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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of agricultural land use and management practices on carbon sequestration in soils of arid and semi-arid regions of North-Western India(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-05) Sunil Kumar; Phogat, V.KImproving soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is of a vital important for enhancing soil productivity of different land use systems, particularly, in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. The study was carried out to evaluate the SOC fractions and their relationships with soil properties as influenced by different cropping systems and management practices. Thirteen sites under different land use systems were selected for soil sampling from the States of Rajasthan and Haryana. Soil samples were analysed for various soil properties and SOC fractions, and their relationships were established. The soils at different sampling sites were alkaline in reaction and non-saline. Higher bulk density was observed in coarse textured fallow soils and in soils under rice-wheat system. Significantly lower bulk density observed under plantation forest and agro forestry than field crops was attributed to greater inputs of plant biomass and/or application of manures and fertilizers. Among different cropping systems, sugarcane and rice-wheat systems found to have higher SOC content due to their potential for higher biomass production. At all sited, the SOC content found to be decreased with depth due to reduced amount of organic matter. Aggregation, CEC and nutrients status of soils were higher under agro-forestry, sugarcane, horticulture and cotton-wheat than other systems due to higher SOC status and clay contents. Similarly, the oxidizable fractions of carbon (very labile, labile, less labile and non-labile) were also significantly higher under plantation forest, sugarcane, agro-forestry and rice-wheat land use systems because of higher biomass input. Upon differentiating the SOC into active (AC) and passive carbon (PC), the AC was found variable under different cropping systems, and significantly higher under plantation forest, sugarcane and agro-forestry land use systems. Therefore, the AC and their proportion to total SOC could be use as sensitive indicator of soil health. As per physical classification of SOC, coarse particulate organic carbon (POC) was significantly higher under plantation forest, horticulture, agro-forestry and mung bean-mustard land use systems due to heavier texture of soil and/or introduction of legume in crop rotation. For the surface layers, the largest differences in POC content were observed for the aggregate associated POC, which was apparent in soils with more effective native vegetation. Significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC)content under plantation forest, horticulture and agro-forestry land use systems was attributed to the production of high quantity of litter fall (substrate) for microbial decomposition every year. Among the different cropping systems, sugarcane and rice-wheat systems had significantly higher MBC content probably due to higher accumulation of SOC and relatively higher inputs of manures and fertilizers included in management practices. Significantly higher SOC stock under plantation forest and agro-forestry systems obtained were attributed to relatively more litter biomass production, stubble and rhizo deposits and slower decomposition of soil organic matter in the undisturbed soil. Variation in texture of soils and management practices in different land use systems were found responsible for organic carbon storage in soils. Use of poor quality irrigation water in sugarcane, rice-wheat and guar-wheat cropping systems adversely affected the SOC pools and soil properties. The Carbon Management Index found effective in assessing C sequestration potential of soils under different cropping systems. Very labile carbon was significantly correlated with SOC (r = 0.98), CEC (r = 0.82), aggregation (r = 0.63) available N (r = 0.94), available P (r = 0.81), available K (r = 0.64).The higher value of correlation coefficient between labile carbon pools with total SOC indicated that these pools were most affected by changes in land use and management practices. The MBC was correlated with total SOC (r = 0.85), coarse (r = 0.85) and fine (r = 0.91) POC, AC (r = 0.85) and PC (r = 0.85). There was a dynamic relationship between different pools of SOC and their relative proportion was greatly influenced by land use systems. It was concluded that the changes in labile fraction of SOC may be considered as a sensitive indicator for assessing the quality of SOC being added in soils under different land use systems in arid and semi-arid regions of North-Western India.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of long term zero tillage in wheat on soil properties and water productivity(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Phogat, Mamta; Dahiya, RitaThe present study on “Impact of long term zero tillage in wheat on soil properties and water productivityˮ was conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 on an on-going long term experiment on „Effect of varying moisture regimes in zero-till wheat succeeding mungbean and sorghum‟ since 2006 at Soil Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiments consisted of two cropping systems (mungbean-wheat, MW and sorghum-wheat, SW), three tillage practices viz. CT-CT (conventional tillage in both kharif & rabi seasons), CT-ZT (conventional tillage in kharif & zero tillage in rabi seasons) and ZT-ZT (zero tillage in both kharif & rabi seasons); and three moisture regimes (IW/CPE = 0.60, 0.75 and 0.90). The soil physical, chemical, biological properties, nutrient availability, yield and yield attributes, and water productivity in wheat were measured using standard methods. The simulation of water dynamics was carried out using Hydrus-1D model. The results revealed that adoption of long term zero tillage practice ZT-ZT for twelve years improved the physical, chemical and biological properties as compared to the conventional tillage CT-CT. The long term zero tillage reduced the sub-surface compaction. Highest value of saturated hydraulic conductivity of 1.17 cm hr-1 in surface soil was observed in ZT-ZT under MW cropping system at M0.90. The ZT-ZT increased the soil organic carbon by 24.75 and 23.16% in 0-15 cm depth as compared to CT-CT in MW and SW, respectively over all the moisture regimes. Available NPK and micronutrients except Cu and uptake of NPK and micronutrients were significantly highest under ZT-ZT in MW cropping system at M0.90. The microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly higher in MW cropping system as compared to SW cropping system. The grain and straw yield of wheat was higher in MW as compared to SW and in ZT-ZT as compared to CT-CT during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The water productivity in wheat was observed highest at moisture regime of IW/CPE =0.75. Water productivity was significantly higher in ZT-ZT as compared to CT-CT over all the moisture regimes under MW and SW cropping systems during both the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. Hydrus-1D model might be used as a tool to simulate water dynamics under filed conditions for efficient use of water.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on sewage sludge application on soil properties, nutrient status and yield on pearl millet-wheat cropping system under saline water irrigation(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019) Ankush; Ram PrakashThe present investigation entitled “Studies on sewage sludge application on soil properties, nutrient status and yield of pearl millet-wheat cropping system under saline water irrigation” was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objective to study the effect of sewage sludge (SS) and saline water irrigation on soil chemical and biological properties, nutrient availability and yield and yield attributes of pearl millet-wheat cropping system. The experimental field was laid out in factorial randomly block design with three irrigation treatments i.e. canal water, 8 and 10 dS/m EC saline water; and five fertilizer treatments i.e. control, SS (5 t/ha), SS (5 t/ha)+50% RDF, SS (5 t/ha)+75% RDF and RDF. The SS was applied only in rabi seasons. On an average, application of saline water irrigation (ECiw 8 and 10 dS/m) caused significant reduction of about 23.6, 31.2 and 24.4, 32.6 per cent of grain yield in pearl millet and wheat, respectively in comparison of canal water. Nutrient uptake was also significantly reduced under saline water irrigation during both years, whereas heavy metal contents in pearl millet and wheat were enhanced with increasing salinity of irrigation water. Na+:K+ and Cl-:SO42- were increased with salinity level while its lower ratio however SS application lowered down these ratios but interaction effects were non-significant. The SS application increased the yield and yield attributes of crops. Among different treatments, RDF achieved significantly higher yield of pearl millet and wheat but statistically at par with SS (5 t/ha)+75% RDF during both the years. Micronutrient and heavy metal contents were significantly increased with sewage sludge application but higher concentrations were recorded with SS (5 t/ha)+75% RDF treatment. Soil fertility status was altered by application of saline water irrigation. Soil pH was remained unaffected while EC was increase with salinity levels due to accumulation of salts. Soil available nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly reduced with salinity levels while available potassium and sulphur were increased with saline water irrigation might be because addition of K ans S through saline water. Soil organic carbon was also reduced with application of saline water irrigation. Likewise, soil biological properties viz. microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatse and urease activities were also significantly reduced with increasing salinity levels at different crop growth stages. DTPA-extractable heavy metals in soil showed trend: Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cd. These heavy metals were increased with increasing salinity levels. However, heavy metals were found with in normal range. DTPA-extractable micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Cu) were remained unaffected with saline water irrigation but zinc was significantly reduced. Among various fertilizer treatments, SS (5 t/ha) + 75% RDF significantly increased organic carbon and soil available NPKS. Soil biological properties were significantly enhanced in sewage treated plots as compared to RDF and control at different growth stages of pearl millet and wheat. However, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatse and urease activities were higher at 35 DAS in pearl millet as well as at 75 DAS in wheat followed by harvest and sowing time. Application of sewage sludge increased DTPA-extractable micronutrients and heavy metals in soil and, higher contents were recorded wih SS (5 t/ha) followed by SS (5 t/ha)+50% RDF, SS (5 t/ha)+75% RDF, control and RDF. However, interaction effect of sewage sludge and saline water irrigation was non-significant in our study.
