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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Physiological characterization of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes under salinity(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Manisha; Anita kumariThe present investigation entitled “Physiological characterization of linseed (Linum usistatissimum L.) genotypes under salinity stress” was investigated in the laboratory of Deptt. Of Botany and Plant Physiology. Salinity is one of the most important factors that restricts plant growth in many regions of the world. In order to assess how salt stress effects germination, growth and some physiological characteristics of flax, two separate experiments were carried out in the laboratory. The first experiment included fifty genotypes and three salinity levels (control, 8dS/m and 10dS/m). The results showed that with increasing salinity, germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry weight and seedling vigour index decreased as compared to control. Similarly, the relative water content of shoot and root decreased with increasing salinity level from control to 10dS/m. At 10dS/m salinity level osmotic potential (ψs) of shoot and root also declined. Total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index and total carotenoid content of shoot also decreased from control to 10dS/m salinity level. The level of osmolyte i.e. proline increased with increasing salinity level. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) was noticed in both shoot and root of linseed genotypes. Enzymatic activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, APX and GR) increased under salinity (10 dS m-1) stress. Despite, the increase in the activity of these enzymes ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione content decreased at 10dS/m respective to their control. The above observations suggest that salinity had a negative effect on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters, ultimately resulting in a decrease in the growth of plants. Overall it is concluded that accession no. IC0268344, IC0499192 performed better under salinity stress so, these accessions may be considered as relatively tolerant.ThesisItem Open Access Spatial distribution and effect of leaf characters on development of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in cotton(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Manisha; Rolania, KrishnaThe present study on Spatial distribution and effect of leaf characters on development of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in cotton was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The findings of investigation revealed that among three cotton cultivars the middle leaves of Bt cotton had the highest number of whitefly nymph (36.08 nymphs/leaf) in comparison to American (34.64 nymphs/leaf), and Desi cotton (32.10 nymphs/leaf). The population of whitefly nymphs was highest on the middle strata leaves in each cultivar, followed by the upper strata leaves, and it was minimum on the lower strata leaves. The maximum population of adults was observed on upper leaves of Bt cotton (4.26 adults/leaf) followed by American (3.09 adults/leaf) and minimum was on Desi cotton (2.63 adults/leaf). The maximum population of whitefly adult was observed on upper strata leaves than on middle strata leaves while minimum on lower strata leaves in each cultivar. There were two peaks of B. tabaci adults, observed in 34th and 40th SMW (i.e., 3rd week of August and 1st week of October). Likewise, two peaks of nymphal population were observed in 35th SMW 41st SMW (4th week of August and 2nd week of October) with number 33.04, 30.69, 27.41 and 25.98, 23.88, 20.07 nymphs/leaf in Bt, American and Desi cotton, respectively . Whitefly adult population had significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity and minimum temperature in Desi cotton only. Relative morning humidity showed a significant positive correlation with nymphal population in all the three cultivars. Several species of arthropod natural enemies were found and these included spider species, coccinellids, Chrysoperla spp. and parasitoids species. The peak activity of different natural enemies was observed during early October (40th to 43rd SMW). The study revealed that on both i.e., 45 days and 90 days plant, the whitefly development was high on 25 days old leaf on all three cultivars. Leaf area, thickness and trichome density showed a positive and significant correlation with 25 days old leaf in all three cultivars. Total chlorophyll in 5 days old leaf had a positive and highly significant correlation with nymphal duration in Desi cotton only. Tannin content showed a positive and significant correlation with egg hatchability on 25 days old leaf in Bt cotton.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) as influenced by potassium levels and foliar application of nutrients under irrigated conditions(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Manisha; Mukesh KumarAn experiment was conducted under field conditions during kharif 2021 at CCS HAU, Regional Research Station, Bawal to study the “Performance of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) as influenced by potassium levels and foliar application of nutrients under irrigated conditions.” The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with thrice replications and treatments comprised three levels of potassium (0, 20 and 30 kg K2O ha-1) and foliar spray of 2% urea along with 2% multiplex nutrient at pre-flowering and pod formation stage with basal application of RDF [20:40:00 kg ha-1 (N: P2O5:K2O)]. The results showed that the number of nodules and their fresh weight was increased significantly with the application of potassium and foliar spray of 2 % urea and 2% multiplex nutrient at pre-flowering and pod formation stage. Seed and stover yield increased with the increase potassium and foliar spray of 2 % urea and 2% multiplex nutrient at pre-flowering and pod formation stage over control. The quality parameters like as protein content and gum content significantly increased with the application of potassium up to 30 kg K2O ha-1 with foliar spray. N, P, K and S content in seed and stover was significantly increased with the application of potassium and foliar spray but Ca and Mg content in seed and stover decrease with increase in potassium level. Uptake of N, P, K and S nutrients in seed and stover significantly increased with the application of potassium and foliar spray of 2 % urea and 2% multiplex nutrient but uptake of Ca and Mg decrease with increase in potassium level. Soil properties like pH, EC and organic carbon reported no significant influenced with the levels of potassium and foliar spray. Available N, P, K, S and different forms of K (water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K and total K) of soil after crop harvest was increased significantly while, Ca and Mg decreased significantly with the potassium application. Overall soil fertility was also found to be improved due to the application of potassium and foliar spray of urea and multiplex nutrient in clusterbean at pre-flowering and pod formation stage. The higher net monetary returns (Rs. 102240 ha-1) with B:C ratio (1.82) obtained under the treatment T9 (30 kg K2O ha-1 + 2% Urea spray+ 2% Multiplex nutrient spray). It is concluded that application of 30 kg K2O ha-1 at sowing and foliar spraying of 2% urea along with 2% multiplex at pre-flowering and pod formation stage was found to be suitable to improve soil conditions and to achieve optimum grain yield, monetary returns in clusterbean.ThesisItem Open Access Organic farming among farmers of rural Haryana: A Sociological Analysis(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2021-09) Manisha; Bas KaurOrganic farming is more than just avoiding the use of agrochemicals in agriculture; it is a technique for establishing a healthy agro-ecosystem on a farm. Organic agriculture arose from the purposeful efforts of inspired people, who wanted to build the finest possible relationship between man and the land. The present research was conducted in Haryana state with following specific objectives: (1) To assess knowledge of farmers about organic farming. (2) To ascertain the nature and extent of adoption level of organic farming practices and (3) To study the association between selected socio-economic variables and adoption of organic farming. The sample of 120 respondents was selected from a cluster of villages from two districts, namely, Karnal and Sirsa through systemic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through interview Scheduled and analyzed with suitable descriptive statistical techniques. Analysis clearly revealed that majority of the respondents (58.30%) had medium level of knowledge and about one-third (31.70%) had high level of knowledge regarding organic farming. Near about half of respondents (45%) had medium level of adoption followed by 40.80 percent who had low level of adoption. Analysis indicated that age, education, caste, family type, size of land holding, subsidiary occupation and socio-economic status were found significantly associated with level of knowledge regarding organic farming. Results revealed that education, caste, family type, size of land holding, subsidiary occupation and mass media exposure were found to be significantly associated with level of adoption regarding organic farming. It was found that 70 percent were doing organic farming for more than three years. Low yield of crops, lack of purchasing agencies, no minimum support price, low premium prices for organic products, poor communication channels were the major constraints. There should be more purchasing agencies, minimum support price, proper market facilities available for farmers and farmers should be encouraged to adopt organic farming by giving subsidies.ThesisItem Open Access Response of organic manures on growth, flowering and spike yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Manisha; Beniwal, B. S.The present study entitled “Response of organic manures on growth, flowering and spike yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)” cv. Prajwal was carried out at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Centre of Excellence for Organic Farming, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2020-21. In this experiment, three sources of organic manures viz., FYM, vermicompost and poultry manure were taken along with their five levels (control, 2 Kg/m2 , 3 Kg/m2 , 4 Kg/m2 and 5 Kg/m2 ). This experiment comprising of fifteen treatments laid out in split plot design with three replications. The plot size was kept 1.5 m x 1.5 m with spacing 30 cm x 30 cm between row to row and plant to plant. Among the different organic manures vermicompost gave best results followed by poultry manure and FYM. Days taken to initiation of sprouting and complete sprouting were minimum with the application of poultry manure while early spike emergence, early opening of first floret, maximum plant height, length of leaves, number of leaves per clump, length of spike, length of rachis, stem diameter, number of florets per spike, spike weight, number of bulbs per clump, diameter of bulb, weight of bulb, spike longevity under field and vase conditions were observed when fertilized with vermicompost @ 4 Kg/m2 whereas maximum organic carbon in soil & potassium content in leaves and soil with the application of vermicompost @ 5 Kg/m2 . Nitrogen & Phosphorus content of plant and soil was observed maximum with poultry manure @ 5 Kg/m2 . Among microbial activities, dehydrogenase activity was maximum with FYM and alkaline phosphatase activity with poultry manure @ 5 Kg/m2ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional evaluation of products prepared from wheat and dried water chestnut composite flour(CCSHAU, 2018) Manisha; Punia, DarshanThe present investigation was carried out to study the nutrient composition of wheat and dried water chestnut composite flour, development of products using composite flour and their sensory and nutritional evaluation and studying the shelf life of the developed products. Four types of composite flours were prepared with using wheat and water chestnut in ratios; 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80. Six products namely, chapati, halwa, ladoo, nankhatai, biscuits and cake were prepared using all types of composite flour in which chapati, halwa, nankhatai and biscuits developed from type I composite flour were most acceptable and ladoo prepared from type III composite flour and cake from type II composite flour were most acceptable. These acceptable products were evaluated in terms of sensory and nutritional parameters. The results of proximate composition revealed that water chestnut flour contained 9.36 % moisture, 8.03% crude protein, 2.33% crude fat and 76.55 % total carbohydrates. Calcium content of water chestnut flour was 34.29 mg/100g. Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH) of water chestnut flour were 7.13 mg GAE/100g, 1.63 mg RE/100g and 2.62 mg TE/100g, respectively. The value added products were evaluated organoleptically using nine point Hedonic scale by a panel of ten judges. Mean scores of organoleptic evaluation indicated that all the products were acceptable in terms of their color, appearance, aroma, texture and taste. Overall acceptability scores of the all products revealed that all products were in the category of “liked slightly” to “liked very much” by the judges. Sensory evaluation of products showed that water chestnut flour could be incorporated up to 60% level in ladoo, 40% level in cake and 20% level in chapati, halwa, nankhatai and biscuits. Further nutritional evaluation of products revealed that with the incorporation of water chestnut flour in wheat flour, the content of total sugars, starch, total carbohydrates, calcium, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were increased significantly whereas crude protein,crude fat, crude fibre, iron, zinc, potassium and magnesium content were found to be decreased significantly. Shelf life study of most acceptable and storable products (nankhatai, ladoo and biscuits) was done. There were no significant differences were observed in the overall acceptability of the storage of products. It could be concluded that water chestnut flour can be incorporated in development of products.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Nutritional Status of Preschool Children of Jind District (Haryana)(I.C College Of Home Science Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Manisha; Punia, DarshanThesisItem Open Access Computational modeling and molecular dynamic simulation of pyrophosphatase of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2018) Manisha; Sudhir KumarInorganic pyrophosphatase plays a significant role in various processes in plants. It causes chalkiness and hydrolytic breakdown of ADP-glucose in plastidal compartment. It has significance in lipid metabolism, calcium absorption, DNA synthesis and biochemical transformations. The sequence of inorganic pyrophosphatse was retrieved from NCBI and template was identified using BLASTP. With 84% query coverage and 71% identity 4LUG was selected as template. Modeller 9.19 and RaptorX were used for computational modeling. Predicted models were refined by energy minimization with GROMOS force field from Swiss-pdb Viewer. Minimum energy calculated for Modeller 9.19 and RaptorX predicted models were -2394.489KJ/mol and -7365.312KJ/mol respectively. The structures were assessed by GROMOS, ANOLEA and QMEAN graphs. More favourable region was shown by GROMOS and ANOLEA as compare to QMEAN. WHATIF server programs were used for structures optimization and validation. Bond length Z-score, bond angle Z-score, coarse packing quality and Ramachandran Z-score, were approximately 0.4, 1.2, -0.9 and 0.1 respectively. SAVES server programs score for PROVE, VERIFY3D and ERRAT were approximately 4.2%, 81% and 91% respectively. Ramachandran plot calculated by PROCHECK showed approximately 94% amino acid in core and 6% in allowed region. The models visualization showed coils were dominantly present in both the structures. RMSD for the structures was less than 0.5. Explicit solvent molecular dynamic simulation was done by VMD and NAMD software. The total energy and RMSD graphs calculated after simulation were stable for the structures. Structure superimposition with template showed significant conserved region between template and predicted structures. RMSD calculated after simulation was less than 0.5 Å against for both models template. The model predicted by RaptorX was found better as compared to Modeller 9.19 predicted model.ThesisItem Open Access Biology of polyommatus boetius (L.) on fieldpea and evaluation of various genotype against major insect pests(CCSHAU, 2016) Manisha; Roshan LalThe present studies entitled “Biology of Polyommatus boeticus (L.) on fieldpea and evaluation of various genotypes against major insect pest” was carried out during rabi 2015-16 at Reseach farm of Pulses Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Laboratory of Department of Entomology, CCS HAU, Hisar. For conducting biological studies, rearing was done in laboratory at 28±10C and relative humidity (60-70%). Results revealed that pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period ranged from 1 to 2, 2 to 3 and 2 to 3 days, respectively. A single female could lay maximum of 15 eggs and minimum of 13 eggs (average 14 eggs) during her life time. On fieldpea, the longevity of male moths was ranged from 7 to 9 days (average 8 days) and longevity of female moths varied from 9 to 10 days (average 9.5±0.42 days). Incubation period varied from 2 to 3 days (average 2.5±0.7 days). The total larval period ranged from 11 to 13 days (average 12±0.22 days). Average Prepupal period ranged from 2 to 3 days (average 2.22±0.13 days) and pupal period ranged from 6 to 9 days (average 8±0.22 days). Average female to male sex ratio was 1.0 to 1.5. It was found that the mating of adults of P. boeticus occurred in day time only. When the mating was disturbed the pair flew without separation and continued mating. Mating period of P. boeticus varied from 48 to 64 minutes (average 54.3 ±0.07 minutes). Results revealed that the total life cycle varied from 29 to 35 days (average 32.8±4.24 days). Morphometric studies on P. boeticus revealed that the eggs measured 0.47 to 0.57 mm in diameter (average 0.52 mm). Average body lengths of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 1.17, 2.10, 7.59 and 11.09 mm and average body width of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 0.16, 0.69, 1.15 and 1.39 mm. Average head capsule length of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 0.22, 0.70, 1.25 and 1.46 mm. Average head capsule width of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 0.15, 0.64, 1.10 and 1.34 mm. On an average, pre pupa measured 10.80 mm in length and measured 4.94 mm in width and pupa measured 10.62 mm in length and measured 4.45 mm in width. On an average 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval instar, pre pupa and pupa male weighted 0.004, 0.021, 0.064, 0.170, 0.155 and 0.088 mg, respectively. Immature stage was not distinguishable in male and female. Adult antennae, fore leg, middle leg and hind leg measured 7.93, 5.78, 6.05, 6.28 mm long in female and 7.02, 5.63, 5.91 and 6.15 mm in male. The average wingspan measured 29.90 mm in male and 33.28 mm in female. Out of the 18 genotypes screened against pod borer complex comprising H. armigera, E. zinckenella and P.boeticus at green pod stage, the infestation ranged from 0.11 to 1.22, 0.00 to 1.44 and 00 to 0.33 larvae/ 3 plants, respectively, whereas at maturity it varied from 0.48 to 7.53, 7.31 to 22.10 and 0.50 to 1.60 per cent, respectively. Genotypes HFP-1137, HFP-530B, and HFP-529 were least susceptible and genotype HFP-8712 was highly susceptible against H. armigera. There was positive and significant correlation of 50 per cent flowering with H. armigera and E. zinckenella. Pod wall thickness had negative and significant correlation with H. armigera and E. zinckenella. Pod length was positive and significantly correlated with P. boeticus pod damage. Trichome density was negative and significantly correlated with E. zinckenella larval population and P. boeticus pod damage. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that C. indicus population had significant negative correlation with temp (min.). H. armigera and P. boeticus population had non- significant correlation with abiotic factors. E. zinckenella larval population had significant positive correlation with Temperature (Tmax.). C. horticola population had significant negative correlation with temp.(max & min) and significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity.
