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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Impact assessment of arbuscular mycorrhiza on chilli wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici(CCSHAU, 2019) Sarita; Rakesh KumarThe present study was conducted to evaluave the impact assessment of arbuscular mycorrhiza on chilli wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. Surveys in different district of Haryana was conducted during 2017 - 2018 for mycorrhizal colonization (%), sporocarp number in soil and wilt intensity in the chilli and found that mycorrhizal colonization (per cent) ranged from 1 - 17.3 per cent and sporocarp number in soil ranged from 9 - 130. wilt intensity ranged from 0.5 - 7.9. The mycorrhizal per cent colonization and sporocarp number in soil were highest in Mahendragarh district (Ateli 17.3 % and 130 respectively), followed by Fatehabad district (Dani Binja Lamba 13.1 % and 91 respectively) and lowest in Hisar district (11.5% and 69 respectively). The maximum wilt intensity was recorded from the Fatehabad district (Bhuna, 7.9), followed by Mahendragarh (Silarpur, 7.3) and minimum from Hisar (Kharar-Alipur, 5.2). Three Glomus species were tested on chilli. Maximum plant growth parameters (Plant height, Root length, Dry weight of root and shoot), SPAD chlorophyll content, per cent mycorrhizal colonization and sporocarp number was maximum in Glomus intraradices, when 400 spores were inoculated followed by Glomus mosseae and Glomus fasciculatum. The maximum per cent disease control (57%) was recorded when F. oxysporum + G. intraradices + T. harzianum were inoculated. For the management of chilli wilt G. intraradices and T. harzianum were used with different combination. For the management of chilli wilt G. intraradices and T. harzianum were used with different combination. Maximum plant growth parameters (Plant height, Root length, Dry weight of root and shoot), SPAD chlorophyll content and NPK content was in triple inoculation (F. oxysporum + G. intraradices + T. harzianum) and minimum in F. oxysporum at 90 DAT. Different mycorrhizal species may differ in their ability to control the disease. For the desirable effect on plant growth and inducing resistance to pathogens, suitable host symbiont combination has to be found. The use of mycorrhizal fungi an effective method for disease control, mainly root and soil borne disease.ThesisItem Open Access Drought induced physiological changes in stem carbohydrate accumulation and mobilization in bread wheat genotypes(CCSHAU, 2019) Sonia Rani; Munjal, RenuWorldwide, drought has become one of the major abiotic stress which affects wheat productivity. The present study conducted to assess drought effect on physiological changes in carbohydrate accumulation and mobilization in wheat genotypes in comparison to irrigated conditions. The ten wheat genotypes (NIAW 3170, C 306, RIL-S1-38, BRW 3806, MACS 6696, K1317, MP 3288,HD 3237, WH 1235, HI 1620) in RBD with 3 rows of 3m length with a 20 cm spacing within rows respectively, were grown during rabi season of 2018-19 at Field Research Area, Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Although wheat performance hinders by drought at all developmental stages but it was more critical during flowering and grain-filling stages. Drought effect on yield was studied on physiological, biochemical, morphological and phonological parameters under both irrigated and drought conditions. The results shows reduction in response to drought in physiological parameters (NDVI, canopy temperature, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a/b ratio on flag leaf and biochemical parameters like carbohydrate observation, cell membrane stability, solidness observed on different parts of stem. Under drought conditions, metabolite and enzyme activities were highly reduced and as a result reduction in yield was observed. Understanding these traits helps breeder to develop tolerant cultivars. Carbohydrates (mainly fructan) accumulation and remobilization play important part in yield and drought tolerence. Physiological and biochemical parameters were found helpful in assessment of yield under drought condition. Yield was found highly reduced in drought condition as compared to irrigated condition. Under irrigated and drought conditions genotype RIL-S1- 38, WH 1235 show better performance as compared to other genotypes. Non structural carbohydrates, water soluble carbohydrate, spectrial indics and stem solidness observation are best parameters for selection of drought tolerant genotype.ThesisItem Open Access Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Neeraj KumarThe present investigation entitled “Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was investigated in the screen house during the Rabi season of 2018. Before sowing, the desired levels of salinity (control, 4 and 6 dS m-1) were developed by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) was applied exogenously after 35 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non- stressed plants. Plants at 6 dS m-1 did not survive and hence, data of only 4 dS m-1 was given. Sampling was done at 45 and 80 DAS. Growth parameters i.e. plant height and dry weight of shoot and roots decreased with increasing levels of salinity, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, the water potential (ψw) of leaves (from -0.40 to -0.46 MPa), osmotic potential (ψs) of leaves (from -0.890 to -1.027 MPa) and roots (from -0.763 to -0.850 MPa) decreased with increasing level of salinity from control to 4 dS m-1 at 45 DAS. With increase in salinity levels, RWC (%) of leaves and roots also declined at 45 DAS. A similar trend of change in the ψw of leaves, ψs of leaves and roots and RWC (%) was observed at 80 DAS. However, exogenous application of different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) of salicylic acid helps in the amelioration of plant water status by increasing water and osmotic potential to the less negative value and by increasing the RWC at both the sampling stages. The level of osmolytes i.e. proline, glycinebetaine and total soluble carbohydrates increase with increasing salinity levels (control to 4 dS m-1) and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was notices in leaves and roots at 45 DAS. A similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. But application of SA ameliorates the adverse effect of salinity to some extent at both stages. Salinity levels increased the Cl- concentration in leaves by 41.96% and SO42- content in leaves by 8.1% at 4 dS m-1 as compared to their respective control. This concentration of Cl- and SO42- content was decreased by foliar application of SA. Similarly, CSI and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 4.0 dS m-1 of salinity at 45 DAS. Application of SA helps in the amelioration of salinity stress at 45 and 80 DAS. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) and glutathione content enhanced abruptly under salinity and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. Despite, the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA decreased at 4 dS m-1 salinity respective to their control. Similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was further lowered upon application of SA. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by salinity and its effect was mitigated by SA. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands with increasing levels of salinity and salicylic acid in leaves and roots at both sampling stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight pod-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing salinity levels. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that foliar spray of SA (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) mitigates salinity stress by maintaining higher plant water status, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitory effect of salinity on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 100 ppm of SA was found to be more effective at both sampling stages i.e. 45 and 80 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological studies for thermo-tolerance in bread wheat genotypes(CCSHAU, 2019) Goyal, Alisha; Anita KumariThe present investigation was aimed to evaluate physiological traits for carbohydrates accumulation and mobilization and to find correlation between physiological traits and high temperature tolerance. Ten wheat genotypes viz DBW14 (Check), PBW781, PBW821, RAJ3765 (Check), RWP-2018-26, RWP-2018-30, RWP-2018-31, RWP-2018-32, WH1239 and WH730 (Check) were sown under TS and LS conditions during rabi season of 2018 - 19 at wheat research farm, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of 6 rows of 3m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows & between plants, respectively. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of productive tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), grain weight, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), heat susceptibility index. Other studied parameters include normalized difference vegetation index, canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, free radical scavenging activity, osmotic potential, water soluble carbohydrates from different parts of stem, stem solidness, stem dry weight and grain growth rate. Out of ten genotypes, PBW821 was identified as thermo-tolerant on the basis of maximum NDVI & minimum CT at 90DAS, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, cell membrane stability, osmotic potential, water soluble carbohydrate, stem solidness and stem dry weight. PBW821 also showed maximum no. of spikelet/spike, no. of grains/spike, grain weight, biomass and grain yield under LS condition. Water soluble carbohydrate were found highly correlated with stem dry weight at maturity, stem solidness at 90DAS, stem dry weight at 90 DAS and biomass and stem solidness was also found highly correlated with biomass, stem dry weight at 90 DAS, grain growth rate and stem dry weight at maturity.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja Rani; Sharma, K.DThe study entitled “Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes” was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Crop Physiology Research Area of Agronomy Department CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was designed as split plot consisting of three irrigation schedules viz., one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI), two irrigation at CRI and heading stage and three irrigation at CRI, tillering, heading stage in main plot and five bio-inoculants treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) with Azotobacter and PSB (75% of RDF), AM fungi with RDF, Azotobacter with PSB and RDF, AM fungi with 75% of RDF in the sub-plots with three replication. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height, leaf area, leaf area index and leaf area duration at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after showing, physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 20 days after anthesis including canopy temperature depression, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, relative stress injury, chlorophyll content i.e was significantly decreases under restricted irrigation. Biochemical parameters i.e total soluble protein, peroxidase and proline content which show maximum reduction in restricted irrigation while catalase activity, total soluble sugar were reduced maximum in irrigated control. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous content in straw, grain and soil were more pronounced in restricted condition and sedimentation value, crude protein content, hectoliter weight was maximum in irrigated control as compare to restricted irrigation. Yield attributes also maximum with irrigated control and grain yield showed maximum decrease by 28.5 %. Among the bio-inoculants maximum improvement was seen with AM fungi with RDF treated crops while minimum with 75 % RDF with AM fungi. These can be useful for the improvement through bio-inoculants for developing the better traits under varying moisture stress.ThesisItem Open Access Mitigating the effect of salt stress by foliar application of salicylic acid in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, 2018) Jangra, Manish; Sarita DeviThe present study entitled “Mitigating the effect of salt stress by foliar application of salicylic acid in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes” was investigated in the screen house during the kharif season of 2017. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 5, 7.5 and 10 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25 and 50 mg l-1) was applied exogenously after 30 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (HJ 513 and HJ 541). Sampling was done at 40 and 80 DAS. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under screen house conditions on 19th July 2017. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of salt stress, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 10 dS m-1 of salt level in both genotypes, but per cent decrease was observed at 10 dS m-1 of salt stress like in ψw (43.0%), ψs (75.0%), photosynthetic rate (58.7%), transpiration rate (49.2%) and stomatal conductance (75.0%) in HJ 513 at 40 DAS, over their respective control. The values ranged from 3.18 to 2.10, 44.59 to 25.93 and 0.752 to 0.681 in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) respectively, decreased at 10 dS m-1 of salt stress in HJ 513 at 40 DAS. Application of SA help in the amelioration of plant water status, exchange of gases and chlorophyll pigment irrespective of salt stress in both genotypes at 40 and 80 DAS. Reversibily, electrolyte leakage, MDA content and H2O2 content enhanced with every increment of salt stress but application of SA ameliorate the adverse effect of salt stress to some extent at both stages. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes enhanced abruptly under salt stress in both genotypes and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 40 and 80 DAS. Per cent increase was on higher side at 10 dS m-1 of salt level in HJ 513 at 40 DAS viz. SOD (12.8%), CAT (11.3%), POX (9.9%), proline (15.1%), TSC (27.7%) and glycine betaine (22.3%) over their respective control. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was maintained lower upon application of SA. Seed yield reduced significantly by decreasing yield attributing characters i.e. panicle length, panicle weight, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index under salt stress. Reduction in seed yield was ranged from 13.2 to 9.7 in HJ 513 and 11.9 to 8.7 in HJ 541 at 10 dS m-1. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that after foliar spray of SA, HJ 513 performed better under salt stress by maintaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitore effect of salt stress on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 50 mg l-1 of SA was found more effective than 25 mg l-1 at both sampling stages i.e. 40 and 80 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different heavy metals (Cd, Cr & Pb) and mycorrhizal treatments on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in desi and Bt cotton(CCSHAU, 2018) Manohar Lal; Sheokand, SunitaThe present investigation was aimed to study the effect of different heavy metals (HM) (Cd, Cr, & Pb) and mycorrhizal inoculations on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in Desi and Bt cotton. Heavy metal (Cd- 10 ppm, Cr- 10 ppm, & Pb-100 ppm) and mycorrhizal (Glomus hoi) treatments were given in the soil before sowing the seeds in polythene lined cemented pots. The observations were taken at vegetative stage (35 DAS) and flowering stage (65 DAS). Cr treatment was lethal to both genotypes and no plants survived. Cd and Pb treatments adversely affected the membranes as was evident from increased MDA content and electrolyte leakage. Heavy metal stress resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and total soluble protein content. Cd and Pb treatments caused oxidative stress resulting in increased production of ROS and H2O2. The activity of antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR, DHAR, MDHAR and metabolites ascorbate, glutathione and FRSA also increased with HM stress. Bt cotton was more sensitive to HM stress as compared to Desi cotton and Cd was more toxic than Pb. The effect of Cd and Pb was more adverse at flowering stage as compared to vegetative stage. Mycorrhizal inoculations partially ameliorated the toxic effect and resulted in a decrease in MDA content, electrolyte leakage, ROS production, H2O2 content and increase in chlorophyll content, protein content and chlorophyll fluorescence. A further increase in the antioxidative activity was observed with mycorrhizal treatments. Increase in antioxidative activity was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Pb treated plants had more antioxidative activity than Cd. HM stress resulted in a decline in plant growth, plant height, yield and its attributes. The growth and yield of Bt cotton were more adversely affected by HM. Mycorrhizal inoculation partially alleviated the toxic effect and resulted in an increase in growth and yield. Mycorrhizal inoculations resulted in formation of large sized fungal vesicles in HM treated roots of cotton genotypes and increased the percent colonization. HM treatments also resulted in a significant accumulation of HM in cotton genotypes. HM accumulation was more in roots as compared to shoot. Accumulation was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Mycorrhizal inoculation further increased the phytoremediation potential of cotton genotypes in HM contaminated soil.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under saline irrigation(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam; Neeraj KumarThe present study was carried out with two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes viz. HC-3 and CSG-8962 having close phenology but differing in their sensitivity to salinity under screen house conditions. Forty days after sowing (DAS), the plants were given to single saline irrigation (Cldominated) having EC levels 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1. The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. Plant sampling was done at 85 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The water potential (Ψw) of leaves, osmotic potential (Ψs) and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in both the genotypes under different saline irrigation levels i.e. 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1 as compared to control. Dry weight (g plant- 1) and plant height (cm) decreased with increase in saline irrigation levels, and it was observed more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. The proline, glycine betaine and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content of leaves and roots increased in both HC-3 and CSG-8962 genotype with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both 85 and 105 DAS. More negative values of Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and roots and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, glycine betaine and TSC in HC-3, helped in maintaining the higher RWC of these organs than noticed in CSG- 8962. Total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI), anthocyanin contents and quantum yield (Fv / Fm) decreased in the two chickpea genotypes at both the sampling stages. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaves and roots of HC-3 and CSG-8962 with increasing saline irrigation levels from control to 6.0 dS m-1. These parameter were much higher in CSG-8962 than HC-3 at both the sampling stages. The free radical scavenging activity also increased with increasing saline irrigation level from control to 6.0 dS m-1. Saline irrigation levels increased the Cl-, SO4 -2 and Na+/ K+ ratio from control to 6.0 dS m-1. The specific activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POX, GR, DHAR and MDHAR increased in leaves and roots of both the chickpea genotypes, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both the sampling stages The increase was more in HC-3 as compared to CSG-8962. Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA content and glutathione (GSH) decreased at 6.0 dS m-1 salinity level as compared to their respective controls. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by saline irrigation. The yield parameters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing saline irrigation levels and decrease was more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. Based upon above physiological, biochemical, reproductive, yield and its attributing traits studied, it is found that chickpea genotype HC-3 performed relatively better under saline irrigation conditions and can further be used in crop improvement programmes of chickpea for salt tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of bioextract on shelf life of kinnow(CCSHAU, 2018) Yashika; Sandooja, J.K.Kinnow mandarin is an important fruit of India but is highly perishable and liable to be spoiled under ambient conditions. Present investigation was conducted to study the effect of post-harvest treatments of Aloe vera extract alone and in combination with ginger extract on shelf life of Kinnow. Physiological loss in weight and decay loss increased with increase in the period of storage in all the treatments whereas quality parameters such as total soluble solids, total sugars and reducing sugars also increased during storage. However this decrease was less in all the treated fruits. Firmness, acidity, ascorbic acid, juice content decreased with storage in all treatments. Activities of cell wall degrading enzymes i.e. polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME) and cellulase enzymes increased linearly with the advancement of storage period in all treatments. However all the treatments were effective to decrease the activities of all these enzymes. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) decreased with increase in storage period in all treatments. However all the treatments were effective to maintain higher content of FRSA than control fruits. All the coatings were helpful to maintain the quality and enhance the shelf life of the Kinnow fruits.