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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Performance of organically cultivated papaya under different irrigation levels and mulching methods(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-09) Baljeet Singh; Mukesh KumarAn experiment was conducted at research field of Deendayal Upadhyay Centre of Excellence for Organic Farming, CCS HAU, Hisar during the year 2021-22 to study the effect of different irrigation levels and mulching methods on performance of organically cultivated papaya. The experiment comprised of twenty one treatments under the drip irrigation method with combination of three different irrigation levels viz. 50%, 75% and 100% of crop water requirement and seven mulching methods. The results showed that the plant height (240.73 cm), stem girth (46.03 cm), crown diameter (245.40 cm), number of flowers (65.67), number of fruits (42.67), yield per plant (54.30 kg) and total yield (135.75 t ha-1) were observed maximum for meeting 100% of crop water requirement with the application of 10 cm thick straw mulch in two-meter diameter around the plant and minimum for meeting 50% of crop water requirement without mulch condition. The soil moisture (20.18%) was found maximum for meeting 100% of crop water requirement with the application of plastic mulch in twometer diameter around the plant and minimum for meeting 50 % of crop water requirement without mulch condition. From the results, it is also observed that the irrigation water use efficiency (59.53 kg m-3) was found maximum for meeting 50 % of crop water requirement with 10 cm thick straw mulch in two-meter diameter around the plant and minimum (42.64 kg m-3) for meeting (42.64 kg m-3) 100% of crop water requirement without mulch under drip irrigation system.ThesisItem Open Access Trend analysis of groundwater levels in Northern Haryana, India(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Gupta, Abha; Sanjay KumarGroundwater use in the past few decades, has increased tremendously to meet the growing demands of irrigation which has caused its over-exploitation to unsustainable levels. It provides agricultural social security due to assured irrigation and requirement of small investments, and is the main source of irrigation water. This study was conducted to find out the fluctuations in groundwater levels and its trends in northern Haryana for the period 1974-2020. Arc GIS was used to find the spatial distribution and fluctuation of groundwater depth and to delineate the area under different categories of depth. Parametric tests Mann-Kendall test and Sen‘s slope estimator and non-parametric test linear regression were used to detect the trends in the data series whereas, non-parametric tests Pettitt test, Buishand test and Standard Normal Homogenity test were used to identify the abrupt change points in groundwater level. The results revealed that the groundwater depth is increasing for majority of the study area except in western parts of Ambala. The average groundwater table in north Haryana declined from 8.95 m in the year 1974 to 21.83 m in the year 2020, and hence showing an average decline rate of 27.4 cm per year. The worst affected district in north Haryana has been identified as Kurukshetra with an average groundwater table decline rate of 57.02 cm per year, followed by Panchkula (14.27 cm per year), Yamuna Nagar (12.55 cm per year) and Ambala (12.14 cm per year). The maximum area (43.82%) for the period 1974-2020 lied in the groundwater depth fluctuation range -10 m to 0 m while minimum area lied in the range of 5 m to 8 m fluctuation (0.04%). The groundwater depth was found to have maximum positive correlation with area under rice followed by area under wheat cultivation, net irrigated area, gross irrigated area and number of tubewells. Whereas it was found to be negatively correlated with area under maize cultivation and forest cover. However it shows no significant correlation with rainfall. Crop diversification, participatory groundwater management, artificial groundwater recharge and precision irrigation methods would help in better management of the resource in a sustainable manner.ThesisItem Open Access Response of onion with different irrigation frequency and lateral spacing under subsurface drip system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Deokar Gopal Kathalu; Sanjay KumarAn experiment was conducted to study soil water dynamics and yield response of onion crop with irrigation frequencies (one, two, three and four days) and lateral spacing (45cm and 60cm) under subsurface drip irrigation during the spring summer season 2020 and 2021 in 2m x 2m micro plots, built in the field area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. At the middle of 45cm and 60cm lateral spacing with daily irrigation, available moisture in the root zone (0-60cm) was 12.73cm and 12.33cm respectively, which was higher by 3.14% in 45cm lateral spacing than 60cm. Average highest (102.28 g) fresh weight of onion bulb and number of bulbs per m2 for grade A, B and C of onion of two seasons was recorded in I2L45 treatment. Highest bulb yield of onion under grade A (>5.0cm), B (4.0-5.0cm) and C (4.0-5.0cm) was recorded in I2L45 treatment, whereas its lowest value under the respective grades was obtained in I4L60 treatment. Under two days irrigation interval with 45cm lateral spacing (I2L45), the total bulb yield was obtained 9.98% higher than 60cm lateral spacing (I2L60) treatment during year 2020, whereas, it was 9.22% higher in year 2021. The highest (11.55 kg m-3 in 2020 and 10.09 kg m-3 in 2021) and lowest (9.99 kg m-3 in 2020 and 9 kg m-3 in 2021) irrigation water use efficiency was observed in I2L45 and I4L60 treatments, respectively. On the basis of soil water dynamics, superior quality and highest yield of onion in sandy loam soil, it is concluded that subsurface drip irrigation with two days irrigation interval with 45cm lateral spacing gives better performance as compared to one, three and four days irrigation in 45 as well as 60cm lateral spacing.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of wind speed and spacing on distribution uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-12) Raj Kumar; Ram NareshAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of wind speed (0-4 km/h, 4-8 km/h and 8-12 km/h), direction (North-West and North-East) and spacing (6 m × 6 m, 6 m × 9 m and 9 m × 12 m) on uniformity distribution of sprinkler irrigation system at the field of the village Luhana located in Western Haryana., India. For spacing 6 m × 6 m and wind speed range 0-4 km/h, the maximum distribution uniformity was 86.33%. Similarly at ranges of wind speed 4-8 km/h and 9-12 km/h, the average distribution uniformity was 82.88% and 81.42% respectively. For spacing 6 m × 9 m was used, the average distribution uniformity was 75.42% at a range of wind speed 0-4 km/h. Similarly at ranges of wind speed 4- 8 km/h and 8-12 km/h, the average distribution uniformity was 75% and 74.16% respectively. For spacing 9 m × 12 m was used, the average distribution uniformity was 68.20% at a range of wind speed 0-4 km/h. Similarly at ranges of wind speed 4-8 km/h and 8-12 km/h, the average distribution uniformity were 66.17% and 66.60% respectively. It shows that the combination of spacing 6 m × 6 m and wind speed 0-4 km/h gives a higher distribution uniformity. From this it is evident that for maintaining distribution uniformity more than 75%, for wind speed 0-4 km/h sprinkler spacing should not be more than 6 m x 9 m and for wind speed 4-8 km/h sprinkler spacing should not be more than 6 m x 6 m while for wind speed range 8-12 km/h should be less than 6 m x 6 m.ThesisItem Open Access Study of nitrogen fertigation through drip irrigation on capsicum crop(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Krishan Kanahiya; Mukesh KumarCapsicum is a nutrition vegetable crop grown throughout India. Considering the water shortage and high demands of ground water, drip system of irrigation is best suited for capsicum crop. Nitrogen is an essential element for the plant growth and the major source of nitrogen is urea, which is readily available to the farmers. Nitrogen fertigation with drip irrigation saves the nitrogen losses and reduces its leaching. A study was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen fertigation levels and fertigaion frequency on yield and yield parameters of drip irrigated capsicum crop. Experiment was carried out in 27 micro plots (nine treatments with three replications) constructed in the Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, (Haryana), India. The treatments comprises of three fertigation levels (75, 100 and 125% of RDN) and three fertigation frequencies (all time nutrition, weekly and fortnightly). Maximum fruit yield (178.40 q/ha) was obtained under all time nutrition fertigation with 125% RDN (FL3FF1), followed by 100% RDN (FL2FF1) having 174.27 q/ha fruit yield. In all time nutrition fertigation, 33.7% and 34.5% more yield was obtained in FL2FF1and FL3FF1 treatment in comparison to FL1FF1 treatments. Maximum plant height was recorded for all time nutrition fertigation with 125% of RDN and the number of branches, average fruit width and length were recorded maximum at 125% of RDN with all time nutrition ferigation. Fruit weight and number of fruits per plant maximum at 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN under all time nutrition fertigation. Outcomes of study showed that the treatment FL3FF1 recorded maximum water use efficiency (3.72 kg m-3) followed by 100% RDN (3.63 kg m-3), while, minimum value (3.19 kg m-3) was recorded in FL1FF3 treatment. Maximum NUE (134.80kg of capsicum per kg of Nitrogen) was recorded under all time nutrition fertigation with 75% RDN in FL1FF1 treatment and minimum NUE (76.05 kg of capsicum per kg of Nitrogen) was recorded at 125% RDN with fortnightly fertigation. The highest net returns (Rs. 3,78,401) with benefit cost ratio (2.41) for capsicum crop were obtained at 125% of fertigation level with all time nutrition frequency followed by 100% of fertigatiion level.ThesisItem Open Access Geospatial approach for assessing potential water harvesting sites in Mahendragarh district of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Vijay; Sanjay KumarRainfall is an essential source of water in dry and semi-arid areas, which helps to alleviate water scarcity. Rainwater harvesting is considered as a critical technology for preserving rainwater. Water harvesting structures built at appropriate locations can assist to alleviate the problem of water scarcity. The best tool for locating a suitable site for a water harvesting structure in a catchment area is a Geographical Information System (GIS). By using remote sensing and GIS, a study was conducted for Mahendragarh district of Haryana to assess potential sites for water harvesting structures and suitable structure was identified at each site depending upon the surrounding conditions. Various thematic maps such as land use/land cover, geomorphology, slope, stream order, soil type, lineament and groundwater quality etc. were prepare using remote sensing and GIS techniques to derive suitable water harvesting sites. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign the weightage values for different layers. One hundred thirty potential water harvesting sites were chosen in the study area according to best combination of different thematic maps and their weight allotted by AHP with criteria to select one site within a radius of 500 m so that each site may have sufficient catchment area as well as runoff water. Each site was further evaluated on the basis of their physical characteristics to select the suitable type of structure at that location. Among 130 water harvesting sites, farm ponds with lining, percolation tank, check dam and gully plug were found to be the most suitable structures at 61, 61, 6 and 2, respectively. Selected sites within the study area were further advocated by ground-truth verification at randomly selected sites. As a result, GIS and remote sensing can be fully endorsed as a scientific way to explore water harvesting structures, which makes the decision easier and more accurate.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on scope of energy conservation for groundwater pumping in Sonepat district of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-06) Kuldeep Singh; Sidhpuria, M.S.Rapid expansion of ground water resources for fulfilling agriculture needs, compelled farmers to shift to tube wells at deeper depths leading to over exploitation of groundwater and higher energy requirements for ground water pumping. This study deals with quantification of different mechanical and management factors responsible for energy losses. To identify suitable remedial measures and assess potential energy saving for groundwater pumping. There were large variations in the energy consumption and different factors responsible for it in the 65 electricity powered submersible pump sets (i.e., 30 from Sonepat block and 35 from Rai block) covering 63 villages. Percentage contribution of different heads in total power consumption was highest due to the pumping water level followed by total friction losses then height of delivery pipe above G.S and velocity head loss which on average were 80.68, 13.79, 3.77 and 1.75%, respectively in Sonepat block. Similarly, this was on average 80.25, 15.26, 3.02 and 1.46%, respectively in Rai block. The minimum expected overall efficiency of selected tube wells based on BIS code IS 8034:2002 was on average 48.3% and 49.7% and actual overall efficiency was found to be on average 26.1% and 32.5% in Sonepat and Rai block, respectively. Average water application efficiency based on data collected from ten selected farmers’ field was 62.58%. Highest energy consumption for ground water pumping was observed in paddy-wheat rotation (3384.0 and 4178.4 kWh ha-1 in Sonepat and Rai Block, respectively) and same should be prioritised. This was followed by cotton- wheat rotation and then sugarcane. Replacing the existing pump sets with suitable efficient pump sets can lead to potential energy saving in the range of 45.19 and 34.62 % in Sonepat and Rai Block, respectively. Based on the results of field experiments conducted at KVK, Sonepat farm, micro sprinkler irrigation (T4) may be preferred in terms of grain and straw yield (45.55 q ha-1 and 58.55 q ha-1, respectively), WUEgrain (1.27 q ha-1cm-1), water saving with high application (94.49 %) and distribution efficiency (94.72 %) but this doesn’t necessarily translate into energy savings due to additional energy requirements of the system. Treatment T3 (Border irrigation with laser guided land levelling having 0.3% longitudinal slope) followed after T4 with grain and straw yield (43.70 q ha-1 and 55.73 q ha-1, respectively), WUEgrain (1.05 q ha-1cm-1), water saving with high application (87.45 %) and distribution efficiency (91.76 %) while T5 (Farmer’s practice) had least preferable results. Proper grading of field contributed to improve water application efficiency, thus resulting in reduced energy consumption in T3. Water application efficiency in the study area based on survey at the fields of ten selected farmers was average 62.58%, which can be potentially improved to 87.45% by adoption of graded border irrigation with laser land levelling. This can result in 28.62% potential energy saving in wheat crop in the range of 839.79 kWh ha-1 on average in comparison of current average of 1166.40 kWh ha-1 at the fields of ten selected farmers. Similarly, at block level, graded border irrigation with laser land levelling can lead to 28.30% potential energy saving in both blocks. Adoption of DSR technology instead of production of wetland paddy in paddy-wheat cropping system can facilitate the use of graded border in both seasons in the study area. There is great potential for energy conservation in the study area which can be realised by correct interventions and improve sustainability.ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen fertigation studies on onion crop under saline water(CCSHAU, 2019) Yadav, Nikita; Sanjay KumarA two year study was conducted to study the effect of irrigation water quality and N fertigation level on yield and growth parameter of onion during Rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. Three irrigation water quality treatment namely good quality, EC 2.5 dS m-1 and 5 dS m-1 and three N fertigation level i.e. 75, 100 an 125% RDN were applied in Split Plot Design with three replication in the micro plots of size 2x2 m at the experimental field of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. During the experiment, parameters like polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, height of plant, no. of leaves, weight of bulb, bolting percentage, and yield of bulb was observed. IWUE and NUE was also evaluated on the basis of yield, amount of water and fertilizer applied. Moisture content in the soil profile increased with the increase in the salt concentration of irrigation water (EC) and a decrease in moisture content was with an increase in N fertigation level. In addition to it, accumulation of salt at dripper was less and the level of salt increased while moving away from the emitting source (dripper) which verified that drip system has the capability to draw the salts away from the dripper. Maximum polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, height of plant, no. of leaves, weight of bulb and bolting percentage was observed under irrigation with good quality water at 125% RDN followed by fertigation at 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water. Maximum yield was observed at 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water though the yield at 125% RDN was not significantly higher than at 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water. Yield at irrigation with water of 2.5 and 5 dS m-1 was 9.7 and 33.62% less than at irrigation with good quality water. under irrigation with good water quality, irrigation water use efficiency was found to be highest (18.88 kg m- 3) and at 125% RDN which is at per at 100% RDN. On the other hand maximum NUE was observed under irrigation with good quality water at 75% RDN. On the basis of quality, IWUE, NUE and yield of onion, irrigation with good water quality treatment at 100% RDN can be suggested in sandy loam soils. Whereas for water scares area underlain by brekish water, treatment consist of irrigation water of 2.5dS m-1 at 125% RDN can be suggested which is 8.35% lesser than yield at irrigation with good quality water at 100% RDN.ThesisItem Open Access “Effect of drip irrigation frequency on onion yield and water productivity(CCSHAU, 2019) Mehla, Mukesh Kumar; Jhorar, R.K.This study was conducted to study the effect of lateral spacing (45 cm and 60 cm) and drip irrigation frequencies (One, Two, Three and Four days) on onion crop (Allium Cepa L.) during kharif season 2018 in micro plots (2 m x 2 m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COAE&T, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. At 90 DAT, in one day irrigation interval with 45 cm lateral spacing, available moisture depth (11.6 cm) in the root zone (0-60 cm) at the middle of two lateral was observed higher (9.4 %) than with 60 cm lateral spacing where available moisture was 10.6 cm. Weight of bulbs per square meter in different grades was recorded highest in treatment four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (0.665 kg/m2) for grade A (>5 cm), two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (0.608 kg/m2) for grade B (4-5 cm), one day irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (0.397 kg/m2) for grade C (3-4 cm) and in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (0.161 kg/m2) for grade D (<3 cm). Highest marketable yield was obtained in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (161.7 q/ha) and least in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (119.7 q/ha). Lowest unmarketable yield was observed in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (7.7 q/ha) and highest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (16.1 q/ha).Total bulb yield was highest in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (169.4 q/ha) and lowest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (135.8 q/ha). Water productivity was found highest in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (10.1 kg/m3) and lowest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (8.1 kg/m3) treatment. For sandy loam soil, two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing treatment was observed the most preferable treatment under the given conditions.
