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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Development of mosquito repellent fabrics using plant extracts(CCSHAU, 2016) Rana, Mamta; Saroj S Jeet SinghGlobal warming is the main cause of distribution of mosquitoes and many dreadful diseases are associated with mosquitoes. In recent years, due to aggravation in health related issues, the collaboration between medical personnel and textile chemistry, technologies has led to the evolution of innovative medico-functional applications for textiles. Even after many decades of research and studies, the production of mosquito repellent fabrics is still a challenging subject. To achieve the objectives of the study, cotton and P/C blend fabrics, marigold and nirgundi plant materials having mosquito repellency efficacy, four application techniques i.e. direct, microencapsulation, resin cross-linking and combination were selected. Extraction was done in methanol to get the extracts. For all techniques, padding bath components were optimized on the basis of bending length and crease recovery angle. Plant extracts were applied on fabrics by pad-dry-cure method. SEM analysis of treated fabrics was done. Efficacy and durability of treatment was assessed by using modified cage method. Preliminary, performance, comfort and other properties were also tested of fabrics. Results interpret that properties of treated fabrics were least affected by all application techniques using both plant extracts but are to acceptable level. Direct application technique has better efficacy after treatment of both plant extracts on both fabrics. Durability was found better with microencapsulation and combination techniques with both plant extracts on both fabrics as compared to treated fabrics.ThesisItem Open Access Theme based designing for home furnishings(CCSHAU, 2014) Ruhil, Anita; Yadav, NirmalThe present study was conducted on Theme based designing for home furnishings in the department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C college of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and two cities of Haryana state that is Hisar and Gurgaon were purposively selected. To study the preferences for home furnishings, theme based design line and to get opinion regarding developed products, 100 consumers, 50 experts and 50 consumers as well as 30 experts and 60 consumers were selected to meet out the objectives of the study. Hundred per cent consumers used curtains, cushion covers, pillow covers, bed sheet and towel as home furnishing products. Study revealed that festival, marriage and renovation was the most preferred time for purchasing, friends and relatives home was most informative source regarding product selection, current trend cost and design parameters influenced the purchase of home furnishings as well as retailers followed by shopping malls were most preferred shopping resource by majority of the respondents who also look out for branded product quality. Regarding theme based home furnishings majority of the respondents had no idea. The preferred area for theme based home furnishings were drawing cum lounge area followed by lounge area and drawing room because family members generally relax, socialize in this area and use it for leisure and informal entertainment. Ten theme based design line were created for home furnishings by using different designing software’s in 2D and 3D rendering in virtual design drawing cum lounge area. Themes include Black & white (accented neutral color scheme), contemporary with polka dots, Floral, Natural botanical, Ocean, Silhouette, Sunrise, Traditional, Tribal and Zodiac. On the basis of visualization and to get the desired effect of the theme, different designing techniques like printing, painting, embroidery stitches, embellishment materials and constructional features, were worked out with the experts. Study revealed, the most preferred themes according to consumers and experts were Black & white (accented neutral color scheme) and Floral, which were found eye catching, suitable to home furnishings, have market potential as well as create ambience. The required set of selected home furnishing articles included door curtains (4 pieces), window curtains (3 pieces), window net curtains (2 pieces), cushion covers (10 pieces), carpet, partition curtains (2 pieces), partition net curtains (2 pieces), diwan sheet (1 piece), and bolster covers (2 pieces) . Total 26 numbers of samples were prepared from technical persons. The total cost of whole set of products was calculated which included cost of the fabrics used, dyes, stitching charges, embellishment materials used and screen printing charges. Rs. 5275 for Black and white (accented neutral color scheme) theme Rs. 5720 for floral theme was found appropriate cost by the respondents. Design catalogue was prepared. Fabrics used to prepare samples were found highly suitable. Designing techniques used were found to be as per the design line. Symbolic acceptability of the respondents regarding developed theme based products on various parameters was found acceptable. Appeal of the Black and white theme was perceived attractive and floral theme was perceived eye catchy by most of the respondents. Thus study revealed that theme based home furnishing products is one of the emerging field with huge market potential in the textile industry as most of the consumers were ready to buy the whole set of developed products.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Aroma Textiles using Essential Oils(CCSHAU, 2015) Poonam Kumari; Rose, Neelam M.The research was planned to study the effect of four essential oils on cotton fabrics applied through four treatment methods i.e. direct, microencapsulation, resin cross-linking and combination. To achieve the objectives proposed in research plan, out of thirteen, four essential oils i.e. geranium, lime, palamarosa and peppermint were selected on the basis of preferences for aroma and therapeutic effects by 25 respondents for application on the selected woven and knitted cotton fabrics. Different treatment variables i.e. padding bath components, material to liquor ratio, treatment time, drying temperature and time, curing temperature and time were optimized on the basis of bending length, flexural rigidity and crease recovery. In microencapsulation and combination method, in addition to performance properties, presence of microcapsules and aroma durability to washing were also assessed. After application of essential oils using optimized conditions on both the fabrics, Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis and aroma durability in terms of retention and intensity of aroma to washing, abrasion, ironing and sun-drying was done. Effect of aroma treatment on change in fabric properties regarding fabric count/stitch density, thickness, weight, bending length, flexural rigidity, crease recovery, bursting strength, air permeability, tearing strength, tensile strength and elongation were examined. Effect of aroma treatment on texture and whiteness was also investigated. Different variables of microencapsulation method for preparation of microcapsule gel i.e. ratio of oil: gum: gelatin 1:2:4 for lime, palmarosa and peppermint oil, 1:4:4 for geranium oil, at 50°C temperature, initial pH 4.5 and final pH 9.0 for geranium, lime and plamarosa oil, 4.0 and 10.0 for peppermint oil were optimized. Proportion of padding bath components were optimized as 50:3:15 microcapsule gel: softener: binder for microencapsulation, 6 percent citric acid for direct method, resin cross-linking agent i.e. BTCA 12 to13 g/l for woven and knitted fabric with proportion of 2 to 4 g/l sodium hypophosphite for resin cross-linking method. At MLR 1:20 with 30 minutes of treatment time, both the fabrics treated with all the four essential oils exhibited better performance properties. The drying temperature (80° and 90°C), duration (2, 3 and 4 minutes), curing temperature (110°C) and curing duration (30 and 60 seconds) were selected for treated fabric on the basis of improvement in the performance properties. Maximum aroma durability in terms of retention and intensity was observed in combination method followed by microencapsulation, resin cross-linking and direct method after washing, abrasion, ironing and sun-drying of aroma treated woven and knitted fabrics. Fabric count (woven), weight and thickness increased in both the fabrics treated with all the essential oils by all the treatment methods. Bending length and flexural rigidity were also found to be increased but at an acceptable level. Stitch density increased in knitted fabric treated with all the essential oils by microencapsulation and combination method whereas decreased in direct and resin cross-linking method. Crease recovery of all the treated fabrics decreased when aroma treatment was given by microencapsulation and direct method and increased in resin cross-linking and combination method. Air permeability and tearing strength of the woven and knitted fabric decreased however, tensile strength and elongation decreased in woven and bursting strength decreased in knitted fabric with all the essential oils by all the treatment method but to an acceptable level. Texture of both the fabrics was not affected much. There was not much difference in whiteness of both the fabrics treated with geranium and peppermint oil but samples treated by lime and palmarosa oil give some difference in whiteness as indicated by whiteness index values. It was concluded that all the four essential oils can be effectively used without affecting the comfort and performance of the treated fabric to give aroma treatment by direct, microencapsulation, resin cross-linking and combination method as per aroma durability requirement of end product.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptation and Application of Henna Motifs for Fabric Painting(CCSHAU, 2015) Diksha Rani; Rose, Neelam MIndia‘the land of culture and heritage’ is blessed with numerous arts and crafts and each one is famous for its uniqueness of motifs, designs, processing etc. Henna is one of the traditional artwork of India which reflects its culture and rich heritage through intricate designs. It is used for temporary body decoration and can be served as a great source of inspiration and ideas for creating new designs in the fashion world. Thus the present study was conducted to adapt and apply henna motifs on sari using fabric painting. The 186 traditional henna motifs were collected from secondary sources like books, journals, magazine and internet etc. and screened for their suitability to saris and fabric painting. The identified motifs were sketched manually and scanned from books, magazines etc. which were then created and refined in CorelDRAW X5 and Adobe Photoshop to get the required intricacy and fineness. The created motifs were categorized in four categories viz. floral and foliage, kunj/paisley, animal, bird and insect and human motifs and shown to the thirty experts to sought their preferences for selection of five top preferred motifs from each category. A total of fifty designs were developed in CorelDRAW X5 software using selected twenty motifs and got evaluated by a panel of thirty experts for selection of five top preferred designs for placement on saris. The base colour and fabric for saris were selected as per preferences of experts. Fifteen developed design placements were again shown to the experts and one best design placement of each selected five designs was selected for development of colour ways. Three colour ways for each selected five design placements were prepared and colour way that secured Ist rank was selected for development of saris through fabric painting using nozzle technique of henna application. The cost of each saris was determined by adding the cost of fabric, painting material, and labour involved in tracing, painting and finishing. The fabrics painted saris were assessed for consumers’ acceptability on different parameters. Organdie fabric in light yellow colour was most preferred for saris. Out of ninety six motifs, twenty motifs selected for design development were motif number 6, 10, 16, 17 and 22 in floral and foliage category, motif number 2, 8, 14, 18 and 23 in kunj/paisley category, motif number 9, 10, 15, 18 and 21 in animal, bird and insect category and motif number 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17 in human motifs category. The five top preferred designs were design number 4, 24, 31, 48 and 50. Preferences of experts for placement of selected five designs were placement III of design number 4, 31, 48 and 50 and placement I of design number 24. Most preferred colour ways for fabric painting as per experts’ choice were colour way III of design number 4 and 50, colour way II of design number 24 and colour way III of design number 31 and 48. Five saris were developed through fabric painting using nozzle technique of henna application as per preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs. All the fabric painted saris were found very appealing and accepted by consumers on all the parameters of assessment. The cost of the saris was rated appropriate by all the consumers. Thus, traditional henna motifs adapted for development of designs for saris has broaden the design base for textile products and cater to the demands of high-end consumers through diversity of designs and unique technique of fabric painting..ThesisItem Open Access UV protective and antibacterial finish on cotton using plant extracts(CCSHAU, 2016) Gupta, Vandana; Yadav, NirmalThe present study was planned to develop UV protective and antibacterial finish on cotton fabrics by using plant extracts. To achieve the objectives proposed in the research plan, two types of cotton fabric, namely, woven and knitted were selected in greige state. Enzymatic desizing and enzymatic scouring were performed on selected cotton fabrics for uniform application of finish. Three plants species, namely, Portulaca oleracea (Bichubutti), Syzygium cumini (L.) (Jamun) and Psidium guajava (L.) (Guava) were selected and subjected to soxhlet extraction by using methanol as solvent. Analysis of plant extract was done and Syzygium cumini was selected for application of finish on cotton fabrics as it exhibited highest properties i.e. 19.5% yield , four phytochemicals (tanin, flavonoids, saponin, phenols), 25.01 SPF and moderate antibacterial properties with zone of inhibition of 11 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 12 mm for Bacillus subtilis, as compared to other two plant extracts. Optimization of standard variables was conducted on the basis of UV protective and antibacterial properties exhibited by treated fabrics. The application of finish was performed with paddry- cure process by using the standard conditions which were optimized i.e. concentration of Syzygium cumini (L.) leaves extract (11% for woven and knitted); material to liquor ratio (1:20 for woven and 1:15 for knitted); concentration of resin cross linking agent (60 g/l for woven and 40 g/l for knitted); concentration of magnesium chloride (10 g/l for woven and knitted ); pH (5.5 for woven and 5.0 for knitted) and treatment time (30 min for woven and knitted fabric). The antibacterial properties of finished cotton fabrics were 95.67% for (S. aureus) for cotton and 96.93% for knitted and 94.70% for (B. subtilis) for cotton and 97.00 % for knitted, the results exhibited remarkable per cent reduction in bacterial growth. The UPF value was found ‘excellent’ after the finishing treatment in both the finished fabrics (woven and knitted) hence showed excellent UV protective property. After subjecting the finished woven fabric to number of wash cycles (0,5,10,15 and 20) decrease in fabric count (0 to 5.78%), fabric weight (0.80 to 5.47%), fabric thickness (1.18 to 6.69%), bending length (1.29 to 6.14%), flexural rigidity (3.12 to 16.91%), crease recovery angle (1.34 to 8.25%) and tensile strength (0.87 to 8.57) was observed. Whereas, properties such as elongation (0.36 to 7.51%), moisture regain (2.67 to 7.61%) and air permeability (1.72 to 8.95%) exhibited gradual increase after each set of wash cycles. Knitted fabric exhibited similar trend i.e. gradual decrease in stitch density (0 to 6.26%), fabric bulk (2.62 to 5.24%), fabric weight (0.12 to 4.41%), fabric thickness (2.80 to 7.64 %), bursting strength (1.64 to 8.30%), crease recovery angle (4.36 to 14.47%), bending length (3.22 to 10.13 %) as well as flexural rigidity (6.14 to 23.30 %). The moisture regain (1.43 to 6.82 %) and air permeability (1.06 to 7.16%) showed gradual increase after subjecting to number of wash cycles. Consumers’ preferences regarding the developed finished fabrics showed acceptance of its use for apparel purpose being finished with UV protective and antibacterial finishThesisItem Open Access Educational package on protective clothing for farm workers(CCSHAU, 2013) Punam Rani; Purthi, NeelamFor dissemination of information regarding protective clothing amongst farm workers it was planned to develop educational package. To achieve the principal objectives of the study, it was conducted in three phases. During experimental phase refinement of existing protective clothing for pesticides applicators and wheat threshing was done. To assess their suitability and acceptability, modified protective clothing/accessories were given to selected respondents for a period of one month for trials. Necessary changes were made as per requirement. Based on suitability and acceptability, recommended protective clothing/accessories were: Jacket with hood of water resistant fabric having lining of cotton hosiery fabric, chemical resistant mask and nitrile gloves for pesticides applicators. Apron with hood, beak mask, pleated mask and gloves/mittens for males, hood masks, scarf mask, apron and gloves/mittens for females engaged in wheat threshing. Shoes and plain glasses were recommended for both the activities. An educational package on protective clothing was prepared and its effectiveness was assessed in second phase. The educational package was prepared in Hindi for ease of understanding by the target group. Three pamphlets, two video films and two interactive CDs were developed in which occupational health hazards and preventive measures by using appropriate protective clothing were described with illustrations. Effectiveness of developed educational package was assessed by the experts and target groups. All the parameters of pamphlets entitled i.e. Keetnashak Sambandhit Karya Karne Vale Purshon Ke Liye Surkshatmak Vastar , Threshing Karne Vale Purshon Ke Liye Surakshatmak Vastra and Threshing Karne Vali Mahilaon Ke Liye Surakshatmak Vastra , were assessed to be highly appropriate axcept title and content presentation of pamphlets developed for females for threshing activity which was found to be appropriate by the judges. Video film and interactive CD for each activity i.e. Keetnashak Sambandhit Karya Karne Vale Purshon Ke Liye Surkshatmak Vastar and Threshing karne Vale Kisano Ke Liye Surakshatmak Vastra was found to be highly appropriate with reference to audio quality and visual quality, content, presentation of message, text and compatibility of message. To assess the effectiveness of developed media on target group, 240 farm workers were selected from four districts. Farm workers gained knowledge after exposure to pamphlets and video film. The higher impact was observed in terms of gain in knowledge, symbolic adoption and opinion of respondents after exposure to both the medias i.e. pamphlets and video film followed by only video and only pamphlets. Thus it was concluded that the prepared educational packages were effective in disseminating knowledge for adoption of protective clothing by the target group.ThesisItem Open Access Application of Herbal Extracts on Covering Fabric of Sanitary Napkins for Bacterial Resistance(CCSHAU, 2014) Sood, Anjali; Khambra, KrishnaThe present research was carried out to prepare antibacterial herbal extracts for application on the covering fabric of sanitary napkins. To achieve the objectives proposed in research plan, antibacterial efficacy of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of 17 plants were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. by Disc Diffusion Method. Aqueous extracts of three plants viz. Eucalyptus citriodora, Pinus roxburghii and Woodfordia fructicosa were selected for application on the three selected fabrics on the basis of maximum zone of inhibition exhibited against the test bacteria. Repeated maceration (triple percolation) of the plant material resulted in higher yield of the herbal extracts. The conditions for applying the herbal extracts on the fabrics were optimized on the basis of the bacterial resistance efficacy of the variables tested by AATCC Test Method 100. The 9 percent concentration of herbal extracts exhibited the lowest bacterial count of test bacteria. The MLR 1:15 to 1:20 showed in highest bacterial resistance, 5 and 6 percent concentration of citric acid resulted in lower bacterial load and lowest bacterial count was observed at 30 minutes of treatment time on all the fabrics treated with all the three herbal extracts. The treated fabrics were dried and cured at optimum temperature for optimum duration for obtaining high bacterial resistance. All the treated fabrics exhibited 99.96 to 99.99 percent reduction in the bacterial count of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. after the application of herbal extracts of Eucalyptus citriodora, Pinus roxburghii and Woodfordia fructicosa under standardized conditions. Highest antibacterial efficacy on the herbal treated fabrics was observed with Pinus roxburghii extract on all the fabrics. The herbal treated fabrics were tested for physical and performance properties and it was observed that the fabric count (woven), fabric weight, thickness and bending length of treated fabrics increased after application of all the three extracts whereas the bulk, air permeability and wettability of the treated fabrics decreased after application of the herbal extracts. The treated fabrics were tested for skin allergies by administering test patches of 1x1inch size on the back of 30 volunteers for 48 hours. No allergic reaction was observed at the test sites on the back of the respondents immediately on removal of the test patches and even after 48 hours of the removal of the patches. The treated fabrics were stored in the standard packing material for a period of six months and no considerable change in the bacterial resistance property and air permeability was observed in the herbal treated stored fabrics was observed when compared with the properties of the treated fabrics before storage. The herbal treated fabrics also did not cause any allergy to the respondents on whom the patch test for skin allergies was administered after a storage period of six months. The cost of the herbal treated fabric was found to be less than one rupee per covering fabric of sanitary napkin made from cotton, polyester or polypropylene fabric. The cost of treating polypropylene fabric was lowest as compared to other fabrics and treating with extract of Eucalyptus citriodora was lowest than other two herbal extracts. It was concluded that aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus citriodora, Pinus roxburghii and Woodfordia fructicosa leaves are safe and economical to provide antibacterial protection on cotton, polyester and polypropylene covering fabrics of sanitary napkins.