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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Development of cold plasma system for shelf life enhancement of strawberry (Fragaria× anannasa)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Sapna; Attkan, Arun KumarThe study was conducted to develop lab scale cold plasma system for the surface treatment of strawberries. To evaluate the developed cold plasma system, experiments were conducted on strawberries by varying applied voltage (10, 20, and 30kV), electrode gap (60, 65, and 70mm), and exposure time (60, 90, and 120 s). The strawberry was exposed to the cold plasma in-package as well as without the package. The effects of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties of the treated strawberry were analyzed using the response surface method (RSM). The treated as well as untreated control samples were stored at 4⁰C and the effect of the storage period on the different microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties was examined. There was a significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial count of the strawberry. Total bacterial count and mold and yeast count, for treated strawberries, had decreased with an increase in applied voltage from 10 to 30 kV. The total bacterial count and mold and yeast count decreased with the decrease in electrode gap and increase in exposure time. There was no significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the color change values (ΔE), firmness, TPC, and TFC of the strawberries. There was a significant effect of storage time on all the parameters of the strawberry. The cost economics of the developed lab scale cold plasma system was evaluated based on economic indicators viz. breakeven point (92.33kg), payback period (0.68yr/ 8months), and benefit-cost ratio (1.48) of treated strawberry at selling price of Rs.250/kg. Overall, the developed lab-scale cold plasma system was found quite efficient for surface treatment and shelf life enhancement of strawberries.ThesisItem Open Access Development of image processing based automated grader for kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023) Sachin; Nitin KumarThe investigation entitled “Development of image processing based automated grader for kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.)” was carried out to study the maturity indices of kinnow mandarin based on physical properties for quality evaluation. Relationships between physical, quality, image processing parameters and the maturity stages were evaluated via different statistical tools i.e. MATLAB curve fitting, SPSS (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test), OriginPro software statistical tools etc. The maturity indices from first January to first February was found and corresponding maturity standards of the kinnow based on the analysis of the physical parameters and chemical parameters were concluded i.e. fruit color (L: 76.85±3.29 to 86.23±3.30, a: 38.76±1.50 to 61.56±2.00, b: 75.91±3.33 to 81.22±4.13), fruit weight: 181.34±1.42 to 185.67±2.03 g, peel thickness 4.44±0.07 to 4.69±0.08 mm, peel weight: 26.51±0.12 to 27.54±0.44 %, fruit firmness: 5.78±0.73 to 6.22±1.12 kgf, fruit volume: 172.45±1.70 to 183.87±0.58 ml, sphericity: 0.89±0.04 to 0.91±0.05, TSS: 11.11±0.81 to 12.01±0.93 °Brix, TA: 0.83±0.02 to 0.86±0.07 g/100 ml, Juice %: 46.32±2.11 to 47.78±0.80 %, MI: 12.92±0.21 to 14.41±0.48; AA: 22.66±0.97 to 24.97±1.19 mg/100 ml; pH: 4.29±0.04 to 4.42±0.10. The study was also taken to develop image processing based grader for kinnow mandarin fruit, performance evaluation and cost economics of the grader. The best combination was found at 96 m/min conveyor speed and with 300 lux light intensity of the chamber for maximum output of the kinnow grader and it was resulted in term of system capacity, grading efficiency and performance index which was found as 430 kg/h, 92.12 % and 19.63. The independent parameter was found having a significant effect on the performance of the grader and the cost economics was also found i.e. payback period 68 days, break-even point after grading of 20505 kg kinnow fruits, benefit cost ratio was 5.38. The grader was also compared with manual grading and benefit ratio was found 3.1 which was around three times more beneficial than manual grading. The grader was found helpful for effective grading of kinnow fruits and can be used by the farmers as well as the entrepreneurs.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of seed from tomato processing industry for extraction of oil(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Nirmala; Attkan, Arun KumarThe study was conducted for utilization of seed from tomato processing industry for extraction of oil. The tomato waste was dried to a moisture content of 7% (wb.). Seeds were separated using hammer mill and gravity separator. The two oil extraction techniques, temperature controlled water bath, ultrasound assisted solvent oil extraction method. The process parameters for TCWBM were extraction temperature (20, 25 30℃), extraction time (6, 8, 10min), solid to solvent ratio (1, 5, 10) and mean particle size (0.25, 0.55, 0.85mm). The process parameters for UASOEM were extraction temperature (40, 50 60℃), ET, extraction time (25, 35, 45min), solid to solvent ratio (5, 7.5, 10) and mean particle size (0.25, 0.55, 0.85mm). RSM was employed for optimizing the process parameters. The effect of process parameter was seen on oil yield, extraction efficiency and oil quality (API0). Maximum OY of 25.47%, EE of 93.1% and API gravity of 26.18 was found for UASOEM. RSM was employed for optimization of process parameters. The optimum process parameters for TCWBM obtained were 30˚C, 8min, 4.6 and 0.25mm of mean particle size and optimum OY of 14.48%, EE of 58.42% and API gravity of 24.93, with the desirability of 0.79 and for UASOEM obtained were 49.7˚C, 38.7min, 6.3 and 0.42mm of mean particle size and optimum OY of 18.20%, EE of 86.36% and API gravity of 26, with the desirability of 0.80. The cost economics of oil extraction was evaluated on the basis of economic indicators viz. breakeven point (313.4litre), payback period (0.8yr/ 9 months, 18days) and operating cost of (790 Rs./liter) of tomato seed oil at selling price of Rs. 1500/liter. The physicochemical properties such as density, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, color, sulfur content and fat content of oil were analyzed. It can be concluded that tomato seed is a potential source of oil. It will minimize the problem of utilization of tomato processing waste.ThesisItem Open Access Development and Performance Evaluation of Machine for Dehulling of Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.)(hisar, 2022) Mittal, Vipul; Gupta, RaviThe study was conducted to develop a hempseed dehuller machine for dehulling of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.). The development of the machine was based on a 2D design made from AUTOCAD software. The raw hempseeds were cleaned and graded for observation of their engineering properties. To study the effects of dehulling process variables on the dehulling efficiency of hempseeds, two seed grades: Medium (3 – 3.5 mm), Large( ≥ 3.5 mm), four levels of valve opening (100, 75, 50 and 25 % ) and five levels of initial seed moisture content (2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12 %) (wb) were selected by conducting preliminary trials. Statistical analyses viz., correlation and regression analysis of the responses was performed to estimate the coefficients of the fitted equation of the responses and to check the significance of the regression coefficients of independent and interaction variables, respectively. A three-phase (0.75 kW) electric motor was used for the power supply of the machine. The performance of the dehuller was found optimum at 2100 rpm, feed valve opening of 50% and fed with raw hempseeds of medium grade at 6-8 % MC range. At these levels of independent variables the throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency, output capacity and broken were found to be 67.4 kg/h, 38.7%, 26.25 kg/h and 8.84%. The break-even point, benefit-cost ratio and payback period for the machine were found to be 4223 units of hemp kernel, 1.029 and 0.237 years respectively. The developed machine for dehulling of hempseed was found energy-efficient, economically usable, and capable of maintaining the good quality of hempseed kernels.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of engineering properties, milling characteristics and anthocyanin recovery from purple wheat(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Saini, Praveen; NITIN KUMAR(An abstract of the thesis submitted to CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering with specialization in Processing and Food Engineering) To assess the efficient storage and processing yields, simultaneously reducing the qualitative and quantitative losses from wheat grains, it is necessary to consider and study their engineering properties. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine several engineering properties of three different colored wheat varieties at three levels of moisture content. All the physical properties including thousand kernel weight and dimensional properties of grains increased with the increase of moisture content in range of 12 to 16% (wb). Engineering properties such as bulk density, true density, porosity and grain hardness decreased; angle of repose and coefficient of friction increased; while, the coloring properties (chroma and hue angle) varied erratically with the increase in moisture content. Milling characteristics also showed positive correlation with moisture content. Considering the loss of wheat bran separated by industries as a processing waste, the current study also evaluated the nutritional composition of pearled bran and whole wheat flour from three different colored varieties. The nutritional and anti-nutritional composition including anthocyanin concentration of purple wheat were compared with corresponding common wheat values. Results showed nearly two-fold higher anthocyanin content in bran than whole wheat flour with highest value for purple wheat (449.17 mg/kg bran and 206.21 mg/kg flour). Total phenolic content, protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and phytic acid content were more in bran while, starch content was more in whole wheat flour. Among the varieties tested, purple grains showed higher concentration of all the properties except for low starch and nearly equal phytic acid content. Gluten test of wheat flour showed high wet gluten content for purple wheat while insignificant difference of dry gluten content (P≥0.05) than amber wheat. All the results show the nutritional importance of bran and future prospect for its utilization in food industry to make functional food products.ThesisItem Open Access Modelling of modified atmosphere packaging of vegetables for shelf life enhancement(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Kargwal, Raveena; Garg, M.K.The present study was undertaken the modelling of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of vegetables for shelf life enhancement. Determination of shelf life, model development and its validation using SPSS and MATLAB software was carried out to predict the shelf life of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) on the basis of physicochemical parameters and sensory evaluation under passive and active MAP. The model was developed by using temperature, film thickness, perforations and O2 absorber to predict the physico-chemical parameters of cucumber and tomato. R2 is statistically measure how close the data to fitted regression line. Validation process examined the best fitting of model. Z-test between predicted and actual value, P< 0.05 is significant. P-value of all parameters are non significant which indicates that model is best fit. The results were optimized so as to find the levels of independent variables which would provide the maximum possible shelf life evaluated in terms of various quality parameters. During passive MAP of cucumber and tomato were packed in low density polyethylene and stored under different conditions such as film thickness: 25, 37.5 and 50 micron; level of perforation 0, 3, 6; storage temperature: 5, 10, 15°C (cucumber) and 10, 15 and 20°C (tomato). While in case of active MAP of cucumber and tomato were packed in LDPE and stored under different conditions such as film thickness: 25 and 50 micron; level of perforation 0, 3, 6; oxygen absorber sachet: 1 g, 2g and without sachet; storage temperature: 10°C. Analysis of physicochemical properties (physiological loss in weight (%), total colour difference, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content, lycopene, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and firmness) of cucumber and tomato was found in throughout the storage study. Sensory evaluation was done on the basis of visual appearance and odour rating. The study also examined that the 10°C for cucumber and tomato retained better quality up to 27 days and 21 days under passive MAP whereas 24 days for cucumber and tomato under active MAP. The optimized conditions obtained for shelf life enhancement of cucumber and tomato under passive MAP by SPSS software were temperature: 10°C, film thickness: 25 micron and non-perforations. Whereas optimum storage conditions for active packaging of cucumber was found 1g O2 absorber sachet and 25 micron thickness with non-perforated. Optimum storage condition for active packaging of tomato was found 1g O2 absorber sachet and 25 micron thickness with 3 perforations.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Evaluation and Suitability of Novel Oil Extraction Techniques for Mango Stone(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Peter Waboi Mwaurah; Sunil KumarMango fruit is the second most traded fruit globally and it’s processing results in huge amount of waste. The waste results in a chain of environmental hazards; water pollution, greenhouse gas emission and production of awful and unpleasant odors over time. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the proximate composition of the mango kernel oil extracted using microwave assisted extraction (MAE), enzymatic assisted extraction (EAE) and an ultrasonic pretreatment to the two methods (UMAE and UEAE). The efficiency of these extraxction techniques was compared with reference to soxhlet extraction technique. The kernel, 15.48% of the whole fruit on wet basis, had a maximum oil yield of 12.2±0.20% obtained using soxhlet extraction technique. The oil recovery by MAE, UMAE, EAE and UEAE were 88.42±1.36%, 96.67±1.30%, 68.33±1.71% and 77.75±1.89% respectively. The optimum conditions for MAE were microwave power of 300 W for 15 min at a solid to solvent ratio of 1:5 while EAE was optimum using Viscozyme enzyme at 55 °C for 18 h. Ultrasonic pretreatment was most effective at 55 °C for 60 min for UMAE and 45 oC for 40 min for UEAE. The physico-chemical properties of mango kernel oil included free fatty acids (1.96-2.18%), acid value (3.89-4.43 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (2.17-2.50 meq O2/kg), saponification value (175.31-202.89 mg KOH/g), unsaponifiable matter (3.48-3.93%), pH (5.83-6.07) and specific density (0.906-0.926). There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) on these properties by the different extraction technologies.
