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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical characterization and toxicity Studies of biosurfactants produced by yeast(CCSHAU, 2019) Dolly Rani; Sangwan, SeemaThe biosurfactant production potential of two yeasts, Meyerozyma guilliermondii YK 32 and M. guilliermondii YK 22 was investigated using total eight types of carbon sources followed by extraction and characterization of final product. Maximum biosurfactant production monitored in terms of oil displacement (9.0cm) was obtained using a mixture of olive oil and whey at 4%(v/v) concentration of each in case of M. guilliermondii YK 32. Its cell free supernatant yielded maximum 12.77g/L crude biosurfactant using acetone precipitation method. Total eight types of crude biosurfactants obtained using different carbon sources (BS1-BS8) were subjected to further characterization. The preliminary characterization using TLC revealed yellow spots in case of BS1, BS4, BS5 and BS8 having Rf 0.33, 0.41, 0.45 and 0.38, respectively indicating the presence of carbohydrate and lipids while a ninhydrin spray detected purple to reddish purple spots in BS2, BS3, BS6 and BS7 with Rf value varied from 0.23 to 0.93 depicting protein and lipid contents. The biosurfactant produced using a mixture of olive oil and whey (BS6) as substrate contained highest protein content (28.61 mg/g) followed by BS2 (20.90 mg/g) and BS1 (15.94 mg/g) while a mixture of molasses and whey supported the production of crude biosurfactant (BS8) containing highest carbohydrate (28.82 mg/g) as well as lipid content (A260nm, 16.85). All the crude biosurfactants exhibited neutral behavior during ionic charge determination. Contrary to chemical surfactant (1%SDS) which inhibited the germination of chickpea, the increasing concentration of biosurfactants supported the germination of chickpea giving a maximum germination index equaled to 423 % at 0.8% concentration of biosurfactants BS4.Further, all the biosurfactants were non toxic to yeast multiplication and did not show any antimicrobial activity against Rhizobium, a bioinoculant for nitrogen fixation. Being supportive to chickpea germination and nontoxic to yeast, the neutral biosurfactant produced by M. guilliermondii YK 32 may be tested for application in agricultural practices, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.ThesisItem Open Access Bioremediation of phenolic compounds in sewage water using bacterial consortia(CCSHAU, 2019) Diksha; Rakesh KumarSewage water is a rich source of organic waste and nutrients in the form of nitrates and phosphates, due to which it can be used in agriculture after proper treatment. Sewage water contains various harmful compounds like phenolics which need to be treated before discharge. The direct discharge of sewage water into natural water sources leads to the obstructive impacts on the water sources and aquatic life, sewage water becomes an open source of harmful microbes and pollutants. To demolish these problems the treatment of domestic waste water is must and its reuse for the domestic as well as agriculture purpose can become an eco-friendly solution for the conservation of water. A total of 29 bacterial isolates were retrieved from seven sewage water samples collected from Sewage Treatment Plant, CCS HAU, Hisar. All bacterial isolates were screened for phenol degradation in mineral salt medium supplemented with 250, 500 and 750 ppm concentration of phenol. Out of 29, only 8 bacterial isolates were able to grow in mineral salt medium having 750 ppm concentration of phenol. These eight bacterial isolates were further observed for growth upto 1500 ppm concentration of phenol, out of eight, only four bacterial isolates (NI6, NI5, NR1 and JC1) were able to grow upto 1250 ppm concentration of phenol. Cultural conditions, inoculum size and aeration were optimised in culture medium as well as sewage sludge. Fifteen percent inoculum and 2 LPM aeration rate were found to be optimum for efficient phenol degradation. Least residual phenol in culture medium and sewage sludge at 15% inoculum was left with bacterial isolate NI6 (265.2 ppm and 607.30 ppm respectively). Same was observed in culture medium and sewage sludge at 15% inoculum and 2 LPM aeration in lab scale fermenter for bacterial isolate NI6 (352.3 ppm and 761.27 ppm respectively). A consortium of four bacterial isolates (25% each of NI6, NI5, NR1 and JC1) was found to leave least 276.93 ppm residual phenol in sewage sludge as compared to individual isolates. Consortium was further tested for removal of phenolic compounds, COD, BOD and Heavy metal at STP, CCS HAU, Hisar. At 9th day of application, highest phenolic compounds degradation was observed in sewage sludge (120 ppm) and outlet of clarifier (172.9 ppm), thereafter phenolic compounds concentration started to increase. At 9th day COD reduced from 460 mg/L to 60 mg/L and 100 mg/L to 40 mg/L while BOD decreased from 153 mg/L to 18 mg/L and 28 mg/L to 17 mg/L in sewage sludge and outlet of clarifier respectively. Removal of Zinc and Chromium was observed in outlet of clarifier and sewage sludge.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of thermotolerant rhizobacteria to control root rot disease in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)(CCSHAU, 2019) Sachin; Pathak, D.V.Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] is an under exploited leguminous crop which is commonly known as guar, chavli kayi, guari, khutti etc. It is grown in India, especially in South Haryana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra in the summer season. India contributes around 80% of cluster bean to the world. Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, a basidomycetes fungus, is the main causal organism of this disease. The control of fungus is difficult because of wide range of its host, large sclerotia are insensitive to chemical fungicides. A total of fifty eight bacterial isolates were retrieved from rhizosphere of mainly two crops (Wheat and congress grass). All the bacterial isolates were screened for Gram’s staining, spore staining, IAA production, NH3 excretion, growth on chitin as carbon source, antifungal activity against R. solani, Germination index, pre emergence mortality and Relative root elongation index (RREI). On the basis of Gram’s staining 45 isolates were found to be Gram’s +ve, remaining were Gram nagetive. Endospore staining showed 45 isolates as spore formers. A total of 56 isolates were capable of IAA production and maximum IAA producer was NAA4 (25.03 μg ml-1). Out of 58 isolates 53 isolates were capable of ammonia excretion and maximum NH3+ excretion was 4.16 μg ml- 1 by isolate no. KMI1. Only five isolates (KMI1, NAB1, NAE2, NAD1 and NAC2) were showed chitinase activity using chitin as carbon source. Ten bacterial isolates were showed antifungal activity against R. solani under in vitro conditions. Impact of 20 best cultures selected on the basis of biochemical characterization, was studied for germination in cluster bean under in vitro conditions. The maximum root length was observed with isolate NAG6 (7.86 cm) and maximum shoot length was 8.82 cm with NAG6. Maximum RREI % was observed with NAG6 which was 242.59 %. Minimum pre emergence mortality was observed with KME2. It was only 3 %. Germination index varied from 50 to 90 % and maximum GI was 90% in five cultures KMB7, KMH3, KML2, NAB1, NAD1. The best five cultures on the basis of antifungal activity, chitinase activity and other biochemical characterization were selected to evaluate under pot house conditions. Maximum root length was observed with NAE2 along with RDF (18.11cm) and shoot length was observed with NAE2 along with RDF (20.76 cm). Maximum GI was observed in case of NAE2 along with RDF (82.96 %). Minimum pre emergence mortality % observed was 8.00 % in NAE2 along with RDF. Minimum post emergence mortality % observed was 9.04 % in NAE2 along with RDF. The maximum dry shoot weight was observed in case of NAE2 along with RDF (5.075 mg). The maximum dry root weight was 0.403 mg in NAE2 along with RDF followed by 0.392 mg in NAD1 along with RDF. The maximum N uptake was observed with NAE2 along with RDF (64.75 mg/pl.). NAE2 culture performed better for root rot control and most of plant growth parameter under pot house conditions. This culture was identified as Bacillus subtilis subtilis using 16sRNA RFLP.ThesisItem Open Access Green synthesis and characterization of plant derived nanoparticles for enhancement of biogas production(CCSHAU, 2019) Dilbag; Malik, KamlaEnergy crisis and environmental pollution are serious problems of sustainable development of the world. The problem is far more acute in the perspective of developing economies in countries like India where there is significant pressure on the available natural sources of energy. One of effective approaches to solve these energy problems is developing biomass energy such as biogas and biofuel. Biogas production is a well-established conversion technology to obtain energy from biomass that is alternative to fossil fuel. Nanotechnology can pave the way for betterment of biogas production through the use of nanocatalysts which ensure more efficient bioconversion strategies, better breakdown of substrates and more optimized output delivery. Generally, nanoparticles are prepared by a variety of chemical and physical methods which are quite expensive and potentially hazardous to the environment which involve use of toxic and perilous chemicals that are responsible for various biological risks. This may be the reason which leads to the biosynthesis of nanoparticles via green route that does not employ toxic chemicals and hence proving to become a growing interest to develop environment friendly processes. Therefore, in the present investigation was carried out green synthesized plant derived iron nanoparticles used for enhancement of biogas production from cattle dung. The nanoparticles were synthesized from neem (Azadirachta indica) and curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves with various conc. (30-70 ml) supplemented with cattle dung for biogas production. Characterization of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was done by UV-visible spectrophotometer, PSA, zeta potential analyzer (ZPA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The highest absorption peak was observed at 432 nm.TEM image reveals that the FeNPs were in smaller size and spherical in shape with a diameter of 72.5 nm (NE) and 25 nm (CE), respectively. The maximum degradation (43.1%) of total solids was observed in T-5. Similar trend was observed in VS degradation and maximum degradation (15.7%) was observed in T-5. Biogas production from FeNPs (NE & CE) T-5 after 8 weeks of digestion was 104.3 litres and in T-9, it is found to be 98.6 litres as compared to control in which biogas production was found to be 85.2 litres. There was 22.4% increase in biogas production as compared to control after 8 weeks of batch anaerobic digestion. Cumulative biogas production with the addition of FeNPs attained the highest biogas yield (2537 l) in J2 as compared to J1 (2201 l) and methane contents were 77.8% as compared to control 72.3% after 8 week of digestion.ThesisItem Open Access Biocontrol of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) using plant growth promoting rhizospheric bacteria(CCSHAU, 2018) Antil, Sonam; Rakesh KumarEgg plant (Solanum melongena L.) or brinjal is a nightshade species belonging to family Solanaceae and is the second most important vegetable crop after tomato and shows high susceptibility to infection by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Management of the root-knot nematodes via biological methods such as PGPR is a novel technology emerging for sustainable agriculture. In this context, a total of 63 isolates were isolated from nematode affected rhizospheric soil of brinjal, tomato crops and earthworm culture media. All the 63 isolates were characterized for various plant growth promoting traits. Out of 63, fifteen isolates produced siderophores and maximum production was observed by isolate LBB-1and KMT-2. Chitinase activity was observed in 14 isolates and isolates KMT-2 and KMT-8 showed maximum chitinase activity. Sixteen isolates were found to be positive for HCN production and maximum production was seen in isolates NAE-1, KMB-3, KMT-2 and KMS-6. Fifty seven isolates were capable of excreting ammonia and maximum ammonia excretion was observed in KMT-2 (4.8μg/ml) and LBB-1 (4.7 μg/ml). All the bacterial isolates except one were producing IAA and high level of IAA production was observed in KMT-1 (45.9 μg/ml), KMB-2 (38.8 μg/ml), KMB-4 (27.7μg/ml) and KMT-5 (26.4μg/ml). A total of 39 isolates solubilized phosphate and highest P-SI was observed in isolate KMT-1(2.0) and LBB-4 (1.7). Twelve isolates- NAB-4, NAS-1, NAE-1, LBB-1, LBS-1, KMB-3, KMT-2, KMT-4, KMT-5, KMT-8, KMS-3 and KMS-6 resulted in minimum hatching in egg masses and higher mortality rate in J2 of M. javanica (upto 92%). Based on all the screening tests, a total of 12 were selected for pot house experiment on brinjal crop. Rhizospheric microbial count increased in all treatments from 0 DAP to 45 DAP. Under pot house conditions, T14 (RDF +KMT-4), T15 (RDF +KMT-5), T16 (RDF + KMT-8) and T17 (RDF +KMS-6) showed maximum plant growth, reduced galls and eggs in roots, and final nematode population in soil.ThesisItem Open Access Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth(CCSHAU, 2017) Nandni; Goyal, SnehRice straw is a vegetative part of rice plant which is a waste material after harvesting. A major portion of this agricultural waste is subjected to open field burning leading to many environmental problems. In Haryana, about 6 million tons of rice straw is produced annually and 63% of this is burnt which causes environmental and health problems (Reinhard et al., 2001). Similarly, high rate application of poultry manure decreases the yield of crops which may be attributed to the toxic concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and soluble salts. So, the present investigation was planned to co-compost paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in different ratios was carried out in cemented pits. Total organic carbon (%) was in the range of 32.03 to 47.29% at 0 day and declined to 30.70% in the treatment 4 after 90 days of co-composting. Amount of total N (%) content increased up to 1.91 % after 90 days of co-composting. Ammoniacal nitrogen contents decreased from 8.20 to 5.12 and 49.02 to 10.09 (mg/Kg) in controls, and from 14.01 to 5.08 (mg/ Kg) in the treatment 4 prepared from 5:1 ratio of paddy straw and poultry manure along with microbial consortia and cattle dung. Nitrate nitrogen was maximum (510 mg/Kg) in the treatment 4. Total phosphorus increased in all the treatments during co-composting and same trend was observed with total potassium contents. Initially temperature of all the treatments was around 33°C and elevated to maximum 56°C after 45 day of composting and then dropped down to 31 to 34°C in different treatments after 90 days of composting. The minimum amount of carbon dioxide evolution and water soluble carbon was in the treatment 4 (244 mg/100g and 0.98%, respectively). The maximum amount of humic substances was observed in the treatment 4 (114.51mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) and minimum was in control (12.54 mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) having poultry manure alone. The percentage germination varied from 52.5 to 97.5 in all the finished compost and maximum was in the treatment 4 showing that prepared compost does not have any phytotoxic effect. Root, shoot length, dry weight and N,P,K uptake of wheat crop was maximum in the treatment having 100% R.D.F. with quality compost (@ 5t/ha) prepared from paddy straw and poultry manure in ratio 5:1 along with microbial consortia and cattle dung (10%). The results of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in 5:1 ratio along with microbial consortia and cattle dung 10% resulted into a brown colored quality compost with neutral pH, C:N ratio 16.04 and its application (@ 5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat crop significantly improved the plant growth.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes by fermentation(CCSHAU, 2017) Deepak; Malik, KamlaDue to increase in the energy consumption rapid depletion of fossil fuels; increasing costs and environmental degradation; there is a spurring demand to look for sustainable; cleaner fuels which are economically competitive with substantial environmental benefit. Bio-ethanol as an alternative source of energy has received special attention worldwide. India is a second largest producer of fruits after China with a production of 81 million tones. Fruits and vegetable waste are commonly generated organic wastes from both household and food processing industries that are low cost waste materials and have potential to be used as feedstock for ethanol production. In the present study, different fruit and vegetable wastes were evaluated for their composition and it was observed that total reducing sugars were maximum in mango peel (3.32 mg/g) followed by carrot (2.67 mg/g) and papaya (2.33 mg/g). Fermentation conditions were optimized for ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes (peel) supplemented in YEPD media at different temperatures (25, 30 and 35oC), pH (4.5, 5.0 and 6.0) and incubation period under stationary condition. Maximum ethanol production (1.0%) was obtained by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 at 35oC, pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation in YEPD medium supplemented with fruit and vegetable peel wastes.ThesisItem Open Access Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth(CCSHAU, 2017) Sushila Devi; Goyal, SnehPaddy straw and press mud are agricultural and industrial wastes, which are generated in rice fields and sugar mill respectively. The disposal of these wastes into land or water is great environment hazard. So, co-composting could be considered as a feasible and safe method to recycle and transform them into organic manures which can be used in agricultural soil. So, the present investigation was planned with the objectives to co-compost paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud in different ratio was carried out in pits by adjusting initial C/N ratio to 50:1. Total organic carbon in different treatments decreased due to losses of C and total N increased due to accumulation of nitrogen upto 90 days. Ammoniacal nitrogen decreased with time during composting in all the treatments. Amount of nitrate-nitrogen increased significantly and varied from 180 mg/kg to 527 mg/kg. The C: N ratio declined from 59.95 and 33.89 to 33.75 and 22.45 in controls (T1 and T2) respectively, after 90 days of composting and treatment T6 had minimum C/N ratio (15.51). Amount of total phosphorous varied from 185 to 1035 mg/kg. Total potassium increased from 0.89 to 1.53 % and 0.72 % to 1.02% in controls. Initial temperature of compostable material was around 33 ºC. But as the decomposition progressed, maximum temperature was observed after 45 days of decomposition. A gradual fall in temperature was observed after 45 days of composting and it decreased to 32 ºC. The amount of humic acid in the finished compost varied from 14.8 to 123.1 mg/g of compost and fulvic acid from 13.0 to 22.5 mg/g of compost. Carbon dioxide evolution was minimum in the treatment T2 (142.4 mg CO2/100g compost) having pressmud alone + cattle dung (10%) followed by treatment T6 (260.2 mg CO2/100g compost) having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. Initially water soluble carbon in compost water extract was 7.05 and 4.02% and declined to 2.94 and 2.02% respectively in control. Maximum germination index was observed in treatment T 6 having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. On the basis of quality parameters two best quality composts were selected and tested in wheat (var. WH-1105) under pot house. Root and shoot length, root shoot dry weight and N P K uptake after 120 days of sowing was maximum in compost 2 (@ 5t/ha) + RDF. The result of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud (1:2)+ cattle dung (10%)+ microbial consortia resulted into compost which is having dark brown color, neutral pH and low C/N ratio and its application (@5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat significantly increased plant growth.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of bacterial isolates from shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) rhizosphere for antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma lucidium(CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet; Pathak, D.V.Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. next to teak (TectonagrandisL.f.), is the most planted tree in South Asia . Timber of D. sissoo finds multipurpose uses in different fields and has a high economical impact on many South Asian countries. The species occurs naturally on the reverine forests mostly in association with Acacia catechu. Hence the most suitable site for its growth is sandy and alluvial soil on the banks of rivers and streams. Dalbergia sissoo, an important tree of tropical region, is grown as monoculture or in Agroforestry system because of the quality of its wood and its effect on soil fertility through N2 fixation. Shisham mortility is spread throughout the shisham zone, more severe in the eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Panjab and Haryana in India. It is highly susceptible to a disease called wilt caused by fungi which target particular species. Two pathogens have been found responsible for shisham mortality - Fusarium sp. dalbergiae causing vascular wilt and Ganoderma lucidium causing root rot. The former was found wide spread throughout shisham growing area whereas G. lucidum is associated in drier localities such as Haryana and Punjab. There are several PGPR inoculants currently commercialized that seem to promote growth through at least one mechanism; suppression of plant disease (termed “Bioprotectants”), phytohormone production (termed “Biostimulants”), or improved nutrient acquisition (termed “Biofertilizers”). These bacteria are also capable to suppress the growth of deleterious microorganisms by production of siderophores, β 1,3 glucanases, chitinases and antibiotics. Keeping in view, the economic importance of shisham and to understand the role of PGPRs for control of wilt disease and promotion of plant growth, the present investigations were conducted. Eighteen bacterial isolates were screened for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum and G. lucidium in vitro conditions. Five cultures showed prominent activity against the test pathogen. These cultures were also characterized for HCN production, Siderophore formation and Chitinase activity. On the basis of antagonistic activity against two test pathogens and biochemical characterization; five best cultures were identified as SD-25, SD-30, SD-87, SD-97 and SD-99. Maximum seed germination (100%) in vitro was observed in the treatment having (SD-99 only); followed by SD-99+ G. lucidium. These cultures were also tested for plant growth parameters in Dalbergia sissoo. Under pot house conditions isolate SD-99 showed maximum shoot dry weight (0.463g) and root dry weight (0.228g). This culture showed ninety nine percent similarity to Bacillus sp. strain A2733 on the basis of 16s rRNA sequencing.