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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Subject: Microbiology × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect Of Genetically Marked Mesorhizobium Ciceri On Soil Bacterial Community Structure
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2009) Anju Kumari; Kapoor, K K
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization And Genetic Improvement Of Bacteria For Alkaline Protease Production
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2009) Putatunda, Chayanika; Kundu, B. S.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Solid state anaerobic digestion of cattle dung and rice straw for biogas production
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Bala Kumari; Kapoor, K.K.
    Anaerobic digestion is gaining importance for agriculture and agro industries because the process couples the advantage of an energetic use of renewable resources with effective protection of environment. It has role in biogas recovery and production of organic manure. In India most of biogas plants are based upon cattle waste as substrate. Rice straw disposal is a challenge for rice growers. During present investigation digestion of cattle dung supplemented with rice straw at high solid concentration was studied. Cattle dung and rice straw were mixed in ratios 1:00, 1: 0.31, 1: 0.63, 1: 0.78 and 1: 0.94 on dry matter basis corresponding to 0, 5, 10, 12.5 and 15 % on fresh weight basis. After mixing of cattle dung and rice straw in above mentioned ratio total 3 kg substrate digested in 5 litre capacity digester. Digestion was carried out in batch type manner at 15.41% total solids (TS) for eight weeks. The maximum biogas production (28.97 l/kg) was observed by supplementation of cattle dung with rice straw at 5 % level. Highest volumetric biogas production of 0.310 l/l/d with digestion efficiency of 0.201 l/g TS and 0.233 l/g volatile solids (VS) added was observed on supplementation of cattle dung with rice straw at 5 % level in batch anaerobic digestion. Maximum degradation of TS (24.56 %) and VS (34.15 %) was observed on supplementation of cattle dung with rice straw at 5 % level in batch anaerobic digestion. Under semi-continuous mode with digestion period same as in batch system, maximum biogas production 30.84 l/kg was found at 5 % supplementation level of rice straw to cattle dung. This corresponded to volumetric biogas production of 0.330 l/l/day with digestion efficiency of 0.284 l/g TS, 0.377 l/g VS. Maximum degradation of 9.77 % TS and 13.60 % VS was observed at 5 % level of rice straw supplementation in semi-continuous anaerobic digestion. In batch digestion system N, P and K content of spent substrate at 5 % rice straw supplementation was 1.42, 0.58 and 1.75 % respectively. The N, P and K content of spent substrate under semi-continuous conditions at 5 % level of rice straw supplementation was 1.61, 0.63 and 1.79 % respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Isolation and characterization of salinity tolerant azotobacter spp. (free living diazotrophs) for wheat crop (T. aestivum L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Chaudhary, Deepika; Narula, Neeru
    Saline soil is a major agricultural problem and significantly affects plants and the microbial activity. Development of a biofertilizer for crops those grown under saline soil conditions are very important and are of utmost importance of under present day crisis. For different crops no biofertilizers are available in saline soil conditions. Keeping in mind the present investigation deals with isolation and characterization of salinity tolerant Azotobacter spp. (free living diazotrophs) for wheat crop. Different soil samples have different electrical conductivity those used during the study. Different morphological, biochemical and beneficial properties like IAA, ammonia excretion and fixed nitrogen were studied in all the isolates. On the basis of these properties 5 soil isolates (ST3, ST6, ST9, ST17 and ST24) were selected and used as inoculant for wheat (var. WH-157) in saline soil under pot house conditions. Maximum increase in plant parameters viz. plant height, seed yield, dry weight and % nitrogen were observed in ST24 soil isolate. Isolate ST24 showed plant height(cm) of 68.4, 78.4 and 89.9, seed yield of (g) 4.8, 5.0 and 6.1 , shoot dry weight of (g) 5.9, 7.4 , 12 and 0.40, 0.58, 0.70 percent nitrogen as compared to their respective controls. Bacterial survival of ST24 was maximum at 30 DAS 7.95 ×104, 8.23 ×104, 8.50 ×104 cfu ml-1 and decrease at 60 DAS and 90 DAS compared to their respective controls.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of endosulfan and chloropyriphos and their interaction with biofertilizers on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Sethi, Gurupreet Singh; Anand, R.C.
    India is an agriculture dependent, developing country. To increase crop productivity modern agriculture technologies based on balanced fertilization, irrigation and pest management. With the advent of intensive agriculture, the use of plant protectants such as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides is on increase. Some of these chemicals are readily degraded in soil by soil microorganisms but some of these chemicals persist in soil environment for long time. So their accumulation in the soil poses a serious problem to the survival of beneficial soil microbes. Pesticides applied to soil at planting should persist during the development of plant roots. Therefore, a portion of the pesticides likely interacts with microorganisms in the soil and rhizosphere. Due to intensive agriculture, lands of India are deficit in major plant nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus which are supplemented with inorganic fertilizers. Due to adverse effect of these inorganic fertilizer on environment and on useful soil micro-organism, now a days, biofertilizers are used on large scale for this purpose. Seed application of endosulfan or chloropyriphos is a recommended practice for control of termites in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).The simultaneous use of insecticides and biofertilizers for seed application may pose a risk to microbes used as biofertilizers and data is not available in the literature regarding the use of sequence of insecticides and biofertilizers. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of these insecticides on Azotobacter and Pseudomonas which are used as biofertilizers for seed application to supply N and P respectively. Simultaneous treatment of endosulfan and Azotobacter on the wheat grains showed low viable count of Azotobacter initially. A gap of 12-24h in treatment of endosulfan and Azotobacter led to higher number of viable count of Azotobacter. Similarly, simultaneous treatment of chloropyriphos & Azotobacter exhibited low viable count and treatment of chloropyriphos followed by Azotobacter after a gap of 12h & 24h led to higher population. Irrespective of time gap between endosulfan/chloropyriphos & Azotobacter gave almost same population on the seeds after 72h of incubation. Same trend followed with higher doses of endosulfan & chloropyriphos. In case of Pseudomonas, with the increase of concentration of endosulfan, population of Pseudomonas, after 72h reached to same level. However, with chloropyriphos, no clear cut relationship was observed. Mixed culture of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas showed similar behavior with regard to survival on the seeds as that of individual inoculant of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. Application of Azotobacter followed by endosulfan with increasing concentration had similar effect as observed in application of endosulfan followed by Azotobacter and same was true with chloropyriphos. Application of Azotobacter & endosulfan/chloropyriphos initially had less population & it increased to 109 to 1010 cfu g-1 seed in 72h. Similar pattern was observed for survival of Pseudomonas on the seeds when its application was followed with the treatment of endosulfan/chloropyriphos. The survival of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas of mixed culture was similar as that of individual culture in case of application of mixed culture followed by insecticides. Depletion of glucose/sucrose from respective media, the viable count of Azotobacter/Pseudomonas was not affected. In the rhizospheric soil, the application of Azotobacter/Pseudomonas/mixed culture had higher population when applied to seeds at a gap of 12h to 24h as compared to simultaneous application of biofertilizers and insecticides. Azotobacter/Pseudomonas/mixed culture established themselves in the rhizosphere and population reached to the level of 106 cfu g-1 soil, irrespective of application time gap of insecticide followed by biofertilizers. Plant biomass accumulation was higher in plant treated with endosulfan/chloropyriphos followed by Azotobacter/ Pseudomonas/mixed culture at a gap of 12h as compared to simultaneous treatment. Under pot house conditions, ‘N’ content & ‘P’ content of plant was also higher in plant treated with endosulfan/chloropyriphos followed by Azotobacter/Pseudomonas/ mixed culture after a gap of 12h as compared to plant treated with simultaneous application of insecticides and biofertilizers to seeds at the time of sowing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biocontrol of fungal pathogens of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using rhizosphere bacteria
    (2009) Dua, Seema; Sindhu, S. S.
    In the present study, one hundred and thrity rhizobacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of wheat after plating serial dilutions on King’s B media. These rhizobacterial isolates alongwith 72 reference strains were screened for their antagonistic interactions against Rhizoctonia solani and Neovossia indica under cultural conditions. Fifteen isolates inhibited the growth of R. solani and growth inhibition zone varied from 6-15 mm by different rhizobacterial isolates. Seventeen isolates caused inhibition of N. indica on PDA medium plates and inhibition zone varied from 5-17 mm. Among these isolates, nine cultures showed growth inhibition of both the fungi. Two isolates WPS3 and WPS90 caused maximum growth inhibition of both the fungi. The culture supernatants of selected antagonistic rhizobacterial isolates also showed growth inhibiton of these pathogenic fungi under cultural conditions. The protein estimation of the culture supernatants showed that the amount of protein excreted in different rhizobacterial isolates varied from 3.6 to 33.0 mg/ml of the supernatant. SDS-PAGE analysis of the total protein followed by Coomassie -xxvblue staining showed the presence of four common protein/polypeptide bands, i.e., 22, 25, 45 and 86 kDa in different rhizobacterial isolates. The loss of antagonistic activity after treatment with proteinase K and high temperature incubation indicated that excreted proteins are responsible for the antagonism of fungal cultures. The pot house studies showed that the inoculation of R. solani in wheat caused 85-90% root rot disease incidence at 60 and 75 days of plant growth. Coinoculation of rhizobacterial isolate WPS3 and WPS90 with R. solani caused 88.9% and 66.7% disease control, respectively at 90 days of plant growth. The single inoculation of rhizobacterial isolate WPS3 resulted in maximum increase of plant dry weight (135.8%) where as its coinoculation with R. solani enhanced 74.9% plant dry weight. Inoculation studies of wheat with N. indica caused 92% disease incidence at 135 days of plant growth (at maturity stage). Coinoculation of Pseudomonas culture WPS3 with N. indica spores reduced the disease incidence upto 96.4%. The coinoculation also resulted in 94.4% increase of plant dry weight and 65.0% increase in grain weight/plant as compared to uninoculated control plants. These results suggested that the rhizobacterial isolate WPS3 could be further exploited for plant growth improvement under field conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the use of rhizobacteria for the management of rice root-knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola (Golden & Birchfield 1965) in rice nursery
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Pankaj Kumari; Bansal, R.K.
    The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola is a serious pest in the main fields of several rice producing areas and particularly in nursery-beds where flooding is intermittent or absent. A pot experiment representing nursery-bed condition was carried out to investigate the antagonistic potential of twenty five rhizobacterial strains as seed treatment in two cultivars of rice, one dwarf (PR-106) and another tall (Basmati-370) for biological control of M. graminicola with an aim to protect the rice seedling root system during early growth. In in-planta screening tests, all the rhizobacteria were found to possess significant activity against M. graminicola. However, seed inoculation with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Co99-70 and 767-50 were most effective in preventing J2 penetration by upto 92.6% and 88.2% in Basmati-370 and by upto 95.2% and 91.7% in PR-106 respectively compared with uninoculated controls. Bacillus sp. RKB-68; G. diazotrophicus Co99-70 and 767-50; Azotobacter chroococcum AVK-42 and Pseudomonas sp. RKP-33 were highly active in reducing galling severity and nematode multiplication. These bacteria also promoted root and shoot growth of seedlings of both cultivars. Additionally, in-vitro exposure to cultural supernatant of G. diazotrophicus Co99-70; Pseudomonas sp. RKP-33 and Bacillus sp. RKB-68 significantly delayed and decreased nematode egg-hatching ranging between 63.3% and 85.7% and also irreversibly inactivated mobility of 64.3%, 89.0% and 77.4% infective juveniles respectively within 24 hr of exposure compared with untreated control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular diversity of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae in relation to pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Wadhwa, Kunal; Dudeja, S.S.
    Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) has a potential as high yielding, short term crop with high crude protein content. In order to increase yields, the inoculation of field pea with appropriate rhizobial strains represents an agriculturally sustainable approach. However, the presence of indigenous rhizobia in soil may represent a barrier to efficient inoculation with commercially available strains because indigenous strains are often better adapted to the prevailing soil and climate conditions. The evaluation of diversity within indigenous rhizobial population is important for successful inoculation, and for the screening of novel, highly effective inoculant strains. Therefore, in the present study molecular diversity of native pea rhizobia was assessed. Five contrasting field pea genotypes were used to isolate native pea rhizobia. Initially, 178 isolates were made from all the cultivars of pea, but based on growth characteristics and gram staining 63 isolates isolates (13 rhizobial isolates from cv. HFP 4; 12 from cv. HVP 3-5, 12 from cv. HFP 9426; 15 from cv. Jayanti and 11 from Hariyal cultivar) were selected for plant infection test using sterilized sand in small cups. After 50 days of growth, plants were uprooted and analyzed for nodulation; nodule, shoot and root dry weight. All the isolates showed positive nodulation. Analysis of data showed that Symbiotic Ratio (SR) varied from 1.32-5.0. Based on SR, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. isolates such as PH 202A and PH 503A showed high efficiency (SR >4); isolates like PH 119A, PH 213A, PH 312A, PH 401 and PH 527 were ineffective (SR <2) and isolates like PH 109, PH 311A and PH 407A were intermediately effective (SR 2-4). DNA of all above 63 rhizobia was extracted and amplified by PCR, using ERIC primers and DNA of 54 rhizobia was amplified using 16S rDNA primers for RFLP analysis. Analysis of ERIC amplified products on gels showed the presence of 24 different polymorphic bands and in different isolates, 2-11 reproducible bands were present and a 380 bp dominant band was observed in all the isolates, along with standard strain PRH1. Dendrogram based on ERIC profiles showed the formation of 5, 2, 5, 8 and 3 subclusters, at 80% level of similarity, in rhizobia isolated from cultivars HFP 4; HVP 3-5; HFP 9426; Jayanti and Hariyal respectively. On overall basis, rhizobia from all pea cultivars formed 13 subclusters at 80% level of similarity. RFLP analysis of amplified 16S rDNA by three restriction endonucleases; MspI, Csp6I and RsaI; showed the presence of 39 different polymorphic bands, which included 24 of MspI and 15 of Csp6I and RsaI. Dendrogram based on RFLP of 16S rDNA also formed 13 subclusters at 80% level of similarity. However, positioning of subclusters was different from that of ERIC based dendrogram. Both techniques used to assess molecular diversity indicated the presence of 13 biotypes of field pea rhizobia in HAU farm soil and two biotypes are able to nodulate all the field pea cultivars.