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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence, correlation and path coefficients studies in Tulsi (Ocimum spp.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06-09) Vijay Kumar C. Talawade; Krishan KumarThe present investigation comprising of 40 Tulsi (Ocimum spp.) genotypes received from ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi were grown in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications in the Research Area of Medicinal, Aromatic and Potential Crops Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2022. The observations were recorded for 10 qualitative and 17 quantitative traits. The 40 Tulsi genotypes were characterized into different categories for each of the qualitative trait. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of sufficient amount of genetic variability for all the 17 quantitative traits studied. The GCV and PCV estimates were high for dry herbage yield (47.31% and 47.74%), seed yield (47.21% and 48.17%) and number of spikes per plant (47.18% and 47.35%), respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of spikes per plant, 1000 seed weight, fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield and oil content. Seed yield per plant showed highly significant and positive correlation with number of spikes per plant (0.507** and 0.501**), 1000 seed weight (0.471** and 0.459**), number of flowers’ whorls per spike (0.455** and 0.396**), seedling length (0.291** and 0.264**) and fresh herbage yield per plant (0.262** and 0.257**) at both genotypic as well as phenotypic level, respectively. Path coefficients analysis revealed that the maximum positive direct effect was exhibited by seedling length (0.582) followed by 1000 seed weight (0.487), number of spikes per plant (0.371), number of primary branches per plant (0.292), fresh herbage yield per plant (0.292), seed vigour index-II (0.232) and number of flowers’ whorls per spike (0.209). The 40 Tulsi genotypes were grouped into 10 different clusters indicating the presence of genetic divergence among different genotypes. The maximum intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster 7 and maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster 2 and cluster 10. Relative contribution of different traits towards genetic diversity revealed that 1000 seed weight (41.41%) contributed maximum towards genetic divergence followed by number of spikes per plant (17.31%), fresh herbage yield per plant (13.46%) and oil content (10.77%). Based on the maximum mean performance for seed yield, number of primary branches, fresh as well as dry herbage yield, oil content and seed vigour index-I & II, the genotypes EC 338772, EC 388890 and IC 326732 may be exploited in the breeding programmes to develop the improved cultivars of Tulsi for higher seed yield, oil content and other economically important traits.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Deepak Kumar; Sangwan, OmenderThe present investigation “Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)” was carried out at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in kharif 2019-2020 and 2020-21 with the objective of estimating diversity of 150 genotypes of desi cotton. Variation among genotypes was present for hypocotyl pigmentation, leaf colour, leaf shape, leaf hairiness, flower stigma, leaf nectaries, stem hairiness, boll weight, petiole pigmentation, flower petal colour, boll shape, prominence of tip, plant height, boll opening, seed index, ginning percentage, fibre length, fibre strength and fibre fineness. Analysis of variance revealed presence of variability for all the quantitative traits among the genotypes other than number of locules per boll and seed index. GCV and PCV were high for number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield, medium for plant height, number of monopods, single boll weight, gossypol content and these parameters were found low in days to first flower, seed index, GOT (%), oil content, fibre length, fibre strength), fibre uniformity, fibre maturity and fibre fineness. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for most of the traits viz. boll weight, plant height, number of monopods per plant, seed index, oil content, number of bolls per plant, fibre fineness, fibre strength and seed cotton yield per plant. This shows the dominance of additive gene action behind the traits hence direct selection will be effective for these traits. Correlation studies showed that seed cotton yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with all the traits except days to first flower, plant height and negatively correlated with biochemical and fibre quality traits. Thus, improving other traits, seed cotton yield per plant will also increase. Fibre quality traits like fibre length is significantly positive correlated with fibre strength but negative correlated with seed cotton yield thus suggests that quality and quantity cannot be improved simultaneously one has to be compromised. Whereas, improving fibre length and fibre strength at a time is possible as they are in positive relationship. Genetic diversity analysis was done using 100 SSR markers out of which 66 were found polymorphic with average number of alleles as 2.73 per locus. FFS15 and HD 328 or HD 551 and HD 544 showed 98% similarity index, which means they are the most similar genotypes and have similar genetic background whereas genotypes namely Vira 6 and BHO 5 VIII were the most dissimilar genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Stability and combining ability analysis in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06-26) Phan Thi Cam Nhung; Ram AvtarThe present investigation entitled “Stability and combining ability analysis in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)” was carried out to identify the stable genotypes for seed yield and yield contributing traits, to investigate the combining ability of the parents and crosses and to evaluate the heterosis for seed yield and its attributes. The experimental material comprised of 90 genotypes including 72 hybrids developed from line x tester mating design by involving eight CMS lines and nine restorers with local check HFSH 848 was evaluated in four environments at Oilseed Research Area, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Spring 2018 Spring 2019 in timely and late conditions. The observations were recorded on following eleven characters: day to 50% flowering, day to maturity, plant height (cm), stem girth (cm), head diameter (cm), 100-seed weight (g), seed volume (g/100ml), seed yield per plant (g), hull content (%), oil content (%), protein content (%)in all environments. Based on the comparative studies of the Eberhart and Russell (1966) stability parameters, parents and crosses: CMS 103A, CMS 2A EC601879, EC601963, Morden (a)A, RHA 856 , CMS 103A x EC601879, CMS 300A x EC601879 were identified as promising genotypes because these exhibited high mean value, stable performance and average responsive to all environments and also stable performance for some particular characters. The lines and tester: CMS 103A, CMS 2A, CMS 44A, RHA 4-2, EC 601879, RHA 297 were found as good combiner for seed yield. The hybrids CMS 1A x EC601963, CMS 1A x EC601879, CMS 300A x RHA 4-2, CMS 300A x EC601879, CMS 44A x RHA 4-2 , CMSH 91A x RHA 4-2, CMSH 91A x EC601879 were found to highly significant positive heterosis over standard check for seed yield and yield contributing traits.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical characterization of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Jolapuram Siva Krishna; SomveerThe current investigation aimed to explore the “Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes”. A total of 77 upland cotton genotypes were examined in this experiment conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, with a focus on estimating genetic variability, genetic diversity and correlation analysis among various traits. Among the 18 qualitative traits investigated, notable variations were observed in leaf color, leaf hairiness, leaf shape, plant stem hairiness, flower petal color, flower stigma position, pollen color, boll shape, and boll surface. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in all studied traits among the progenies. The slightly higher value of PCV compared to GCV indicated that the traits were less influenced by environmental factors. Traits such as days to first flower, number of locules per boll, number of seeds per locule, ginning out turn, seed index, crude protein content, photosynthetic rate, sugar, phenol, oil, and seed cotton yield per plant exhibited moderate to low GCV and PCV values. Moreover, characters such as boll weight, plant height, number of seeds per locule, seed index, leaf area, chlorophyll (SPAD) value, crude protein, and seed cotton yield per plant displayed high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance percent mean. Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between seed cotton yield per plant and the number of bolls per plant, boll weight, number of locules per boll, ginning out turn, lint index, and other yield-contributing traits. Path-coefficient analysis highlighted the maximum positive direct effects of number of bolls per plant, boll weight, ginning out turn, photosynthetic rate, and sugar on seed cotton yield per plant. The genetic diversity analysis categorized the 77 upland cotton genotypes into three clusters. Cluster-I comprised the largest number of genotypes (36), followed by cluster II (30), which together accounted for nearly 90% of the genotypes. Cluster III, however, only consisted of 10% of the genotypes, exhibiting higher cluster mean values for several yield-contributing traits. Cluster II and cluster III demonstrated the maximum inter-cluster distance, followed by cluster I and cluster II, indicating greater genetic dissimilarity between genotypes of these clusters. Genotypes belonging to cluster I and II, characterized by a wider inter-cluster distance, hold potential for generating significant heterosis in breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Population structure and genetic diversity studies for terminal heat stress tolerance in Indian mustard “[Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.](CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02-03) Choudhary, Raju Ram; Ram AvtarIndian mustard is one of the most important oilseed crops and contributes more than 30% to the Indian vegetable oil pool. Heat stress is one of the major yield-limiting factors under changing climate conditions. Its impact is most severe at the reproductive stage, resulting in low seed yield. Therefore, assessment of genetic diversity, population structure, and molecular marker-traits associated with terminal heat stress tolerance in Indian mustard germplasm is necessary to accelerate the breeding effort. In the present study, a set of advanced breeding lines and genetic stocks representing 154 genotypes of Indian mustard were phenotyped for various morpho-physiological traits under control and terminal heat stress conditions. Besides, these genotypes were genotyped using 237 SSR markers. The results of the present study revealed significant effects of year, sowing date, and genotypes on various morpho-physiological traits under investigation. For the majority of the traits studied, high heritability and genetic advance were estimated. Trait association results revealed that seed yield/plant was significantly and positively correlated with plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, main shoot length, number of siliquae on the main shoot, siliqua length, number of seeds/siliqua, 1000-seed weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content. DNA was isolated from all 154 genotypes by the standard method and subjected to SSR marker analysis. Out of total of 237 SSR markers, 111 were polymorphic. PIC values for all polymorphic SSR markers ranged from 0.013 to 0.627, with an average PIC value of 0.31. Unweighted Neighbor Joining-based dendrogram and population structure analysis divided the 154 genotypes into three clusters and two sub-populations, respectively. A total of 29 SSRs under timely sown and 33 SSRs under late sown environment were found to be associated with morphological and physiological traits by the MLM (Q + K) method. Chromosome B06 harbored the maximum number of SSRs (12), followed by chromosomes A08 (11) and A07 (five SSRs). Under terminal heat conditions, a total of 20 SSRs were specifically detected that were not associated under normal sown conditions. This meant that these particular genomic regions and QTLs were linked under extreme heat conditions. Overall, the heat-tolerant genotypes identified in this study and the SSR markers associated with terminal heat stress tolerance attributes will be helpful for the development of a heat-tolerant cultivar of Indian mustard through marker-assisted selection.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and utilization of inter-specific diversity for wheat improvement(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01-27) Antim; Vikram SinghImprovement in quality traits through biofortification along with grain yield is the major focus of researchers in this critical time of changing climate. Next major objective is developing wheat varieties which can fight changing climatic factors such as heat and drought stress and can provide higher yield to feed continuously expending population. Availability of genetic variability for improving modern day varieties further is present in crop wild relatives and can be introgressed in modern day varieties by creating amphidiploid and synthetic hexaploid wheat (pre-breeding material). The present study was therefore, planned to study the quality traits, grain yield and its component traits and physiological traits in SHW and amphidiploid wheat lines and the whole study was divided into three experiments. Another aim of the study was validation of SSR markers, selected from previous studies, associated with quality traits like Fe, Zn and grain protein content. With this regard 100 amphidiploid wheat lines along with 4 standard checks were sown at research area of ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal in augmented design for two consecutive years. One of the objective of the investigation was finding QTLs linked with heat and drought stress in wheat genotypes through SNP genotyping and for phenotyping 36 wheat genotypes (including SHW and elite lines) were sown at research area of ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal and Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21. Nine thinopyrum accessions were also tested for heat and drought stress traits in the field under five differential sowing conditions for year 2019-20 and 2020-21. Significant genetic variability was observed for all the morphological and physiological traits. In experiment-1, highest Fe content was found to be 70.7ppm in amphidiploid of cross Ae. caudata/ Margarita36-15, highest Zn (48.17ppm) in cross Ae. mutica/ kundermiki39-1 and highest protein content (17.68%) in amphidiploid Ae. mutica/kundermiki14-8 was found. In experiment-2, based on grain yield performance under heat and drought stress conditions created by late sowing of lines in Rain-out-shelter (ROS) OS59, OS61 and OS55 were found to be best performer. Twenty-two stable SNPs located in the domain of genes were also found in this experiment. Marker trait association (MTA) between SNPs and phenotypic data revealed gene Iron-superoxide_distumase (associated with SNP AX-95249973) to play role in saving plants from oxidative stress under drought condition. Another gene P450, which expresses under drought stress to protect plant, was found to be associated with plant height under drought stress condition. In experiment-3 nine Thinopyrum accessions performed best under ROS facility (heat and drought stress) and EC531712 and EC787014 showed highest and stable performance in terms of grain yield/plot.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity and population structure analysis using morphophysiological and SSR markers in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Pilania, Prerna; Lakshmi ChaudharyHundred lentil genotypes along with three checks (WBL 77, Kota Masoor-2 and L-4717) were evaluated for morphophysiological and yield traits during rabi 2022-23 under two different environments (timely and late sown) to determine genetic variability, correlations, path coefficients, genetic divergence and population structure. Significant amount of variability was found for almost all the studied traits except leaf pubescence and pod anthocyanin colouration and the genotypes were categorized as per the DUS guidelines. High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability was observed for number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and total chlorophyll content in timely sown conditions whereas in late sown conditions high PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability was observed for 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant and total chlorophyll content suggesting that these characters are genetically controlled by additive gene action. The seed yield per plant was found positively correlated with days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, biological yield per plant and harvest index in both the environments. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis grouped the genotypes into six distinct clusters in both the environments indicating a higher degree of variability in the material under study. Genotypes present in cluster IV and III were found best for yield in timely and late sown environment, respectively. Out of 50 SSR markers studied, 23 were found to be polymorphic and UPGMA cluster analysis based on SSR marker data grouped the lentil genotypes into six genetic clusters. On the basis of population structure analysis, four distinct populations along with some admixtures were obtained. Genotypes PL-105, PL-04, PL-02, DPL-58, LH 09-03, LH 09-07 and IPL 406 were found to be superior with high genetic diversity and hence can be used in lentil breeding programmes for further improvement. On the basis of heat susceptibility index values, genotypes DPL-58, LH 18-49, LH 09-15 and LH 18-07 exhibited high heat tolerance and maybe used as a potential donor while breeding varieties for terminal heat tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterisation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) genotypes(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Koli, Ganesh Kumar; Arya, Rajesh KumarThe present experiment was carried out with sixty genotypes of ashwagandha for their twenty-seven quantitative and qualitative characteristics with the aim to characterize the sixty ashwagandha genotypes on the basis of morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers. The field studies were undertaken at the research field of Medicinal, Aromatic and Potential crop section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, during the Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021. Analysis of variance revealed that the differences among the genotypes for maximum characters under study were highly significant. In correlation study, dry root yield per plant exhibited a significantly high and positive correlation with plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, root length per plant, the average diameter of root per plant, harvest index per plant, biological yield per plant, number of secondary roots per plant, root girth per plant, fresh root yield per plant, fresh stem yield per plant, dry stem yield per plant, and surface area of root per plant. Path analysis had shown maximum positive direct effects on dry root yield per plant by days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of berries per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index per plant, root girth per plant, root length per plant, average diameter of root per plant, number of primary roots per plant, number of secondary roots per plant, dry matter content of root per plant, fresh root yield per plant, dry root yield per plant, fresh stem yield per plant, dry stem yield per plant and surface area of root per plant. Using Tocher’s method, sixty ashwagandha genotypes grouped into five different clusters. Cluster 2 was the largest one with 22 genotypes, followed by cluster 3 with 14 genotypes, while cluster 4 was the smallest and included 7 genotypes. A dendrogram of molecular data analysed with DARWIN software classified 60 promising ashwagandha genotypes into three groups. The highest number of genotypes were grouped into cluster 1 with 35 genotypes, followed by cluster 2 with 24 genotypes, and the lowest number of genotypes were found in cluster 3 with 1 genotype. On the basis of per se performance, genotypes HWS-1201, HWS-1321, and HWS-205 were found to be the best for dry root yield and yield contributing traits. Therefore, these can be successfully utilized as parents in future breeding programmes for improvement of dry root yield performance. Genotypes RAS- 16, HWS-08-4, HWS-08-6, JA-134, HWS-137, HWS-110, and HWS-123 were found to be best for total alkaloid and withanolides production in ashwagandha.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of natural variability in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07-24) Rohit; Subhash ChanderThe study was carried out to investigate genetic variability and to assess genetic diversity in 50 sesame genotypes. During kharif 2022, the experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and plant breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Each genotype was sown in single row of 3-meter length with spacing of 30 x 15 cm and evaluated for twelve quantitative characters. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences in the material for all the studied characters. Highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was found for seed yield/plant followed by secondary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of primary branches/plant and number of seeds/capsule. High heritability coupled with genetic advance was observed for number of primary and secondary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule and seed yield/plant. The seed yield/plant showed a significant positive correlation with plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule, capsule length, capsule width and 1000-seed weight, and negative correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and oil content. Path analysis revealed that primary branches/plant and capsule length had positive effects on seed yield/plant while negative effect was shown by days to 50% flowering and oil content. The D2 analysis classified all the genotypes into five clusters. Cluster II had the highest number of genotypes followed by cluster III and cluster I. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II. Maximum contribution towards genetic divergence was due to secondary branches/plant (20.94%) followed by primary branches/plant (19.51%) and seed yield/plant (17.59). In conclusion, the genotypes NIC-17274-C and NIC-7897 (Cluster I), NIC-8394 (Cluster III) and HT-2 (Cluster IV) should be used in hybridization programme for improvement of seed yield and oil content in sesame.
