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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Status of macro and micro nutrient in soils of Kaithal and Siwan blocks, district Kaithal(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Shabnam; Rohtas KumarIn order to evaluate soil fertility status of Kaithal and Siwan of district Kaithal, Haryana. hundred surface soil samples (fifty from each block) were randomly collected using GPS technique. In addition to this, plant samples (10% of soil samples) were also collected from the existing cropping pattern of both the blocks. The results revealed that the soils of both the blocks were normal to alkaline in nature, non-saline in nature, low to medium in organic carbon and sandy loam to loam in texture. The content of available N, P, K and S in Kaithal block was ranged from 109-249, 6-28, 85-415 and 8-660 kg ha-1 with mean value of 190.66, 14.86, 223.80 and 195.14 kg ha-1, respectively. The content of available N, P, K and S in Siwan block was ranged from 90-247, 6-29, 122-412 and 35-250 kg ha-1 with mean value of 191.40, 16.22., 259.72 and 146.44 kg ha-1, respectively. All the soils samples were found deficient in nitrogen and 14% of the soil samples were found deficient in phosphorous in both the blocks. In Kaithal block, 6% of the soil samples were found deficient in potassium whereas, in Siwan block only 2% soil samples were found deficient in potassium. In Kaithal block only14% samples for sulphur were found under deficient category.The DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn content in Kaithal block was ranged from 0.39-4.32, 0.90-15.40, 0.23-1.90 and 2.10-7.00 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 1.48, 7.10, 1.08 and 3.92 mg kg-1, respectively. The DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn content in Siwan block was ranged from 0.15-2.83, 1.30-17.50, 0.16-3.45 and 2.00-6.80 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 1.27, 7.75, 1.17 and 3.39 mg kg-1, respectively. The total N, P, K and S in soils of Kaithal and Siwan blocks was varied from 0.06-0.17 and 0.06-0.18% 187-720 and 187-688 mg kg-1, 1.01-2.10 and 1.02-2.10 % and 108-937 and 110-718 mg kg-1 with mean value of 0.11and 0.12 %, 504.19 and 413.32 mg kg-1, 1.50 and 1.43% and 330.22 and 359.38 mg kg-, respectively. The content of total Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn in Kaithal and Siwan blocks ranged from 53.10-101.65and 60.00-100.53, 771.25-1450.00 and 670.00-1425.00, 10.88-24.75 and 11.13-20.00 and 283.63-440.00 and 360.00-428.00 with mean value of 79.833 and 84.37, 1155.88 and 1053.76, 14.95 and 14.33 and 372.46 and 385.75 mg kg-1, respectively. The mean content of N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn in plant sample was 1.72, 0.42, 0.95, 0.081, 35.4, 82.3, 7.5 and 83.1 %, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between the soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of soil.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of manganese supply on copper and zinc nutrition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Khatera Qane; SANGWAN, P. SThis research was conducted to study the interactive effect of Zn and Cu on wheat yield and quality under low and sufficient supply of Mn besides its impact on Zn and Cu fractions. To achieve these objectives, a study was therefore undertaken in rabi 2020-21 on sand (Mn deficient) and sandy loam (Mn sufficient) soil in a screen house taking wheat (WH 1105) as a test crop. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications and treatments comprised of Zn and Cu level each @ 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg kg-1 applied through ZnSO4 & CuSO4. Basal application of RD of N and P was supplied through urea and KH2PO4, respectively in solution form. Ten seeds of wheat were sown in each pot. Thinning was done to 4 plants pot-1 on 15th day of seeding and plants were allowed to grow up to maturity. At harvest, plant samples were collected for analysis. Besides this, a laboratory study was also undertaken to study the effect of Zn and Cu application on their fractions. For this study, post-harvest soil samples were collected from screen house experiment and analyzed for different Zn and Cu fractions. The results revealed that application of Zn significantly increased the grain yield as the values increase from 2.83 in control to 4.80 g pot-1 in low Mn soil while the same was from 3.99 to 5.99 g pot-1 in soil having adequate Mn content. The effects of Cu application indicated that in both the experimental soils, application of Cu increased the grain yield compared to respective controls. However, in both the soils, Zn and Cu application beyond 7.5 and 5.0 mg kg-1, respectively failed to give significant differences in yield. The Zn x Cu interaction was significant. The NP and K uptake values showed significant increasing trend with increase in either Zn or Cu dose. Higher grain and straw uptake values for Zn, Cu and Mn were recorded in Mn sufficient soil compared to Mn deficient soil possibly due to inherent soil fertility differences. Application of Cu or Zn showed a significant gain in protein and sedimentation value of wheat grain. Fractionation study of Zn and Cu revealed significant increase in majority of their fractions at higher levels and their different forms in experimental soils were in the Res-fraction (>50% each) & followed the order: Res->MN->Amor->Cry->CaCO3->Ex->Org-. The concentration of Zn & Cu in Ex-, OM- & CaCO3- fractions were found to be small in both the soils.ThesisItem Open Access Crop residue management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity under rice - wheat cropping system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Kavita; Dev RajAn experiment on residue management was conducted during Rabi, 2018 at Research Farm KVK, Panipat, CCS Haryana Agricultural University to study the effect of residue management options and fertilizer levels on soil properties and crop productivity under rice wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design consisted 4 residue management practices (R1: Residue removal, R2: Residue Burning, R3: Residue Incorporation and R4: Residue Retention ,Direct seeding of wheat with happy seeder into rice stubbles) in main plot and with five fertilizers level (F1: Control, F2: 100% N + 50% RD of P&K, F3: 100% N + 75% RD of P&K and F4: 100% N+75% RD of P&K+ Waste decomposer and F5:100% of RDF) in sub-plot. N and P mineralisation were highest at 25 and 55 DAS, respectively, values decline thereafter for both during first year whereas during second year value again increase at 115 DAS. MBC and enzymes values were also reported higher at 55 DAS during both the years. Urease and alkaline phosphatase followed same trend as mineralisation during both the year, however MBC and dehydrogenase followed the different trend during 2019-20. Burning of rice residue decreased the MBC, dehydrogenase and urease activity, however alkaline phosphatase activity increased after burning. The available N.P and K content in soil after rice harvest varied from 115 to 129 and 113 to 134, 24.6 to 44.2 and 25.2 to 48.2 and 175 to 193 and 176 to 196 kg ha-1, respectively among different treatment combination during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Available nutrient status in soil followed the order retention> incorporation> burning> removal under residue management and 100% RDF>100% N+75% RD of P&K> 100% N + 75% RD of P&K> 100% N + 50% RD of P&K> control in case of fertilizer level except for the Fe (higher under control) during both years. Higher value of TOC (0.800 and 0.814 %) and SOC (0.680 and 0.694 %) was reported with the retention treatment while mean value of MBC (350 and 379 mg/kg) and DOC (418 and 540 mg/kg) recorded higher under incorporation during both the year. Organic carbon fraction followed the order: recalcitrant > less labile> very labile> labile during both years. Lower value of bulk density and higher value of water holding capacity recorded with R4 treatment. Germination index was reported higher under removal and lowest value recorded with retention during both the year. The highest grain and straw yield of wheat was recoded with removal and 100% RDF during 2018-19 and retention and 100% RDF during 2019-20. Grain and straw yield of rice grown after wheat in the same plot follows the order: incorporation>retention>burning>removal.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Salicylic acid on growth, yield, biomass partitioning and quality of Indian mustard under different nutrient sources(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-01) Rundla, Surgyan; Pawan KumarA field experiment entitled “Effect of salicylic acid on growth, yield, biomass partitioning and quality of Indian mustard under different nutrient sources” was conducted on Agronomy farm at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi seasons (2018-19 and 2019-20). The treatments in mustard during Rabi seasons comprising of 20 treatment combinations having 4 levels of foliar spray of salicylic acid and 5 different nutrient sources was laid out in a split plot design with four replications. Results showed that salicylic acid applied as 200 ppm foliar spray at flower initiation and full bloom stage recorded the maximum values of growth parameters (plant height, dry matter accumulation, dry matter partitioning, number of branches, LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR and LAD), yield parameters (number of siliqua on main shoot, number of siliquae plant-1, length of main shoot, length of siliqua, number of seeds siliqua-1 and 1000 seed weight), yield (seed, stover and biological yield), physiological traits (Relative water content and chlorophyll content), soil nutrients availability, nutrients content and uptake, net returns (₹ ha-1 44431) and BC ratio (1.72) proved significantly superior over all other treatments. However, the treatment application of 200 ppm salicylic acid at flower initiation remained equally effective with regard to above parameters. Further, Results showed that application of treatment 1/3 each through FYM, vermicompost and biogas slurry proved significantly superior over all other treatments with respect to all growth parameters (Plant height, dry matter accumulation, dry matter partitioning, number of branches, LAI, LAD, CGR, RGR and NAR). The yield attributes (number of siliqua on main shoot, number of siliquae plant-1, length of main shoot, length of siliqua, number of seeds siliqua-1 and 1000-seed weight) and seed, stover and biological yields, physiological parameters (Relative water content and chlorophyll), quality parameters (protein, oil content and yield), soil nutrients availability, nutrients content and uptake, net returns (₹ ha-1 35747) and BC ratio (1.63) were significantly higher with application of 50% RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50% through FYM.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of long-term application of organic manures and fertilizers on soil properties and wheat productivity under pearl millet-wheat cropping system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Manju Kumari; Sheoran, SunitaAn on-going long-term field experiment started since 1995 (Rabi) under pearl millet-wheat cropping system at research farm of department of Soil Science, CCS HAU was selected to study the effects of various combinations of organic manures and fertilizers on wheat productivity and soil properties. The plant and soil samples were collected after 25th cycles of pearl millet-wheat cropping system after the harvest of wheat crop. The results showed that application of organic manures (15 Mg FYM or 5 Mg poultry manure or 7.5 Mg pressmud ha-1) recorded relatively lower yield of wheat as compared to chemical fertilizers applied alone or in combination with organic manures. Irrespective of the treatments, soil EC, SOC, DOC, TOC, N, P, K, S and DTPA-extractable micronutrients were higher in surface soils as compared to sub-surface soils. Continuous addition of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers for 25 years decreased the soil pH as compared to initial value (8.1). However, soil EC was increased. The SOC content of soil decreased from its initial value (0.39%) where half of recommended dose of NP fertilizers were applied. A significantly increase in SOC, DOC, TOC, carbon fractions, available N, P, K and S content was observed with integrated nutrient management practices as compared to organic manures or chemical fertilizers applied alone. Application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers could not sustain the initial level of N (196 kg ha-1) after continuous cultivation of pearl millet-wheat cropping system for 25 years. Application of FYM15N150P30, poultry manure5N150P30 and pressmud7.5N150P30 increased available P content by 10.85, 17.39 and 23.46% for 0-15 cm soil depth and 14.44, 38.72 and 25.84% for 15-30 cm soil depth over FYM, poultry manure and pressmud, respectively. The available K content in soil varied from 340.5 to 761.2 and 213.7 to 479.3 kg ha-1 for 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depth, respectively, among various treatments. The highest MBC, MBN and enzymes activity was observed with application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers over chemical fertilizers applied alone. The integrated use of organic manures and fertilizers proved crucial for soil health, nutrients availability and crop productivity under pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of salinity on soil properties and water productivity of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under drip irrigation(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Seema; Dahiya, RitaField experiment was conducted at the Research farm of Soil Science Department, CCSHAU, Hisar in the Kharif season during the years 2019 and 2020. The brinjal variety Hisar Shyamal was transplanted in split plot design and the experiment consisted of two irrigation methods (drip and surface flood) and three saline water levels (canal, ECiw=2.5 and 5.0 dS/m) as main treatments and three N fertilizer levels (75, 100 and 125% RDN) as sub-main treatment. The results revealed that the soil physical properties (bulk density, MWHC and SWRC) did not significantly affected by the saline water. The SOC decreased with increased saline water levels and the highest values were observed at 125% RDN. Soil pH and ECe increased with the saline water up to ECiw=5.0 dS/m and lower values were observed under drip irrigation. The cationic and anionic composition of soil extract was observed highest in saline water of ECiw=5.0 dS/m under surface flood irrigation. Available N and P of soil decreased and available K increased significantly with the increasing water salinity up to ECiw=5.0 dS/m. Available P and K decreased with the N fertilizer application at 125% RDN. The total NPK content in plant was significantly higher under canal water followed by ECiw=2.5 dS/m and ECiw=5.0 dS/m, respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer applied through drip increased the total N by 33.8, 27.9 and 25.9% at 75, 100 and 125% RDN over the flood irrigation. The data on the plant height, number of branches, fruit height, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, dry matter and fruit yield decreased with the increasing water salinity. However, the values of these parameters were more under drip than the surface flood irrigation. Regarding brinjal fruit quality, a significant decrease was observed in protein and carotenoid content while, total phenol and ascorbic acid increased under increasing water salinity. However, all the quality parameter increased with nitrogen application but total phenol decreased with the highest nitrogen doses (upto 125% RDN). The physiological parameters were also significantly affected by the increased saline water and N fertilizer levels under both the irrigation methods. These physiological parameters were observed improved under drip irrigation. The effect of the nitrogen fertilization at 100% RDN on physiological parameters was found statistically at par with the 125% RDN. Drip irrigation increased the nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency by 29.3 and 141.5% (ECiw=2.5 dS/m) and 36.8% and 147.3% (ECiw=5.0 dS/m) over surface flood irrigation method. The Hydrus-2D model performed well for simulating soil water and salt dynamics in drip irrigation as compared to surface flood irrigationThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of leaf colour chart as nitrogen management tool for Basmati Rice(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Satender Kumar; Dev RajThe suitability of PAU-LCC for N management in evolved Basmati rice (PB 1718) was evaluated at Research farm KVK, Panipat during kharif 2020 season. The investigation was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications and eleven treatments viz. T1 Control, T2 RDF (30 kg N ha-1 basal + 30 kg N ha-1 21 DAT + 30 kg N ha-1 42 DAT), T3 Recommended PAU LCC practice (30 kg N ha-1 basal + need based N application @ 30 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 4 starting from 14 DAT), T4 30 kg N ha-1 at 14 DAT + need based N application @ 30 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 4 starting from 21 DAT, T5 30 kg N ha-1 at 21 DAT + need based N application @ 30 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 4 starting from 40 DAT, T6 18 kg N ha-1 at 14 DAT + need based N application @ 18 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 4 starting from 21 DAT, T7 18 kg N ha-1 at 21 DAT + need based N application @ 18 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 4 starting from 40 DAT T8 30 kg N ha-1 at 14 DAT + need based N application @ 30 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 3.5 starting from 21 DAT, T9 30 kg N ha-1 at 21 DAT + need based N application @ 30 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 3.5 starting from 40 DAT, T10 18 kg N ha-1 at 14 DAT + need based N application @ 18 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 3.5 starting from 21 DAT, T11 18 kg N at 21 DAT + need based N application @ 18 kg ha-1 when LCC value is below 3.5 starting from 40 DAT. The results of the experiment revealed that the yield and yield attributes like grain yield (4311 kg ha-1), straw yield (6203 kg ha-1), harvest index (43.11%) and number of tillers (246.7) was higher when nitrogen was applied according to recommended PAU-LCC band 4 (T3). Physiological parameter (Dry matter accumulation (DMA), CGR, RGR and chlorophyll content) was also affected by various nitrogen treatment, Highest mean value were recorded when N was applied as per PAU recommended LCC band 4 N management practice. The highest value of DMA (487.03 g m-2) was observed at harvesting stage, CGR was significantly higher (8.62 g g-1m-2) at 100 DAT, maximum RGR (0.181 g g-1day-1) was recorded at 21 DAT and maximum chlorophyll content was recorded at 45DAT. N content (1.17%) in plant was higher at 45 DAT compare to all other growth stage. Nitrogen use efficiency was significantly higher (25.45 kg N ha-1 and 56.32% respectively as agronomic and recovery efficiency) in T3 treatment as compared to other treatments. The available N was increased from initial value to harvest stage but P and K was decreased over initial value to harvest stage. The ammonical- N content in soil was highest (48.26 kg ha-1) at 100 DAT in T11 while at harvest stage the maximum (60.66 kg ha-1) nitrate-N content in soil was received in T11. It was increased from initial stage to harvest stage but opposite trend was followed by ammonical-N in soil.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different nutrient management practices in Bt. cotton and wheat under different planting system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Yadav, Rajni; Goyal, VishalThe present study was conducted to study the effect of different nutrient management practices under raised bed and flat bed planting system in Bt. cotton-wheat cropping system at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar. The experiment was planned in a randomized block design with two methods of planting (raised bed and Flat bed planting), three replication and five treatments viz. T1-control, T2- FYM @ 15 t ha-1, T3- FYM @ 15 t ha-1+ biofertilizer +cow urine based formulation, T4-STCR with TY 5.5/2.8 t ha-1and T5-STCR with TY 6.0/3.2 t ha-1 was applied in rabi and kharif season. The per cent deviations of grain yield in target yield treatments of STCR was within the range of ± 10 % which shows the validation of equations of STCR for targeted yields of cotton and wheat both in raised bed & flat bed system. The results of experiment revealed that bulk density of soil was decreased with the incorporation of organic matter both at surface (0-15) and sub surface (15-30) soil depths. The application of FYM alone or with cow urine based formulation and biofertilizer had increased the available N, P and K at surface and sub surface soil depth. The soil organic carbon, EC and micronutrients increased significantly with application of FYM alone or in combination with biofertilizer and cow urine based fertilizer. A decrease in soil pH was observed in the treatments where FYM was applied. Organic treatments (T2 & T3) showed highest bacterial population (6.92 to 7.51 log10 no. cfu g-1 soil), fungal population (24.63 to 26.80 log10 no. cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycetes population (7.27 to 7.66 log10 no. cfu g-1 soil). Application of FYM alone or combination with cow urine based formulation and biofertilizer & fertilizers had increased the soil MBC by 35 to 23 % & 72 to 42% as compared to control. The nutrient management practices showed an increase of 29 to 93, 9 to 35 and 17 to 43 % in the activity of dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphates enzyme and urease, respectively in different treatments over the control. Further, the microbial population, soil microbial biomass carbon, enzymatic activities, soil organic carbon and available nutrients were found to be more in raised bed system of planting as compared to the flat bed system. The high microbial (Mq), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and geometric mean of enzyme activity (GMenz) indices further showed the congenial eco-physiological condition for proliferation of microorganism in organic treatments. Specific enzyme activity w.r.t. SOC was worked out which showed that the specific urease and alkaline phosphatase were higher under inorganic treatments while specific dehydrogenase activity was higher for organic treatments which further showed the presence of more enzyme activity per unit of carbon and loss of organic carbon at a faster rate than enzyme activity.ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient management to enhance productivity and nutrient use efficiency under widely spaced sugarcane crop(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2021-09) Kamboj, Ankush; Khokhar, Kiran KA field experiment entitled "Nutrient Management to Enhance Productivity and Nutrient Use Efficiency under Widely Spaced Sugarcane Crop" was conducted during the year 2020-21 atRegional Research Station (Uchani), Karnal of CCS Haryana Agricultural University (India). The experiment consisted of two main treatments along with four sub plot treatments was laid out in split plot design with three replications and plot size was 8.4m x 6.8m. The eight treatment combinations were the two main plot B1 (Broadcast) and B2(band placement), and 4 subplots of split doses of Nitrogen and potassium i.e. (T1) Recommended dose of N and K in five splits (Basal 10% and remaining at 45, 75, 90 and 120 DAP), (T2) Recommended dose of N and K in six splits (Basal 10% and remaining at 45, 75, 90, 120 and 150 DAP), (T3) Recommended dose of N and K in seven splits (Basal 10% and remaining at 45, 75, 90, 120, 150 and 180 DAP), (T4) Recommended dose and schedule of nutrient applications (Half of total N and full dose of P and K at planting and rest of the N at 45 and 90 DAP). Significantly higher cane yield (96.58 t ha-1) was reported with treatment which received RDF through band placement (B1) which was 8.01 % higher than treatment receiving RDF through broadcast method (B1) with which 88.84 t ha-1 cane yield was obtained. The higher(131.86 kg ha-1)values of available N were recorded in band placement (B2) compared to broadcast (B1) (125.73 kg ha-1) at the stages after 45 DAP upto harvest. The available K were higher (220.50 kg ha-1) in broadcast (B1) compared to band placement (B2) (214.60 kg ha-1) at all the time intervals upto harvest. No significant changes were recorded in the organic carbon content, pH, EC of soil. The juice quality parameters (Brix, Pol%, CCS%) and cane girth, number of internodes per cane length of internodes were not affected by band and broadcast method of fertilizer. Among the sub plots at 60 DAT, significantly higher plant height was recorded by T4 (100.41 cm). Significantlyhigher tiller population (110.59 000 ha-1 and 102.68 000 ha-1) was recorded with band placement of fertilizers both at 60 and 150 DAP compared to broadcasting (B1) of fertilizers. The band placement method of fertilizer application (B2) produced significantly higher NMC(100.79 000 ha-1 ) at time of harvesting.
