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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of spike morphology and grain yield component traits in Triticum aestivum L. em Thell(CCSHAU, 2011) Pawan Kumar; Yadav, Ramesh KumarThe present investigation comprising six generation (Parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of five crosses wheat viz. HJP81 x Rm-Ts17, HS27 x PBW502, HJP81 x PBW502, HS67 x PBW502, HG2 x HD2009M was conducted for estimating the gene effects for the spike morphology and yield component traits under two successive growing seasons (2008-09 and 2009-10) for fifteen spike morphological and yield component traits at the experimental area of the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for all traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for most of the characters indicating thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. In some of the cases, the non-significance of chi-square value indicated the fitness for additive-dominance model. Additive component was significant for most of the characters and even as preponderant in magnitude over the dominance component. Either all or any of the three types of epistatic interactions (i, j and 1) were significant for most of the cases and generally it is the “i" type of interaction which is more frequently prevailing for most of the traits studied over the crosses. However, the magnitude and direction of estimates changed for the cross and the seasons. Additive x additive type of interaction with overdominance was recorded for peduncle length in cross-II, where the chance of transgressive segregates was high. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for plant height, peduncle length, spike length, spike compactness, spike biomass, 100 kernel weight, grain: spike biomass ratio and grain yield per plant. Complementary type of interaction was recorded for peduncle length, spike biomass, 100 kernel weights and days to heading. Significant heterosis was observed for plant height, peduncle length, spike length, grain: spike biomass ratio, grain yield per plant and days to heading. The magnitude and direction of heterosis was varying from cross to cross over both seasons, however, the inbreeding depression was also indicated as positive and significant in most cases. The potence ratio in F1 and F2 depicted the partial and over dominance was shown by all the traits under study. Genetic variability was estimated by GCV and PCV indicated maximum diversity for the cross-I followed by cross-IV, II, III and V. The genetic similarity coefficient analysis showed that extensive genetic diversity (from 26% to 93%) was present among parental genotypes. In cross-HJP81 x Rm-Ts17 the dendrogram constructed and clustered in six major groups. The hierarchical cluster analysis for cross-IV revealed that the F2 populations along with their parents were mainly divided into two major clusters and eight subgroups. Similar finding were revealed by PCA analysis. The F2 population SSR maker data for C-I and C-IV were subjected for the QTL analysis by WinQTL-Cartographer. Five QTL were detected for spike biomass at map positions, 88.1 (1A), 33.2(1B), 111.7(2D), 46.6(5A) and 97.8(5A) by SSR marker BARC263, BARC187, WMC601, XGWM443 and WMC475 respectively. Four QTL were detected for kernel weight per spike at map positions, 100.8 (1A), 45.9 (1B), 45.1 (5A), 103.0 (5A) by SSR marker WMC254, WMC416, XGWM443 and WMC110. These QTLs may be used for further improvement of the traits they represent.ThesisItem Open Access Studies for genetic diversity for herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.(CCSHAU, 2004) Meenakshi; Saharan, R.P.Phalaris minor is most abundant grassy weed infesting wheat crop. Due to continuous use of herbicides the plants become resistant to these herbicides. The present study was conducted on 40 biotypes taken from different regions of Haryana state to standardize DNA extraction method and PCR amplification conditions and to analyze genetic diversity among various biotypes of P. minor. DNA was isolated using CTAB method with slight modifications. Biotype from Mundhal yielded highest amount of DNA (1404 ng/μl) and from Pirthala (lead treated) yielded lowest amount of DNA (110 ng/μl). Quality of DNA was tested on agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometer. A single discrete band of high molecular weight showed that DNA was pure, free from contaminant, intact and of high quality. The ratio of absorbance ranged from 1.74 to 1.84. Clear and reproducible bands were generated by PCR amplification conditions of 50 ng genomic DNA, 1.6 mM MgCl2, 1 unit Taq DNA polymerase, 100 μM of each dNTP’s, 1 μl of 10X reaction buffer of Taq DNA polymerase 0.2 μM of primer and 40°C of annealing temperature. Of the 21 primers screened, 15 primers showed amplification while 6 primers did not show any amplification with any of the biotype of P. minor. All 15 primers were polymorphic showing 97 per cent polymorphism. In total, 102 bands were obtained of which 99 bands were polymorphic while 3 bands were monomorphic, generated by 15 primers. For the biotypes tested, 2 to 15 bands were obtained with an average of 4.85 per primer. Eight primers amplified 40 biotypes followed by one primer, which amplified 38 biotypes. All the biotypes were distinguishable with the combinations of polymorphic bands generated by various primers. Estimates of genetic similarity ranged from 0.489 to 0.885 indicating a high genetic variability among the biotypes. Based on the tree cluster analysis using NTSYS, the genetic variation among biotypes was high enough to group the biotypes in three clusters. First cluster comprising five biotypes (four susceptible and one resistant), second cluster has 18 biotypes (12 susceptible and six resistant) and third cluster has 17 biotypes (four susceptible and 13 resistant). The results indicate that RAPDs are efficient for grouping the resistant and susceptible biotypes i.e. most of resistant biotypes grouped into separate cluster showing that these are genetically different from susceptible biotypes. This information can be used further for identification of molecular marker for herbicide resistance gene(s) in Phalaris minor Retz.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic parameters of breeding value in barley (Hordeum eulgare L.)(CSA University of Agriculture and Technology;Kanpur, 2003) Gurpreet Singh; Srivastava, S.B.L.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability among the accessions of Sesbania species for morphological and biochemical markers(CCSHAU, 2005) Poonam Rani; SubhadraField experiment and isozymic analysis on 40 accessions of Sesbania were carried out with the objectives: (i) to estimate variability among accessions of Sesbania using various isozymes and morphological markers and (ii) to establish relationship among accessions using these parameters. The accessions were grown in randomized block design with three replications. The observations were recorded on 15 variables viz., plant height (at 20 and 60 days after sowing, and at maturity), green biomass, dry weight, number of root nodules, fresh weight of root nodules, leaf length, leaves per plant, leaflets per leaf, number of pods per plant , pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the 15 morphological characters. Accession EC 493668 (T21) from Australia was identified for its direct exploitation as a cultivar. Seed yield showed positive correlation with number of pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, leaf length and plant height at maturity. Weight of root nodules, number of pods and pod length showed high positive direct and indirect effects contribution towards their correlation with seed yield. Seed yield and its components showed medium to high heritability and genetic advance. UPGMA method with Euclidean distances based on agromorphological traits grouped accessions into seven clusters. Accessions T3 from cluster 1 and T24 from cluster 7 were recommended for hybridization programme for improvement of grain yield. Cluster 7 showed high inter cluster distance from clusters namely cluster 2, 3 and 4. The accessions were fingerprinted for 6 isozyme systems (acid phosphatase, amylase, catalase, glutamate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and malate dehydrogenase) and grouped the accessions into 11 clusters. Malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase exhibited maximum unique isozymic patterns i.e. 38 and 31, respectively followed by acid phosphatase, amylase, peroxidase and catalase. None of the enzyme system could alone distinguish all the accessions individually, however, a combination of any of the two enzyme systems may be used to distinguish all 40 accessions uniquely. Majority of accessions of S. rostrata were grouped together in one cluster in both agromorphological and isozymic data analysis. Both analyses indicated that geographical diversity is important but not the sole factor determining the genetic diversity.ThesisItem Open Access Search for fertility restorer and sterility maintainer lines for timopheevi cytoplasm in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Dahake, Ashwin B.; Chhabra, A.K.A research programme “Search for fertility restorer and sterility maintainer lines for timopheevi cytoplasm in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted during Rabi season of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at experimental farm area of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. For the present investigation, three cytoplasmic male sterile lines, viz., D 2802-3A, WH 147A and WH 147 2A carrying sterile cytoplasmic background of T. timopheevi were used as female parents to produce sixty six F1 hybrids by crossing with twenty five elite wheat cultivars in the Rabi season of 2010-11, These hybrids were grown under timely sown normal condition in Rabi season of 2011-12 and observations were recorded for traits viz., days to heading, plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of florets per spike, number of grains per spike, percentage of seed-set. Twenty eight parents were also grown under timely sown normal condition in Rabi season of 2011-12 and observations were recorded for traits viz., Glumes opening angle (degree), anther size (mm2), filament length (mm), pollen viability (%), anther extrusion (%), size of lodicules (mm) and anther colour. To identify maintainers and restorers, five spikes were bagged before anthesis in five plants in each of the sixty six hybrids, from three replications. Seed-setting in these bagged spikes were used to identify maintainers and restorers. Eighty seven lines (25 pollen parents, 3 male sterile female parents and 54 F1 hybrids) were used for molecular analysis by using fourteen RAPD primers. At the end of the experiments, it was concluded that pollen parents WH 1062 and PBW 343 were partial restorer and nineteen pollen parents were maintainer for all three CMS lines. The only one pollen parent HD 3059 was found common effective maintainer for all the three male sterile lines. Analysis of variance showed presence of ample variation for all the traits under observation. Among the 28 lines, glum opening angle and size of lodicules were more in sterile line as compared to fertile lines. Anther size, anther extrusion, filament length and pollen viability were observed more in fertile lines in comparison to sterile lines. Floral traits in relation to hybrid breeding that promote outcrossing. Our results indicated that chasmogamy is present in these lines and it is essential for exploitation of hybrid wheat. The DNA were isolated from eighty seven genotypes by CTAB method in the departmental laboratory. Sixty RAPD primers were used and standard protocols were followed for DNA isolation and RAPD analysis. 14 primers were found polymorphic and primer OPA 10 was most informative RAPD marker on the basis of polymorphism information content among all the primers used for the material under studied. All the three male sterile lines showed different banding patterns for 10 primers. Floral traits in relation to hybrid breeding that promotes outcrossing was studied and molecular characterization of A/B/R lines were done to facilitate their registration in the national genetic recourses.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of pearl millet [oennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] hybrids vis-a-vis their parents(CCSHAU, 2012) Satbeer Singh; Yadav, Y.P.morphological descriptors with the objective to identify key diagnostic characters of the genotypes. A set of 24 pearl millet genotypes (7 hybrids, 17 parental lines) was evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications at Hisar and RRS Bawal under irrigated and rainfed conditions, respectively during kharif 2011. Observations were recorded for 34 morphological, seed and yield characters and considerable amount of variation was found in material under study. All the genotypes were classified in different groups for each character. Majority of the qualitative/morphological characters found to be dominant in the hybrids were contributed by the male parent. Bristles (present/absent), nodal pubescence, seed covering were found as dominant characters. Nodal pubescence, nodal pigmentation, spike shape, spike density, spike tip sterility, sheath pubescence and spikelet glum colour distinguished all the 24 genotypes by assigning them key diagnostic features that would certainly help the plant breeders, seed growers and also seed certification agencies to use these diagnostic characters. Hybrids HHB 216, HHB 226, HHB 117 could be differentiated by bristle length, spikelet glume colour and spike tip sterility.ThesisItem Open Access Double haploid production for the diversification of restorer lines in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Dipti; Chawla, VeenaPresent investigation was carried out to establish the efficient protocols for developing Brassica haploids required for double haploid production in B. juncea. Sixteen media combinations were tried for anther culture in four hybrids of genotypes RH 406, RH 555, RH 749 and RH 832 crossed with Ogura Restorer (OR) as the background Highest per cent callusing anthers were observed on B5 medium supplemented with 100 g/L sucrose + 30 mg/L glutathione + 100 mg/L serine + 0.05 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 20 mg/L silver nitrate i.e. (20.80 + 0.34) in genotype OR x RH 832 and maximum shoot regeneration (10.50+0.81) was observed on MS medium fortified with 30 g/l sucrose + 2.5 mg/l Kin + 0.2 mg/l NAA. Most suitable media for anther culture observed were ACM15 and 16. The present study was also undertaken to develop a regeneration system for four B. juncea genotypes and their F1’s using 5 days old seedling explants i.e. hypocotyls and cotyledons. Both the explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. Highest per cent shoot formation was observed on MS medium with 2.5 mg/l Kn and 0.2 mg/l NAA (83.33+5.09) from cotyledonary explants in genotype RH 832. Highest no. of shoots per explant (16.16+0.63) were obtained on MS medium fortified with 2.5 mg/L BAP in OR x RH 406 among all the genotypes and their F1’s. Half strength media were proved to be best media for rooting. Best media for regeneration system was observed to be MS media with 2.5 mg/l Kn and 0.2 mg/l NAA. RH 406 was found to be most responsive genotype among all genotypes and F1’s. Evaluation of Brassica juncea genotypes for yield and its component traits was carried out. Both the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were higher for important traits including no. of pods on main branch, seed yield/ plant, oil content and 1000-seed weight. High heritability in conjunction with high genetic advance were observed for seed yield/ plant, number of seed yield, oil content, 1000-seed weight and no. of pods on main branch suggesting predominant role of additive gene action for expression of these traits. Seed yield/ plant was found to be positively and significantly correlated with number of primary branches/ plant and number of secondary branches/ plant; seed yield/plant had negative association with pod length and main shoot length. Path analysis revealed that no. of pods on main branch, no. of seeds/siliqua and siliqua density on main shoot had positive direct effect on seed yield/ plant which suggested that selection for these traits would be quite effective in improving seed yield in Indian mustard.ThesisItem Open Access Genetical and biochemical basis of cotton leaf curl virus disease in Gossypium hirsutum L.(CCSHAU, 2014) Anuradha; Siwach, S.S.The present investigation comprising six generation (Parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of four crosses in cotton viz. H1098-I x B 59-1678, H 1117 x HS6, H 1098-I x H1117 and B 59-1678 x HS6 was conducted for studying the inheritance of cotton leaf curl virus disease and estimating the gene effects for the yield and its component traits during kharif 2013 at the experimental area of the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. The inheritance of cotton leaf curl virus disease indicated the duplicate dominant epistasis(15:1). No complimentary gene action was observed in cross with susceptible parents. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for all traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for most of the characters indicating thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. In some of the cases, the non-significance of chi-square value indicated the fitness for additive-dominance model. Additive component was significant for most of the characters and even as preponderant in magnitude over the dominance component. Either all or any of the three types of epistatic interactions (i, j and l) were significant for most of the cases and generally it is the “i" type of interaction which is more frequently prevailing for most of the traits studied over the crosses. However, the magnitude and direction of estimates changed for the cross. Additive x additive type of interaction was recorded for plant height, boll number, boll weight,GOT, seed index and seed cotton yield. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for plant height, boll number, boll weight, GOT and lint index. Complementary type of interaction was recorded for plant height. Significant heterosis was observed for plant height, boll weight, seed index. The magnitude and direction of heterosis was varying from cross to cross. Among biochemical parameters, sugar content was higher in susceptible parents than resistant ones. Also, it decreased at 90 DAS when the disease incidence was higher and further increase at 120 DAS. Phenol, tannin and gossypol content, the secondary metabolites were higher in resistant parents as compared to susceptible parents. Concentration was more at 90 DAS which decrease at 120 DAS. Protein and cellulose concentration was gradually decrease and increase with days after sowing respectively. Correlation matrix indicated that cotton leaf curl virus disease grading was significant positively correlated with the sugar content and negatively correlated with phenol, tannin, gossypol, protein and cellulose, while oil content did not indicated any correlation with CLCuD grading irrespective of crosses and Days after sowing.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of molecular markers for Karnal bunt resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(CCSHAU, 2014) Priyanka; Redhu, A.S.Present study was carried out to screen 104 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of cross H 567.71 (resistant) x WH 542 (susceptible) for Karnal bunt resistance and to identify SRAP and RGAP markers associated with Karnal bunt resistance in wheat. There was significant variation among all the recombinant inbred lines for percentage and coefficient of infection to Karnal bunt. Most of the RILs (68) and (71) showed up to 5% infection during the year 2011-12 and 2012-13 and thus were resistant. The percentage of infected grains or percent infection (PI) in the susceptible RILs was up to 37.14 % in the year 2011-12 and up to 31.57 % in the year 2012-13 respectively, whereas, range of coefficient of infection (CI) in the RILs was 0 to 14.21 % in the year 2011-12 and 0 to 13.81 % in the year 2012-13, respectively. Significant variations were also observed for different morphological traits such as, plant height (cm), days to flowering, days to maturity, number of tillers/meter length, spike length (cm), no. of grains/spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield/meter length (g) and biological yield (g). A total of 80 SRAP and 121 RGAP primer combinations were used to screen parental genotypes. In SRAP, a total of 287 unambiguous bands were amplified by the 20 SRAP of 80 SRAP primer combinations, of which 123 bands were polymorphic (42.85 %). The cluster analysis led to distribution of parents and their RILs in to two major groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.55. Major cluster I, included resistant parent H 567.71 with resistant lines and major cluster II had susceptible parent WH 542 and susceptible lines, these two groups further subdivided at similarity coefficient of 0.67 into four different clusters. In RGAP, a total of 89 unambiguous bands were amplified by the 9 of 121 RGAP primer combinations, of which 46 bands were polymorphic (51.68 %). Genetic similarity by RGAP analysis showed that parental genotypes were quite distinct from each other. The cluster analysis led to distribution of parents and their RILs in to two groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.42. Major cluster I, included resistant parent H 567.71 with resistant lines and major cluster II had susceptible parent WH 542 and susceptible lines. These two groups further subdivided into six different clusters at similarity coefficient of 0.56. By single marker analysis, RGAP 7, RGAP 8 and RGAP 9 were directly linked with resistance genes which provide resistance against Karnal bunt. Hence, selection of Karnal bunt resistant genotypes on the basis of these three markers in early generations can be done through marker assisted selection and could be useful in future development of Karnal bunt resistant varieties.