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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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2010 - 201925
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Subject: Zoology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of neonicotinoid on the vermicomposting efficacy, avoidance behavior and growth parameters of earthworm Eisenia fetida
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Akshay Kumar; Dharambir Singh
    A greater part (>80%) of the biomass of land invertebrates is constituted by earthworms which play a useful role in increasing and structuring the nutrient content of the soil. Neonicotinoid insecticides are among some of the most important insecticides applied to crops which have been the world‘s largest selling insecticides for many years. On one hand, the pesticides help in enhancing the quality and quantity of crop production, but the indiscriminate use of pesticides also poses immense threat to the growth and survivability of earthworm. Due to earthworm‘s uniform distribution in agro ecosystems, they are more prone to the damage caused by pesticides. Present study was carried out to assess the impact of neonicotinoid on the vermicomposting efficacy, avoidance behavior and growth parameters of earthworm Eisenia fetida. The insecticides viz. imidacloprid and acetamiprid were used individually as well as in combinations of different concentrations. Maximum avoidance behavior (56.01±4.45%) was observed for acetamiprid @ 0.75 mg /kg exposure in comparison to other treatments. The observations proved toxicity of insecticides individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on survival rate, growth parameters (length and weight) and reproductive potential. Minimum number of adult earthworm and cocoon production was 18.00±1.53 &12.67±1.20 respectively in the worms exposed to imidacloprid + acetamiprid (@1.00+0.38 mg/kg on 90th day of experiment. Similarly, minimum body weight (0.40±0.06 gram) and length gain (6.56±0.34 cm) were observed in the same treatment. There was increase in the nutrient status of vermicompost; increase of 28.76% in nitrogen, 47.57% in phosphorus and 16.20% in potassium was recorded whereas total organic carbon of vermicompost reduced (reduction of 29.19%). Significant reduction (45%) in C: N ratio after the end of experiment explains the improvement in quality of vermicompost.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pesticides induced toxicity on biomolecules composition, immune cells and gut bacterial population of Pheretima posthuma
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Sakshi; Dharambir Singh
    Earthworms play important role in soil functions like soil aeration, stabilization of soil aggregates and water infiltration by their burrowing activity. The aforesaid activities are essential for maintaining the sustainability of agro ecosystem but they are decreasing and degraded because of indiscriminate use of pesticides. The earthworms ingest organically rich soil and release vermicast which harbour more bacteria than surrounding soil. This cast has buffering action for maintaining proper functioning of soil. The pesticide induces disruption in enzymatic activities and also affects the biomolecules composition of earthworms so present study was carried out to study the impact of pesticides toxicity on biomolecules compositions, immune cells and gut bacterial population of Pheretima posthuma. Both the pesticides viz. imidacloprid and pendimethalin were used individually as well as in combination for experimentation. Maximum reduction in biomolecule compositions was22.44%, 52.04% and 40.88% in crude protein, crude lipid, and carbohydrate respectively in earthworms treated with imidacloprid along with pendimethalin @ 0.60+2.50 μl/kg of substrate. There was significant reduction (72.28%) in coelomocytes, counted in earthworm exposed to highest concentration of imidacloprid along with pendimethalin @ 0.60+2.50μl/kg. Similarly, significant reduction was observed in number of granlocyte-I, granulocyte-II, mucocytes, lymphoidocytes and in vaculocytes. Maximum reduction inbacterial population inthe gut and vermicast was also observed in the same treatment. Among the two imidacloprid(insecticide) and pendimethalin (herbicide) imidacloprid was more toxic than pendimethalin when applied individually.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of avian faunal diversity in and around district Hisar (Haryana)
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Deepak; Ravikant
    The present investigation was carried out in CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and nearby villages (Sisai and Datta-Gurana) for documentation of avian faunal diversity in and around district Hisar (Haryana) and isolation and characterization of bacterial agents from avian fecal matter. During the course of study 87 avian species of 19 orders, 41 families of the class Aves were studied. Order Passeriformes was predominant with 36 avian species among the studied orders. Family Muscicapidae with seven avian species was the predominant followed by family motacillidae with six species. The IUCN Status was also recorded for the spotted bird species. According to the IUCN, out of 87 birds species (reported in these study areas), the status of 86 birds species were found to be least concern while one was Near Threatened (Alexandrine Parakeet). About 55% of the observed species in the study area were common, 27% were very common, 17% were less common and 1% of the recorded species were rare. In the major horticultural crops studied (Ber, Guava, Mango), the maximum damage caused by birds was found in guava, followed by ber and mango. The maximum pestilence was caused by parakeets, followed by Red vented Bulbul. Birds as reported pests belonged to four families Psittacidae, Pycnonotidae, Corvidae and Megalaimidae. Total eight bacteria were isolated from the fecal matter of five different bird species. These were Y. enterocolitica, S. aureus, A. faecalis, E.coli, Pseudomonas sp., Campylobacter sp. and Enterobacter sp. On the basis of antibiotic susceptibility test not a single bacterium was reported to be multi-drug resistant. The four essential oils were also tested for their antimicrobial activity against the isolated bacteria. The four essential oils (Neem seed oil, Basil oil, Citronella oil and Mentha Pepprita oil) were also tested for their antimicrobial activity against the isolated bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition was seen in Pseudomonas sp., E.coli , S. aureus, Enterobacter sp and Campylobacter sp. by the basil oil with 100% concentration, 50% concentration and 25% concentration. However, all of the isolates were found to be resistant to Neem seed oil (at all treated concentrations). Antibacterial activity of the selected essential oils was good against all the tested bacterial isolates.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular characterization of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its management in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Sonika; Gulati, Rachna
    For molecular characterization, Tetranychus urticae was collected from different locations of Hisar from three crops viz., tomato, okra and brinjal. Total genomic DNA isolated using modified CTEB method were subjected to PCR assay using ITS2 primer yielded single bands in the range of 527 to 546 bp. The sequence analysis of PCR products indicated guanine at 67, 93, 96 position and adenine at 68, 77, 86 position in case of AO11 showing variability with other populations and maximum identity (96.67%) with T. macfarlanei ITS2 gene (Accession No. AB738756.1). Other sequences of spider mites; HT1, HO2, HB3, ST4, SO5, SB6, KT7, KO8, BO9 and BB10 showed identity (81%) with ITS2 of T. urticae (Accession No. AB27738.1). The pair-wise genetic distance between individuals of these ten populations was negligible (0.0 to 0.02%), showing low divergence amongst them. The phylogenetic analysis of eleven sequences showed that AO11population collected from Adampur was closely related with T. macfarlanei population and rest of the populations with T. urticae populations. Population dynamics of T. urticae was recorded from autumn (September to November, 2017) and spring summer (February to May, 2018) on tomato which showed peak in the second fortnight of October, 2017 (51.57 mites/ sq. cm leaflet) and second fortnight of March, 2018 (69.60 mites/ sq. cm leaflet) under screen house conditions. In field study, statistically higher numbers of eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults were recorded during second week of April than at other observation periods. The distribution of T.urticae was found to be more on ventral surface of grown up leaves (11.91 mites/sq. cm leaflet) which was statistically higher than the mite recorded on tender (11.12 mites/sq. cm leaflet) and older (10.66 mites/sq. cm leaflet) leaves. Among abiotic factors, T. urticae population showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r =0.70), sunshine hours (r= 0.63) and significant negative correlation with relative humidity (r = -0.83) and wind velocity (r= -0.55). Minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, average vapour pressure and rainfall showed non significant relationship with mite incidence. Investigations on phytochemical parameters showed that with increase in T. urticae population, number of chlorotic patches, total phenols and proline significantly increased in tomato leaves. Photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls, Chlorophyll-a, b, carotenoids), total sugars, reducing, non reducing sugars, mineral content (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus), fruit number, length, and weight, significantly decreased in response to T. urticae infestation as compared to uninfested leaves. Bioassay results clearly revealed that aqueous and methanolic leaf extract of O. sanctum possessed acaricidal activity. The LC50 value in aqueous and methanolic extract was 3.46, 7.06 percent against T. urticae. Highest reduction in number of eggs and mobile stages were noticed in Omite treated plants (68.74, 71.62%) followed by methanolic leaf extract of O. sanctum(@ 5%) (68.74, 63.62%) and aqueous leaf extract of O. sanctum (@7.5%) (57.26, 60.98%) as compared to control. In T. urticae adults, increase in esterase level after 24h and 48h exposure but decrease in GST level after 48 h of exposure of aqueous leaf extract of O. sanctum was recorded.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of herbal extracts against bacteria isolated from wild bat’s fecal matter
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Sukhbir Singh; Ravikant
    The present investigation was carried out in CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and nearby location (Gujri Mehal, Hisar) for documentation of bat faunal diversity in and around district Hisar (Haryana) and isolation and characterization of bacterial agents from bats faecal matter. These bacterial isolates were further tested against various herbal extracts at various concentrations and antibiotics to determine their susceptibility. The results were observed and summarized below: During the course of study three species (Indian flying foxes, Fulvous fruit Bat and Common pipistrelle bat) were studied. Pteropus giganteus and Rousettus leschenaultia were foundbelonging to family Pteropodidae and Pipistrellus pipistrellus belongs to family Vedpertilionidae. In accordance with IUCN status, all three bat species were found to be least concern. Indian flying foxes and Common pipistrelle was found abundant. Fulvous fruit Bat and were found common. Study of faecal matter of bat; end up with isolation of eleven bacterial species (Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Salmonella sp., Enterobacter sp., Psudomonas sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica and Staphylococcus aureus). Isolated bacteria were tested for commercially available antibiotics (IC001-1PK Hi-Media) TM and herbal extracts. Five bacteria were found multidrug resistance (MDR),A. faecaliswastowardsClarithromycin,Ceftazidime, Y. enterocoliticatowardsAmpicillin/Cloxacillin, Staphylococcus sp. I1towards Ceftazidime, Penicillin, Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefuroxime, K. pneumoniatowardsCiprofloxacin, Cefaclor and Streptococcus sp. towards Ceftazidime and Roxithromycin. Basil herbal extract was found most effective against most of the bacteria at different concentration, showed maximum zone of inhibition and neem leaf herbal extract was found least effective against most of the bacterial isolates. Alcaligenes faecalis and Yersinia enterocolitica were found resistant towards Peppermint extract. Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Psudomonas sp.and Staphylococcus aureus was found maximum susceptible to basil leaf herbal extract. Citronella herbal extract was very effective against Pseudomonas sp. at all three concentrations. However, neem leaf extract was found least effective against all the bacterial isolates.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Screening of germplasm and damage potential of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in marigold
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Bamel, Karuna; Gulati, Rachna
    The three germplasms each of African marigold, tall golden, tall orange, lemon red and French marigold, black Jafari, Hisar Jafari-2, Hisar beauty supported T. urticae population but showed significant variation in mite numbers during screening in accordance with susceptibility index. The germplasm tall orange African sheltering lowest mite populations (9.82 mites/leaf) was marked as the least susceptible; black Jafari French (19.43 mites per leaf) as slightly susceptible; tall golden African (26.17 mites/leaf), lemon red African (24.13 mites/leaf) and Hisar beauty French (27.18 mites/leaf) were marked moderately susceptible; Hisar Jafari-2 French with 32.21 mites/leaf was categorized as highly susceptible. In general, French germplasm was comparatively more susceptible (57%) to T. urticae infestation as compared to African germplasm (43%). Irrespective of germplasm, significantly higher number of mites was recorded on grown up leaves followed by tender and older leaves of marigold.The mite number was found to significantly increase with each observation period till the attainment of peak in population in the month of January (35.51 mites/ leaf) while least number of mites were recorded in the month of October (6.65 mites/leaf). During severe infestation, leaves were completely damaged and turned white, the mites spread to buds, flowers. The plants were seen completely covered with profuse webbing by T. urticae and dried up.Under screen house conditions, the studies on population dynamics of T. urticae showed the first peak in the third (144.95 mites/leaf) and fifth (96.24 mites/leaf) week of April in French and African marigold. The second peak was recorded on fourth week of November (130.59, 87.00 mites/leaf) in both the germplasms. Under field conditions, the first and second peak in T. urticae population on African marigold was recorded during third week of May, 2018 (67.09 mites/leaf) and first week of March, 2019 (37.13 mites/leaf). Statistically, ventral surface (lower side) of leaf harboured higher number of mites (72 and 74%) as compared to the dorsal (upper surface) (28 and 26 %) in both French and African marigold, respectively under screen house conditions. Season wise, statistically higher population was recorded in summer season followed by winter and rainy season, respectively. Among abiotic factors, a significant positive correlation of mite population was recorded with maximum temperature(r=0.469), sunshine hours(r=0.490) and evaporation (r=0.567). A highly negative significant correlation was recorded for morning relative humidity (r= -0.824), evening relative humidity(r= -0.798) and minimum temperature(r= -0.674). Under field conditions, highly significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r=0.90) and average wind speed (r=0.76) was found. Sunshine hours showed non significant correlation with mite population. Significantly lower amount of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, carotenoids, total sugar, non reducing sugar, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in infested leaves was observed as compared to the uninfested leaves of marigold; depicting significant negative correlation with T. urticae population. A significant increase in reducing sugars, total phenol and proline was reported as compared to the uninfested leaves.The decrease/ increase in the phytochemicals was more pronounced in summer as compared to winter season in T. urticae infested marigold leaves. Highly significant negative correlation was found between number of mites and fruit parameters like no. of flower (r= -0.953), flower diameter (r=-0.933), flower weight (r=-0.81), and yield per plant (r= -0.923). Statistically, higher yield was observed in uninfested plants (224.05 g/plant) as compared to infested plants (124.98 g/plant).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Screening of germplasm and damage potential of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in rose
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Poonam; Gulati, Rachna
    The three germplasms each of hybrid tea rose, pink, yellow, white and Floribunda rose, dark pink, orange, pinkish white supported T. urticae population but showed significant variation in mite numbers during screening in accordance with susceptibility index. The germplasm pinkish white and orange rose sheltering lowest mite populations (5.06, 5.41 mites/leaf) was marked as the least susceptible; dark pink (8.94 mites/leaf), yellow rose (7.75 mites/leaf) and white rose (5.77 mites/leaf) were marked moderately susceptible; pink rose with 14.86 mites/leaf was categorized as highly susceptible. Hybrid Tea roses were more susceptible to T. urticae as compared to Floribunda roses. Between screen house and field crop, statistically higher number of mites were recorded under screen house (9.29 mites/leaf) than in field (6.64 mites/leaf) crop. Under screen house conditions, the studies on population dynamics of T. urticae in desi rose showed that first peak appeared in second week of August and second peak was recorded in the fourth week of March. Grown up leaves harboured significantly greater population of mites (9.59 mites/leaf; 45-52%) as compared to older (6.71 mites/leaf; 27-32%) and tender (4.78 mites//leaf; 21-23%). Under field conditions, T.urticae population showed a first peak in the first week of September, 2018. A significant positive correlation of mite population was recorded with maximum temperature (r =0.669), minimum temperature (r =0.872), evening relative humidity (r= 0.354), wind velocity (r=0.666) and rainfall (r =0.462) under screen house conditions. Under field conditions highly significant positive correlation with maximum (r=0.703) and minimum temperature (r=0.855) and wind velocity (r=0.645) was found. T. urticae population showed a significant negative correlation with total chlorophyll (r= -0.77) chlorophyll ‘a’ (r= -0.74), chlorophyll ‘b’(r= -0.85) and carotenoid (r= - 0.89) content in rose leaves. The percent decrease of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the month of June (44.59, 40.98, 38.04 and 37.50 %) was more as compared to month of September (13.66, 1.49, 12.50 and 13.89%) respectively.Total sugar and non reducing sugar content depicted a significant decline in T. urticae infested leaves (26.95 and 9.32 mg/g dry weight) than in uninfested leaves (31.78 and 16.61 mg/g dry weight), respectively. An increase in reducing sugars, total phenol and proline (18.64 mg/g dry weight, 0.54 mg/g, 54.75 μg/100g) was reported as compared to the uninfested leaves (15.60 mg/g dry weight, 0.45 mg/g and 44.54 μg/100g).Significantly lower nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content was recorded in infested (1.68, 0.78, 0.20 % dry weight) leaves as compared to uninfested leaves (2.03, 0.93, 0.31% dry weight) respectively. A highly significant negative correlation of mite population with total sugar (r=-0.91), non reducing sugars (r =- 0.96), nitrogen (r =- 0.97), phosphorous (r =- 0.94) and potassium(r= - 0.88) was recorded. A positive correlation between T. urticaepopulation and content of reducing sugars (r= 0.99), total phenol (r =0.83) and proline(r =0.92) was recorded during the present study. Significant decrease in number of flowers (30%), flower diameter (5.97%), flower weight (9.77%) was reduced due to T. urticae infestation as compared to uninfested desi rose plant. A significant decrease in flower yield (38.45 yield/plant; 30.35%) was observed at high infestation (15.50mites/leaf) level as compared to uninfested (55.21yield/plant) plant.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of heavy metals on bio-molecules and immune cells of earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Renu; Dharambir Singh
    Earthworms are important components of the soil ecosystem, because their burrowing and feeding activities contribute notably to increase water infiltration, soil aeration and the stabilization of soil aggregates. Recent years have witnessed the contamination of soil ecosystem by heavy metals, which are considered as one of the major environmental issue. Presence of heavy metals in the soil environment adversely affects the earthworm populations resulting in an imbalance of the normal functioning of the various components of the ecosystem and due to this reason; the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on biomolecules and immune cells of earthworm, E. eugeniae. The results obtained showed the acute toxicity of two heavy metals individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in terms of survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy, cocoon production, bio-molecules and coelomocytes. Maximum reduction in length (4.47 cm) and weight (0.41 g) of earthworm was seen in case of soil treated with Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control. Similar decrease in the survivability of earthworms was 43.35% and number of cocoons reduced upto 24.67 in case of Pb-0.06ppm contaminated soil. The maximum reduction in bio-molecules i.e. 16.23% in crude protein 28.55% in carbohydrate and 44.74% in crude lipid concentration was seen in earthworms treated with Pb-0.06ppm. In case of coelomocytes, there was a significant reduction in the total number of coelomocytes (67.39 %) in worms exposed to Pb (0.06 ppm). Similarly significant reduction in eleocytes, amoebocytes-I, amoebocytes-II, granulocytes-I and granulocytes- II was seen. Thus the study proves that Lead is more toxic and detrimental to earthworms as compared to Nickel.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of antibacterial activity of essential oils against bacterial flora of the field rodents in Hisar
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Ajay; Ravikant
    Studies on population dynamics of rodents was carried out in Seed science technology research farm area in Rabi and Kharif seasons and the field rodents were trapped during the investigation for bacterial isolation. This study was revealed that population dynamics of Rattus rattus was more as compare to, and Tetara indica in both seasons. Trap index was found highest in the second week and least in the first week of the sowing season but highest in the first week during harvesting season. Total nine bacteria were isolates from the field rodent i.e. M. musculus, T. indica and R. ratuus. On the basis of secondary biochemical tests, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Eschierichia, Citrobacter, Staphylococcus and Proteus were more prevalent in captured rodent species. To determine the antimicrobial resistance occurs in various bacterial agents isolated from rodents. The bacterial isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility to fourteen antibiotics and four essential oils at different concentrations. The bacterial isoletes no. RRA2, TIA1 and TIA2 were found multidrug resistance towards three antibiotics (Ampicillin, Ampicillin/sulbactum, and Cefuroxime/Cephalothin) and have a great concern of matter to human and veterinary health. Thus rodents may be proving their role in spreading zoonotic diseases. The selected essential oils (i.e. Eucalyptus, lemon grass, clove and cinnamon) exhibited good antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial isolates. Use of essential oils instead of antibiotics can help in diseases control.