage and residue management practices showed varied effects on system grain yield (Wheat equivalent), total cost, gross returns and net returns, where PTR-CTW resulted into lowest system grain yield and net returns. ZT DSR-ZTW + R produced maximum system grain yield. Maximum system net return was computed under ZT DSR-ZTW – R treatment in both the years i.e. 163451/ha (2013-14) and 141275/ha (2014-15); which was 7.28 and 12.08% higher than PTR-CTW in 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively. Cultivation of basmati rice was more remunerative irrespective of growing season.ThesisItem Open Access Preparation and storability of garlic powder(CCSHAU, 2009) Pardeep Kumar; Garg, M.K.The present investigation entitled “Preparation and storability of garlic powder” was carried out with the objectives to study the effect of slicing and flaking of garlic on the drying kinetics and quality. The effect of PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) treatment and the packaging material on the storability of garlic powder were also studied. The fresh garlics were analyzed for proximate analysis. Garlics were then dehydrated and analyzed for drying rate, dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio. Then dehydrated garlics were ground into fine powder and analyzed for bulk density, hunterlab (L*a*b*) values, total sugars and the organoleptic quality. It was found that fresh peeled garlics contained moisture-63.78 percent, protein-5.99 percent, ash-1.91 percent, fat-1.75 percent, crude fiber-1.13 percent and carbohydrates-25.44. Garlic slices and flakes were prepared and different treatment viz., control (without PEF treatment) and PEF (9000V) were given to the samples of garlic. After the pre-treatment, the samples (slices and flakes) were dried in a tray drier at 600C temperature. Then dehydrated garlic were ground into fine powder and packed into LDPE (low density polythene), aluminium foil laminate and glass bottle (amber colour) for storage and were analysed for total sugars, bulk density and organoleptic quality to evaluate the product quality. PEF (9000V) was done for inactivation of micro-organism and enzymes which cause spoilage in the product and increase the shelf-life of the product. PEF treatment resulted in the increase of drying rate and faster removal of the moisture. Three packaging materials were used to pack the garlic powder. There was no significant effect of packaging materials and pre-treatment on the bulk density of garlic powder. L* (lightness) value was good for PEF treated samples and for samples which were packed in aluminium foil laminate and glass bottle (amber colour). The organoleptic score for garlic powder was found good for PEF treated samples and for samples packed in aluminium foil laminate and glass bottle (amber colour).ThesisItem Open Access Expression of myb gene in brassica tournefortii L.under drought stress(CCSHAU, 2009) Pardeep Kumar; Yadav, Neelam R.Brassica tournefortii, a highly drought tolerant Brassica species was used to study myb gene expression under drought stress. Seeds of Brassica tournefortii were grown on MS medium. Then 14 days seedlings were uprooted and given drought stress by subjecting them to air drying, PEG (-2 to -8 bar) and mannitol (100 mM to 400 mM) treatments. Total RNA isolation from stressed seedlings was carried out using Trizol reagent yielding 17.52-36.8 Fg/ml of total RNA. One- step RT-PCR was carried out using total RNA as template with BjMyb-1 primer designed from conserved domain of AtMyb2 and its homologous. BjActin primers were used in RT-PCR which served as control, as actin gene is constitutively expressed in all tissues. Exposure to drought stress for 15 minutes and 30 minutes (air drying) gave no amplification showing air drying upto 30 minutes does not induce any myb expression. An amplified product of 250 bp was obtained on exposure to drought stress for 60 minutes with air drying, PEG (-2 to -8 bar) and mannitol (100 mM to 400 mM) treatments. The transcript level was found similar in all treatments irrespective of drought treatments. cDNA was eluted out from the gel and purified cDNA was transformed using pDrive cloning vector (Quigen) in XL-blue strain of E.coli using blue- white selection. Transformed clones were characterized by plasmid DNA isolation, PCR amplification of plasmid DNA with gene specific primers. Plasmid DNA from transformed clones showed higher molecular weight than untransformed plasmid DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the insertion of DNA fragment into the plasmid. PCR amplification of plasmid DNA also confirmed the successful cloning.ThesisItem Open Access SSR marker analysis of thermotolerant and sensitive genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(CCSHAU, 2010) Pardeep Kumar; Dhillon, SantoshHexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is an important cereal food crop for majority of world’s population. SSR markers show high level of polymorphism even in species with narrow genetic base, such as wheat. High-temperature stress is one of the major constrains to wheat production worldwide. This study was undertaken with the objective to assess polymorphism among seven thermosensitive and seven thermotolerant genotypes of wheat. DNA extracted from young leaves of 14 wheat genotypes was amplified by using 45 SSR primers. Out of these primers, 37 showed amplification and were selected for further investigation. For SSR assays, data was analyzed to calculate various parameters such as the number of total bands, number of polymorphic bands, per cent polymorphism, bands per primer, polymorphic bands per primer, similarity matrices and dendrogram construction. The polymorphism percentage ranger from 33.3% to100%, giving an average percentage of polymorphism of 77.8%. The SSR primers yielded average 2.43 bands per primer. Overall size of PCR amplified products ranged between 95bp and 1120bp. Based on SSR similarity matrix data, the value of similarity coefficient ranged from 0.60 to 0.90 with an average genetic similarity of 0.76. At a similarity coefficient 0.751, two group were formed which separated all thermotolerant and thermosensitive genotypes in the dendrogram. Two and three dimensional PCA (Principle Component Analysis) showed similar clustering as evident from cluster tree analysis. Primer Xgwm 46 showed a ≈200bp band which was present in all the thermotolerant genotypes and absent in all thermosensitive genotypes. While WMC 170 produced three unique alleles of 215bp (WH 730 &WH 1021), 217bp (GW 173 & NIAW 34) and 220bp (RAJ 3765 & WH 1076) which were present in all the thermotolerant genotypes (except WH1022) but absent in all the thermosenstive genotypes. Xgwm46 and WMC 170 primers may probably be thermotolerance specific and may have potential for use in marker assisted selection programs for wheat production improvement.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of clusterbean cultivars under different resource conservation techniques(CCSHAU, 2010) Pardeep Kumar; Yadav, V.K.The field experiment entitled, “Performance of clusterbean cultivars under different resource conservation techniques” was conducted at Research Farm of CCS HAU Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari), during kharif season of 2009-10. The main plot treatments consisted of four resource conservation techniques (RCTs) viz. conventional tillage (CT), furrow irrigated raised bed system (FIRBS), zero tillage (ZT) with 5% wheat residue (WR) and ZT with 30% WR; and three cultivars HG 563, HG 365 and HG 2-20 were kept in sub-plots making twelve treatment combinations which were tested in split plot design with three replications. Different RCTs had significant impact on growth, yield attributes and yield of clusterbean and also on nutrient uptake by the crop. ZT 30% WR resulted into better growth and yield of all clusterbean cultivars. Maximum gross return was under ZT 30% WR, however, net return ( 24630 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.17) was higher under ZT 5% WR. N, P and K uptake by various clusterbean cultivars was higher in HG 2-20. At crop harvest, available N, P and K content in the soil was more under ZT 30% WR. Among three clusterbean cultivars, HG 2-20 attained more growth and resulted into higher grain yield (1532 kg ha-1) closely followed by HG 563 (1419 kg ha-1) and HG 365 (1208 kg ha-1). Protein and gum yields were also higher in HG 2-20. HG 2-20 resulted into maximum net return ( 21997 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.07). Thus, HG 2-20 coupled with ZT 5% WR was adjudged the most suited treatment combination for higher and economic yield. However, ZT 30% WR is expected to be remunerative and sustainable on long-term basis provided farmers can afford to retain at least 30% of previous crop residue on soil surface.
