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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sowing time, leaf cuttings and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of Beet leaf (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Vivek; Tehlan, S.K.The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Research Farm of the Department, Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of sowing time, leaf cuttings and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of beet leaf. The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split Plot Design with 27 treatment applications comprised of three sowing dates (22th October, 05th November and 20th November) as main plots, three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 80 and 100 kg N/ha) as sub plots and three levels of leaf cutting (no leaf cutting, one leaf cutting and two leaf cuttings) as sub-sub plots replicated thrice. Morphological parameters like plant height, leaf number, leaf dimensions were recorded significantly higher in 22th October crop with application of 80 kg N/ha and one leaf cutting, as compared to other levels. Phenological parameters like days to 50 % bolting and seed maturity was recorded significantly higher in 22th October crop with application of 100 kg N/ha and two leaf cuttings, as compared to other levels. Yield contributing parameters viz., number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike, seed yield per hectare and biological yield along with quality parameters viz., test weight, germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and vigour indices were recorded highest in 22th October crop with 80 kg N/ha and one leaf cutting, as compared to other levels. Further, the interaction of sowing time, nitrogen level and leaf cutting significantly affected almost all the growth, yield and seed quality parameters. The highest BC ratio (1.71 and 1.75) with net returns (INR 118668/ha and INR 126462/ha) was observed in beet leaf crop sown on 22th October with application of 80 kg N/ha & one leaf cutting. In the end, it is concluded that for achieving the higher yield, better seed quality and net profit, the beet leaf crop may be sown on 22th October with application of 80 kg N/ha and one leaf cutting.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence and stability studies in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Chauhan, Ajay; Tehlan, Suresh KumarThe present investigation entitled “Genetic divergence and Stability studies in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)” consisted of 50 fenugreek genotypes grown over eight environments during Rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 in three replications. The characterization was done on the basis of 19 morpho-physiological traits to assess the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, to estimate the mutual correlations and path analysis and genetic divergence. An estimate of G×E interaction and stability analysis was done by using AMMI biplot model. These fenugreek genotypes under study contains ample amount of genetic variability so that these genotypes can be used in fenugreek breeding programs. In correlation studies, number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index had highest degree of positive association with seed yield per plant over the different environment conditions. The main contributors to seed yield was harvest index, seed vigor index-1, standard germination percentage, number of pods per plant and biological yield per plant that showed maximum positive direct effect towards yield over the different environment conditions. According AMMI biplot analysis, genotypes JFG 224, LFC 90, HM 257-1-1, HM 362, HM 346, GM 2, JFG 80, AFG 8, LFC 72, UM 305, JFG 181, K. Gold and K. Silver were the most stable genotypes corresponding to different traits that could be used by breeders for further improvement in seed yield. Genotypes namely UM 301, JFG 180, NDM 79, HM 346, LFC 90, HM 257-1, RMT 361, HM 273, K. Silver, LFC 72, LFC 90 and RM 204 showed lowest DSI over different conditions represents that these are less affected by water stress at both the stages. Overall data gathered from this particular experiment helpful for determination of yield stability, provides estimation and prediction about yield and the pattern of genotypic response across environments; and at last provides reliable guidance for selecting the best genotypes for planting in future years and at new areas.ThesisItem Open Access Response of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-10) Sangeet Kumar; Batra, V. K.The field experiment was conducted during spring summer season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Research Farm of the Department, Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the response of okra to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system. The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split Plot Design with 27 treatment combinations comprised of three levels of drip irrigation (80, 100 and 120% ET) as main plots, three levels of nitrogen fertigation (75, 100, and 125 kg/ha) as sub plots and three level of mulch (no mulch, white plastic mulch and yellow plastic mulch) as sub-sub plots and one control treatment replicated thrice. The growth parameters were recorded maximum under drip irrigation at 120% ET, 125 kg/N per ha and yellow plastic mulch as compared to other levels, respectively, whereas all the yield and quality parameters were recorded maximum with white plastic mulch, 125 kg/N per ha and drip irrigation at 100 and 80% ET, respectively, as compared to other levels. The use of plastic mulch minimizes the weed population and maximizes the weed control efficiency. The lowest Weed dry weight and weed density and maximum weed control efficiency were recorded with white plastic mulch. However, the maximum WUE (71.03, 60.10 and 65.56 kg/ha/mm, respectively) and NUE (152.47, 148.31 and 150.39 kg/ha/kg, respectively) was observed from the level drip irrigation at 80% ET and 125 kg/N per ha, respectively. Further, the interaction of irrigation with nitrogen fertigation and mulch significantly affected almost all the growth, yield and quality parameters. The highest net returns (Rs.128289/ha and Rs.124478/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.00 and 1.99) were recorded in the treatment drip irrigation at 100% ET with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and white plastic mulch as compared to rest of the treatments combinations. In the end it is concluded that for achieving the higher yield, better quality, maximum NUE, WUE and net profit, the okra crop can be irrigated at 80% ET through drip irrigation in combination with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and milky white coloured plastic mulch.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of rootstocks against rootknot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) for grafting in tomato(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Yadav, Renu; Bhatia, A.K.An investigation on “Screening of rootstocks against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) for grafting in tomato” was carried out at Research Farm and Laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Science in collaboration with the Department of MBBB and the Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in which tomato genotypes were screened for tomato grafting. On the basis of molecular screening of rootstocks for nematode resistance, genotypes, viz., TR-1, TR-3, TR-4, TR-5, TR-27 and TR-28 were found to have resistant genes, while moderately resistant reaction against the root-knot nematode in screen-house condition was obtained in genotypes TR-5, TR-21, TR-27 and TR-28 with 19.00, 29.33, 25.00 & 21.67 number of galls and 13.33, 23.33, 21.00 & 15.67 number of egg masses per root system, respectively. On the basis of both the screenings, three genotypes i.e., TR-5, TR-27 and TR- 28 were used as rootstocks for grafting in tomato scion i.e., Hisar Arun. Among the different grafted combinations, self-grafted scion & rootstocks, T1 (Hisar Arun grafted onto Rootstock TR-5) and T3 (Hisar Arun grafted onto Rootstock TR-28) performed better in the screen-house and nematode infested field conditions for growth, quality, yield and nematode multiplication parameters. Grafting improved growth, yield (253.11q/ha and 241.11 q/ha) and quality (TSS-5.13°B and 6.77°B, Ascorbic acid- 21.29 mg/100g and 22.32mg/100g) parameters significantly in both spring-summer and winter season, respectively in tomato. It also decreased number of galls (81.91% and 83.16%), egg masses (82.69% and 82.65%) and final nematode population (84.80% and 86.11%) in both spring-summer and winter season, respectively when grown in nematode infested conditions. However, selection of rootstock plays utmost important role to defend the superior results of grafting over non-grafted scion (viz. T2 had lesser growth and yield than T1 & T3 grafted combinations and most of the parameters were at par with non-grafted scion due to stunted and less vigorous behavior of TR-27, although it was nematode resistant like TR-5 and TR- 28). Hence, grafting on promising rootstock with desirable character can offer an eco-friendly solution for tomato cultivation in nematode infested fields/polyhouses.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertigation on growth, seed yield and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Akash; Malik, T. P.The field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of different level of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertigation on growth of fennel crop during the Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment material comprised of two fennel varieties i.e., HF-143 and Hisar Swarup as main plot treatment, four levels of irrigation scheduling viz., I1-0.6 IW/CPE, I2-0.8 IW/CPE, I3-1.0 IW/CPE and I4-1.2 IW/CPE ratio as sub plot treatments and three nitrogen levels i.e., N1-20 kg ha-1, N2-35 kg ha-1 and N3-50 kg ha-1 as sub-sub plot replicated thrice were undertaken using drip fertigation. All the treatment combinations were evaluated under split-split plot design for different growth parameters. The application of irrigation scheduled at 1.2 IW/CPE recorded significantly higher values for growth parameters which was at par with 1.0 IW/CPE i.e., plant height, number of branches per plant and days to 50% flowering minimum at 0.6 IW/CPE over other irrigation scheduling in HF-143 variety. Nitrogen levels @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded significantly maximum plant height, number of branches per plant. Days to 50% flowering was recorded maximum at nitrogen level 20 kg ha-1 in HF-143 variety. From the current study it was concluded that fennel variety i.e. HF-143 was found superior with respect to growth parameter when grown at irrigation scheduling 1.0 IW/CPE and 50 kg/ha of nitrogen level in the western region of Haryana.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular diversity, combining ability and heterosis studies in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Tejinder Singh; Bora, LilaThe experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi 2021 and Rabi 2022. The analysis of variance for the conducted study revealed highly significant differences among lines, testers and crosses for all morpho-phenological, yield, and fruit quality characters studied, revealing the presence of highly significant variability in these tomato genotypes. GCV were slightly lower than respective PCV for almost all the characters under study, indicating that these were primarily consequence of genotypic differences. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for all the traits except then the days to last picking, equatorial diameter, acidity, ascorbic acid and specific gravity etc. GCV as well as PCV was found high for the traits plant height, number of branches per plant, weight of marketable fruits per plant, weight of unmarketable fruits per plant, yield per plant, yield per hectare and number of locules per plant. The genotype K. Aman in lines and genotype K. Hemant in tester were found to be the best general combiner for yield and its attributing traits while for the quality traits A. Vikas in lines and Sel-7 in tester were found to be the best general combiners. Therefore, these lines and testers might be used as promising parents for hybridization programmes. The maximum average heterosis for the yield per hectare was showed by the F1 genotype K. Aman x Sel-7 followed by K. Aman x Sel-7 and K. Aman x K. Hemant. Maximum heterobeltiosis for the yield was showed by the genotype K. Aman x K. Hemant followed by the K. Aman x PHS. Out of 30 cross combinations, 21 crosses showed the positive economic heterosis over national standard check A. Apeksha, maximum economic heterosis was showed by the K. Aman x K. Hemant followed by K. Aman x PHS and P. Gourav x K. Hemant. The crosses viz., K. Aman x PHS, K.Aman x K. Hemant showed desirable heterosis for weight of marketable fruits per plant (g), weight of unmarketable fruits per plant (g), yield per plant and yield per hectare (q) etc. The yield per plant (g) and yield per hectare (q) were found to be significantly positively correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to first picking, days to last picking, weight of unmarketable fruits per plant and weight of marketable fruits per plant. The trait total soluble solids is significantly negatively correlated with plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to last picking, weight of marketable fruits per plant, weight of unmarketable fruit per plant and early fruit yield per plant. All the 10 primers were found polymorphic and amplified overall 30 alleles in which 22 alleles were polymorphic displaying clear bands size differences.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and variability studies in ridge gourd genotypes(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Karande Priyanka Jalindar; Makhan LalThe present study entitled “Characterization and variability studies in ridge gourd genotypes” was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Forty ridge gourd genotypes were used as experimental material and evaluated according to the objectives of the study during the last week of February and the second week of March of 2022 and 2023 to assess the performance of morphological characterization, genetic variability, correlation and path co-efficient analysis of various traits. The study involved determining morphological traits of ridge gourd such as vine, leaf, flower, fruit and seed traits. A list of fifteen morphological descriptors was taken from NBPGR guidelines and applied for characterization. The study performed ANOVA, mean performance and variability on the data for quantitative traits using R software. The doebioresearch package was used for RBD design and the variability package was used for variability studies. The study confirmed the effects as significant at the 5% level. Considerable variability for morphological characters (fifteen) and quantitative characters (twenty-two) was observed for this study. The high morphological variation observed for the traits plant growth habit, leaf shape, leaf blade: Number of lobes, fruit shape and fruit ridge shape in all the genotypes, while for the quantitative traits, among all the genotypes of ridge gourd observed in the last week of February and second week of March in 2022 and 2023, the genotype T17 (IC-345576) was recorded superior for fruit yield and its contributing traits followed by the genotypes T16 (IC-341161) and T15 (IC-341122). The traits namely days to 50% germination, number of primary branches per vine, days to first male and female flower opening, days to first fruit harvest, number of fruits per vine, fruit diameter, number of seeds per fruit, fruit yield per vine and per hectare exhibited considerable variability in terms of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean in the last week of February and second week of March in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Correlation and path analysis studies indicated that the days to first male and female flower opening, days to first fruit harvest, number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight and fruit yield per vine recorded positive significant effect on fruit yield per hectare and these characters can be considered for improvement of fruit yield by various breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of additive series intercropping on growth, yield and quality parameters of onion seed crop(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Saini, Karan Singh; Dhankhar, S.KA field study was conducted in Experimental field of Department of Vegetable Science at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University during 2018-19 and 2019-20 with the objectives to find out the suitable intercropping system of onion and beet leaf crop under different cuttings and row spacing. Onion was taken as main crop and the variety was Hisar Onion 3 while the variety of beet leaf HS 23. The seeds of these varieties were obtained from Department of Vegetable Science. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were T1 : Onion seed crop (sole crop); T2 : Beet leaf seed crop (sole crop); T3 : Beet leaf 6 leaf cuttings (sole crop); T4 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings; T5 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop; T6 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 4 cuttings; T7 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 4 cuttings and left for seed crop; T8 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 5 cuttings; T9 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 5 cuttings and left for seed crop; T10 : Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 6 cuttings; T11: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings; T12 : Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop; T13: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings; T14: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings and left for seed crop ; T15 : Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings; T16 : Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings and left for seed crop; and T17: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 6 cuttings. The results revealed that intercropping system treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings and uprooting the beet leaf crop resulted into maximum number of seed stalks per bulb (9.4 and 9.7), maximum length of flowering stalks (103.0 and 99.6 cm), number of seeds per plant (6601 and 7204), seed weight per umbel (2.50 and 2.65 g), the seed weight per plant (23.29 and 25.57 g), seed yield (4.81 and 4.94 q/ha), test weight per 1000 seeds (3.53 and 3.55 g) during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. However, in onion crop, number of seeds per umbel were found maximum in the treatment T12: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop 845 and 943 seeds per umbels during both cropping years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Likewise, among the quality parameters in onion crop, maximum germination (74.0 and 76.0 % ), seed vigour index-I (1162.8 and 1211.3), seed vigour index-II (122.4 and 123.0 ), maximum per cent of tetrazolium test values (92.0 and 92.0%), maximum accelerated ageing test values (46.7 and 46.0%), minimum electric conductivity (0.21 μS/cm/50 seeds and 0.21 μS/cm/50 seeds ) during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20 by intercropping system treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) with 3 cuttings and uprooting the beet leaf crop. In beet leaf, the highest beet leaf yield by treatment T17: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 6 cuttings yield was obtained 245.5 and 255.5 quintals during years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. However, intercropping treatment system T5: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop, resulted into maximum seed yield per plant (4.00 and 4.28 g/plant), test weight of 1000 seeds (13.6 and 13.8 g), germination percentage (70.7 and 71.3), vigour index-I (1313.0 and 1327.8), vigour index-II (120.3 and 121.2), tetrazolium test per cent values (86.7 and 88.0%) and accelerated ageing test per cent values (53.3 and 54.0%) during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The seed yield was found maximum (12.28 and 12.48 q/ha) in intercropping treatment T12: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings and left for seed crop during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The various indices related to assessment of yield advantage revealed that intercropping treatment T16: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings and left for seed crop resulted into maximum onion equivalent yield (631.68 and 648.54 kg/ha), ATER (1.65 and 1.65), during years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. However, maximum LER (1.76 and 1.76) were IER (1.76 and 1.76) achieved with the intercropping system treatment T14: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings and left for seed crop during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The gross returns of the treatment T15: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 5 cuttings was recorded maximum Rs. 613600 and Rs. 637600 followed by the treatment T13: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 4 cuttings was recorded Rs. 6,03,280 and Rs. 6,29,280 /ha during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Among the intercropping treatment T11: Onion + Beet leaf (2 rows) 3 cuttings was recorded maximum net returns of Rs. 3,68,906 and Rs. 387329 per hectare during both years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The minimum total cost was recorded in the treatment T2: Beet leaf seed crop (sole crop) Rs. 135415 and Rs. 142281 per hectare during years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Among the intercropping systems, the total cost was found minimum (Rs. 2, 00,686 and Rs. 2, 07,663/ha) in treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings during both years respectively. The maximum benefit cost ratio among the intercropping system was estimated in the treatment T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings i.e., 2.76 and 2.75 during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. On the basis of the above results it can be concluded that intercropping system T4: Onion + Beet leaf (1 row) 3 cuttings performed well in terms of growth, yield, quality, yield assessment indices (OEY, LER, IER, ATER) and economics resulting into highest benefit cost ratio during both years of study.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.](Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-10) Sehgal, Nidhi; Panghal, V.P.S.The current investigation entitled “Genetic studies in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]” was conducted at Research Farm and laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif 2018, summer 2019 and kharif 2019. Bottle gourd accessions acquired from NBPGR, New Delhi were utilized for the genetical studies. In the current investigation, the magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher to that of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits under examination suggesting that the apparent variation is attributed to environmental factors in addition to the genotypes. This further indicates improvement in fruit yield will be done by selection through these traits only on phenotypic basis. Fruit yield per vine had a positive and highly significant correlation with female-male flower ratio, number of fruits per vine, and average fruit weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Heterosis studies revealed that the lines NDBG-10, IC-342077, IC-322278, IC-339209, IC-411915, Pusa Santushti, IC-342078 and IC-276413 are found to be more heterotic over better parent, local check (HBGH-35) as well as over national check (Pusa Hybrid-3). Therefore, these lines might be used as promising parents for hybridization programmes. Preponderance of dominant gene action along with over dominance in parents for most of the traits suggested that heterosis breeding approach might be more rewarding than selection in bottle gourd. The parent IC-342077, IC-342078 and Lucknow Collection were found to be the best general combiners for most of the traits based on the per se performance and gca effects and they may also act as valuable parents in hybridization or multiple crossing programme for obtaining high yielding varieties or transgressive segregants to produce new bottle gourd cultivars. Three crosses viz., IC-276413 × Pusa Santushti, IC-322278 × NDBG 10 and IC-398543 × Lucknow Collection are found to be the good specific combiners for fruit yield per vine as well as certain other yield attributes and therefore, might be utilized for yield enhancement in breeding programmes. Further, generation mean analysis via six parameter model revealed that the epistatic interaction model was sufficient to describe the type of gene action in majority of the parameters studied. In cross Pusa Naveen × G2, dominance (h) and dominance × dominance (l) gene effects displayed opposite signs for days to 50% germination, nodes to first female flower, days to anthesis of first staminate and pistillate flower, fruit diameter, length-diameter ratio of fruit and number of fruits per vine indicating duplicate epistasis which revealed that selection in later generations would be more effective for these traits.
