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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Modeling and mapping of above-ground biomass, carbon, and productivity in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary using multisource data and geospatial technology(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Nanda, Krishma; Arya, SandeepThe present investigation entitled “Modeling and mapping of above ground biomass, carbon and productivity in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary using multisource data and geospatial technology” was carried out at Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) situated in Kurukshetra and Kaithal districts of Haryana occupying an area of 4,452.85 hectares during 2019-2022. The experiment was carried for forest area, density and tree species mapping, time series analysis and biophysical parameters. A total of 46 tree species, 44 shrubs and herbs, 14 species of creepers, climbers, parasites and hedges and 29 grass species were recorded in SWS. Ecological characterization was done through the assessment of floristic composition, basal area, density and IVI. Tree density was found ranging from 210/ha to 860/ha with a mean of 475/ha. IVI ranged from 2.97 to 142.5 for the tree species found in the study area. The IVI of the tree species in the study area suggested that Prosopis Juliflora, (142.50), Eucalyptus sp. (129.14), and Ficus Racemosa (22.47) were the dominant species out of all species studied. Various biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Weiner index (1.39), Simpson’s diversity index (0.68), Margalef index (1.48), and Evenness index (0.56) were calculated to compare the diversity and abundance of species in SWS. Forest density maps revealed that majority of the area was occupied by moderately dense forest (MDF) accounting for 37.74 % of the total forest area. While, the least was covered by scrub (5.81 %). Time series analysis of SWS showed considerable increase in forest area since past four decades and significant improvement in forest density over the years. Out of total 36 locations studied, ID 11 contributed maximum AGB accounting for (1701.6 tons/ha) followed by ID 16 (1251.1 tons/ha) both dominated by Eucalyptus sp. while the minimum was contributed by ID 20 (4.3 tons/ha) dominated by Syzygium cumini. The total biomass throughout the sanctuary ranged from 4.3 to 1701.6 tons/ha. Total carbon stock ranged from 2.0 tons/ha to 799.8 tons/ha with an average 161.8 tons/ha in SWS.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and identification of potential tree willow (Salix Spp.) clones for waterlogging and salinity tolerance(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Saini, Neha; Banyal, RakeshWaterlogging and associated salinity problemsare throwing a serious challenge to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in irrigation commands. Globally, it is increasing due to anthropogenic activities,local hydro-geologic phenomena and climate change.Thereis need to drain excess water and salts to make such areas suitable for productive functions through hydraulic engineering, mechanical and bio-drainage approaches.Under biodrainage approaches limited tree species are known that to in inland landscapes. Willow is one with remarkable water consumption,diverse with more than 500 species and out of which a few thrive well in tropical and sub-tropical regions. With this backdrop, the present study titled “Evaluation and Identification of Potential Tree Willow (Salix Spp.) Clones for Waterlogging and Salinity Tolerance” was conducted at ICAR-CSSRI, Karnal (Haryana) to have the tolerant potential tree Willow clones with their adaptability to submergence and evapo-transpirative capability. Three independent experiments were conducted to identify the tolerant tree willow clonesviz. (i) in induced saline stress for variable periods of 21 days each upto 105 days; (ii) in submergence of saline and non-saline waterfor varying periods of 7 days upto 28 days (iii) in waterlogged saline and non-saline scenarios in closed lysimeters. In screening and evaluation trial, WC1 (J799), WC2 (SI-64-017), WC3 (131/25) and WC9 (UHFS242) clones emerged as better performer in respect of survival, growth, physiological, biochemical attributes, anti-oxidative enzymatic activities and soil reclamation aspects. However, the least performer clone was WC4(PN731). Ascending order of clones based on relative cumulative Salinity Tolerance Index (STI) was WC3 (6.90)> WC1 (5.71)> WC2 (5.11)> WC9 (4.92)> WC5 (4.35)> WC8 (4.07)> WC6 (3.64)> WC7 (3.41)> WC10 (3.12)> WC4 (2.57).All the clones were also grouped intohighly tolerant (WC1,3&9), tolerant (WC2&5), moderately tolerant (WC6&8) and susceptible (WC4,7&10) category based on their respective performance against the imposed salinity stress. Saline irrigation upto ECiw 8 dS/m (moderate salinity) in tree Willow clones can be put to use without any significant loss but it can go upto 25 to 30 per cent in ECiw 12 dS/m (saline). However, the irrigation of high saline water (ECiw 16 dS/m) is not suitable for irrigation of tree Willow clones.Strong positive inter-dependence relation was observed through PCA in which first and second quarter of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) contributed 70.1 and 11.6 per cent variations in controlling the overall performance of clones. Biomass emerged as an effective indicator of salt tolerance in different morpho-physiological characters in ascertaining the salinity tolerance through correlation matrix. Salt exclusion mechanism was sensed in tree Willow clones regulating their individual performance in salinity stressed environment. Clones WC1 (J799), WC3 (131/25), WC2 (SI-64-017) and WC5 (UHFS62) were best performer in submergence with saline and non-saline water based on survival, growth, physiological and soil aspects.The ascending order of relative cumulative Salinity Tolerance Index (STI) values was WC1 (4.55), WC3 (3.90), WC2&5 (3.62), WC9 (3.16), WC6 (3.04), WC8 (3.03), WC10 (2.68), WC7 (2.27) and WC4 (1.51).Clones can withstand submergence with low (4 dS/m) and moderately (8 dS/m) saline water without any significant reduction in tolerant clones even upto 28 days but in saline (12 dS/m) and highly (16 dS/m) saline water the survival was at stake and many clones could not withstand high salinity in 7 days of submergence. Clones were grouped into highly tolerant (WC1), tolerant (WC3), moderately tolerant (WC2,5,9&8) and susceptible (WC4,6,7&10) category based on their respective performance against the imposed submergence and salinity stress. Water bio-drainedpotential of four tree willow clones were measured in simulated three scenarios (SC) of waterlogging with salinity of low (ECiw 4dS/m) and high (ECiw 10dS/m) level and non-saline (ECiw<1.0 dS/m) water. Clone WC1 (J799) out-performedthan the other three clones by registering the highest per cent increments in plant height (3.87, 14.5and 17.6%), collar diameter (6.37, 14.6 and 17.1%), longest branch (10.5, 17.2 and 22.0%) andcrown spread (14.7, 31.8 and 38.6%) in three seasons and also better in physiological aspects. However, the clone WC4 (PN731) registered lowest gain in growth and physiological attributes. WC1 clone displayed highest bio-drainage potential in terms of wateruse on season basis (287, 487 and 651mm) as well as annual basis (1425mm), followed by clone WC3 (131/25), WC2 (SI-64-017) and WC4 (PN731). Clones transpired highest water in SC1(1888mm) and lowest in SC3(561mm) on annual basis. Overall, clone WC1 (J799) showed higher bio-drainage potential and can be visualized as an option for managingwaterlogging and saline landscapes in future.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of wheat varieties under different planting geometries of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Rawale Gauri Bhalchandra; Sirohi, ChhaviThe present investigation entitled “Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of wheat varieties under different planting geometries of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)” was carried out at an experimental field of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in an already established poplar plantation (Feb., 2017) at six different spacing viz., 3×3 m,4×3 m,5×3 m,6×3 m,7×3 m and 8×3 m. In the interspaces of different spacings and control (devoid of tree), four wheat varieties viz. DBW 221, DBW 222, DBW 187 and WH 1184 were grown in three replications during Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The effect of different spacings of poplar on growth, physiological and biochemical aspect, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of various wheat varieties were studied. The maximum DBH (26.94 cm), crown spread (8.16 m) in poplar was recorded in 8×3 m but maximum plant height (20.52 m) was observed in 3×3 m spacing. The various growth, physiological and yield attributing parameters of different wheat varieties were observed significantly higher in sole wheat varieties than under different spacings of poplar except chlorophyll content, relative water content, relative stress injury, canopy temperature depression which were observed maximum under 3×3 m spacing of poplar. Under different spacings of poplar based AFS, antioxidant enzyme activities were induced more in closer spacings than wider spacing i.e., glutathione reductase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase except glutathione peroxidase and total soluble sugar activities at both the stages of observation. Maximum average reduction in grain yield (44.8 and 50.1 %) was recorded under 3×3 m spacing of poplar followed by 4×3 m (36.1 and 40.4 %), 5×3 m (31.4 and 35.3 %), 6×3 m (26.9 and 30.8 %), 7×3 m (21.7 and 24.5 %) and minimum in 8×3 m (17.9 and 18.8 %) over control during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. However, among different wheat varieties, maximum reduction of 47.55 and 52.14 % in grain yield was recorded in wheat variety DBW 221 under 3×3 m spacing of poplar and minimum 15.56 and 17.80 % in DBW 187 under 8×3 m spacing over control during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. Soil pH and EC decreased significantly higher under poplar plantation than in sole wheat crop. A significant increase in soil organic carbon, available N, P, K and DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) was observed in different soil profile (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm) under poplar plantation than sole crop. The total N, P K and micronutrients uptake by grain and straw was observed maximum in variety DBW 187 and minimum in DBW 221. The moisture content was observed higher under poplar plantation than sole crop in different soil depths under study. Further, the soil moisture content increased with the increase in distance from the tree line. The average per cent light available to understory crops was maximum at 01:00 p.m. in the month of January, 2022 (98.64 %) under 8×3 m and minimum at 07:00 a.m. in the month of November, 2021 (17.07 %) under 3×3 m spacing. The air temperature was observed slightly lesser under poplar plantation than open environment (devoid of trees), however a reverse pattern was observed in relative humidity. Therefore, on the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical study concluded that the intercropping in wider spacing is more suitable for yield attributing traits and variety DBW 187 was found more tolerant to different abiotic stress.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of wheat varieties under different spacings of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Yadav, Sneh; K.S. AhlawatThe present investigation entitled “Performance of wheat varieties under different spacings of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)” was carried out at research area of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in an already established poplar plantation (Feb., 2017) at six different spacing viz., 3×3 m,4×3 m,5×3 m,6×3 m,7×3 m and 8×3 m. In the interspaces of above spacing and control (devoid of tree), five wheat varieties viz. WH 1184, HD 3226, HD 3086, DBW 88 and PBW 725 were grown in three replications during Rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The effect of different spacings of poplar on growth, physiology, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of various wheat varieties were studied. The maximum GBH (73.63 cm), crown spread (6.59 m) in poplar was recorded in 8×3 m but maximum plant height (17.49 m) was observed in 3×3 m spacing. The various growth, physiological and yield attributing parameters of different wheat varieties were observed significantly higher in sole wheat varieties than under different spacing of poplar except chlorophyll content, relative water content, relative stress injury, canopy temperature depression which were observed maximum under 3x3 m spacing of poplar. Maximum average reduction in the grain yield (45.54 and 49.73 %) over control was recorded under 3x3 m spacing followed by 4x3 m (36.65 and 40.88 %), 5x3 m (31.90 and 35.74 %), 6x3 m (27.53 and 30.74 %), 7x3 m (21.98 and 24.78 %) and minimum in 8x3 m (18.39 and 20.49 %) during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Among different wheat varieties, maximum percent reduction of 47.83 and 51.84 in grain yield was recorded in wheat variety DBW 88 under 3x3 m spacing of poplar and minimum (15.79 and 17.95) in WH 1184 under 8x3 m spacing during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively over control. Maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were recorded in Poplar + WH 1184 based cropping system under 5×3 m spacing indicating that 5x3 m spacing of poplar intercropped with wheat variety WH 1184 is more economically. Soil pH and EC decreased significantly higher under poplar plantation than in sole wheat crop. A significant increase in soil organic carbon, available N, P, K and DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) was observed in different soil profile (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm) under poplar plantation than sole crop. The total N, P K and micronutrients uptake by grain and straw was observed maximum in variety WH 1184 and minimum in PBW 725. The moisture content was observed higher under poplar plantation than sole crop in different soil depths under study. Further, the soil moisture content increased with the increase in distance from the tree line. The average per cent light available to understory crops was maximum at 01:00 p.m. in the month of February, 2020 (97.57 %) under 8x3 m and minimum at 07:00 a.m. in the month of November, 2020 (15.99 %) under 3x3 m spacing . The air temperature was observed slightly lesser under poplar plantation than open environment (devoid of trees), however a reverse pattern was observed in relative humidity.ThesisItem Open Access Mapping and Monitoring of Agroforestry areas in Yamunanagar, Ambala and Panchkula districts of Haryana state using Geospatial techniques(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2021-07-30) Bojja Harish Babu; Bimlendra KumariThe study was conducted to map and monitor the agroforestry areas in Yamunanagar, Ambala and Panchkula districts of Haryana state from the year 2000 to 2019 through geospatial techniques using LISS-III (2000, 2005 and 2010) and LISS-IV (2015 and 2019) satellite data. Apart from mapping and monitoring, an attempt has been made to identify potential agroforestry sites like scrubs, fallows and piedmont areas on LISS-IV dataset of 2019 by on screen digitization technique for future cultivation of agroforestry species by farmers in the study area. Supervised method of classification technique was adopted to classify LU/LC classes like agroforestry, agriculture, forest, built-up, waterbodies, plantations and riverbed areas. The results of the study revealed that, agroforestry area delineated in Yamunanagar for the year 2000 (3,898.62 ha), 2005 (5,403.17 ha), 2010 (7,134.90 ha), 2015 (14,650.51 ha) and 2019 (17,022.76 ha). In Ambala 2000 (2,696.48 ha), 2005 (3,745.33 ha), 2010 (7,400.92 ha), 2015 (12,350.91 ha) and 2019 (15,552.53 ha). In Panchkula 2000 (1,098.15 ha), 2005 (1,212.8 ha), 2010 (1,784.03 ha), 2015 (2,034.87 ha) and 2019 (2,367.12 ha). The accuracy of the image classification was delineated based on the ground truth data and accuracy found in agroforestry was 90% for Yamunanagar, 95% for Ambala and 93% for Panchkula districts By the extraction of vector layers from the classified raster image, blockwise monitoring of agroforestry areas was delineated and change in various categories of LU/LC by performing overlay analysis in ArcGIS platform was detected and results revealed were (5,678.5 ha) in Yamunanagar, (6,783.6 ha) in Ambala and (1,202.6 ha) in Panchkula, the agriculture areas were converted to agroforestry areas from the year 2000 to 2010 and (14,486.6 ha) in Yamunanagar, (13,534.8 ha) in Ambala and (1,866.2 ha) in Panchkula, the agriculture areas were converted to agroforestry areas from the year 2010 to 2019. Based on the groundwater quality, soil condition and rainfall factor in the study area, potential sites were digitized, the results revealed that, about 10,525.76 ha of the potential sites were identified and mapped in Yamunanagar, around 12,179. 85 ha in Ambala and 4,023 ha in Panchkula districts. Based on the study, it is concluded that with the use of LISS-III and LISS-IV satellite data accurate mapping of agroforestry areas can be delineated which would help the planners in monitoring and identification of hotspots for suitable interventions in the districts.ThesisItem Open Access Varietal Performance of Cowpea and Okra under Mahaneem (Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.) Based Agroforestry system in South–Western Haryana(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Ranawat, Jitendra Singh; Deswal, R.P.S.The present investigation entitled “Varietal Performance of Cowpea and Okra under Mahaneem (Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.) based Agroforestry system in South–Western Haryana” was carried out at Research Farm (CCS HAU, Hisar), Bawal, Haryana in already established Mahaneem plantation (July, 2013) at four spacing viz., 10 × 20 m, 10 × 10 m, 10 × 6.5 m and 10 × 5 m, during 2020–2021 & 2021–2022. Among all the treatments, tree height and DBH of Ailanthus excelsa were significantly higher in 10 × 10 m plant spacing, whereas crown spread was highest at 10 × 20 m plant spacing in comparison to other spacings of A. excelsa. The maximum green and dry fodder yield of A. excelsa was recorded under 10 × 5 m planting spacing. The maximum biomass and carbon sequestration were found in 10 × 5 m plant spacing. In Cowpea intercropped A. excelsa based agroforestry system, the maximum plant height, number of primary branches and chlorophyll content were recorded in Pusa Dharni under sole crop, while the minimum plant height, number of primary branches and chlorophyll content were observed in Pusa Sukomal 10 x 5 m A. excelsa planting spacing. In both the experimental years, the fresh pods yield of cowpea per hectare was highest in open field condition i.e., 111.67 q/ha and 108.47 q/ha respectively, in Pusa Sukomal while the minimum pods yield was observed in Pusa Dharni under 10 x 5 m A. excelsa planting spacing. In okra intercropped A. excelsa based agroforestry system, the maximum plant height, number of primary branches and chlorophyll content were recorded in Hisar Naveen under sole crop, while the minimum plant height, number of primary branches and chlorophyll content were observed in Varsha Uphar under 10 x 5 m A. excelsa planting spacing. The fresh fruit yield of okra per hectare was highest in the open field condition at 91.41 q/ha, and 90.03 q/ha in Hisar Naveen and minimum fruit yield was observed in Varsha Uphar under 10 x 5 m A. excelsa planting spacing for both years respectively. Soil pH and EC decreased significantly under Mahaneem plant spacings as compared to sole cowpea and okra crop. A significantly increase in soil organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus under Mahaneem plant spacings than sole cowpea and okra crop. On the basis of economic analysis, the higher BC ratio was recorded in cowpea var. Pusa Sukomal and okra var. Hisar Naveen under 10 x 10 m plant spacings of Alianthus excelsa which was economically more feasible over sole cropping and these varieties are recommended in Mahaneem (Alianthus excelsa) based agroforestry system in South-Western Haryana.ThesisItem Open Access Plus tree selection, progeny testing, breeding behaviour and evaluation of genetic diversity in Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-01) Daneva, Vijay; Beniwal, R.S.Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem is an important shrub or small tree, mainly found in northwestern India and southern Pakistan. Now a days, the plant is under endangered category due to its over exploitation coupled with minimum conservation and reforestation efforts. The vital importance of Rohida in present day context in terms of its multiple different uses in general and lack of knowledge on its genetic characters especially breeding behaviour, selection of superior trees, testing of progeny and use of molecular markers for diversity analysis. The study of phenology, flowering nature and reproductive biology was carried out on the already existed plants at village Luttu, District Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan. The remaining part of the investigation was studied by collecting thirty three plus trees from different agro-climatic zones of Haryana and Rajasthan on the basis of desirable traits. Analysis of diversity was assessed by using ISSR markers. Mild defoliation started in last week of November which continued till 4th week of March. In majority of trees, the leaves turned to yellowish brown during the last week of December followed by high rate of defoliation, however, complete leaflessness stage was never seen in any of the tree observed. Within a week of leaf emergence, floral bud emergence started in 4th week of February which continued till 1st week of March. Observations on flowering habit indicated that bud began to appear as small protruding structures in the 4th week of February. Peak period of flowering varied from 22-30 days. Flowering got completed by April end to first week of May. The maximum flowering (37.21%) was recorded between 0800-0900 h. Pod initiation started after the completion of flowering i.e. in the 2nd week of May. The period of pod development and maturity ranged from 65 to 72 days. The pod maturity was observed from 2nd fortnight of June onwards. Duration of bud initiation to pod maturity varied from 141 to 152 days. Pollen stainability in 1% acetocarmine ranged from 80.00 to 88.18 per cent with an average of 82.97 per cent. The pod setting under open pollination ranged between 7.14- 17.50 with an average of 12.40 and no pod setting under selfing. It was clear that average pod setting under selfing and open pollination differed significantly which results that open pollinated nature of this particular specie. A considerable amount of variation for different morphological characters such as height, clear bole height, girth at breast height etc. was found among twenty one diverse plus trees for morphological traits. Ample genetic variation was also observed for field emergence, seedling height, basal diameter, root length and number of branches among the progenies of the selected plus trees. By the study both in nursery and under controlled environment, it was estimated that progeny of plus tree ATU 28 from Ghanghu (Churu), Rajasthan showed the maximum growth performance and higher vigour value amongst all the progenies. 13 ISSR primers were used to assess the genetic diversity and average 62.36% polymorphism was detected amongst 24 genotypes of Tecomella undulata. The similarity indices between different genotypes ranged from 0.46 to 1.00. Maximum similarity value of 1.00 was observed between TU8, TU14, TU15 and TU24 whereas TU9 was found to be genetically most diverse amongst all genotypes with lowest similarity value of 0.46. Ample genetic variation was found amongst all the collected genotypes using ISSR markers which can be utilized for breeding programs to develop new varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Biomass and nutrient dynamics in Eucalyptus based agroforestry system as affected by tree spacing(CCSHAU, 2019) Tarun Kumar; Bimlendra KumariThe present investigation entitled “Biomass and nutrient dynamics in Eucalyptus based agroforestry system as affected by tree spacing” was carried out in research area of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2014-15 and 2015-16. The study was conducted with the objectives to evaluate the effect of different spatial arrangements (3×3 m, 6×1.5 m and paired row 17×1×1 m) on growth and nutrient budget of Eucalyptus in terms of height and Diameter at breast height (DBH) under different spacings showed a rising trend with advancement of age. The height of Eucalyptus after seven and eight years of age was observed at par for 3×3 m and 6×1.5 m spacings, while it varied significantly for other 17×1×1 m spacing combinations in both the years under agroforestry system. However, the Current Annual Increment (CAI) for DBH was significantly more under 3×3 m spacing than other spacings but it was observed at par for 6×1.5 m and 17×1×1 m spacings. The CAI for height, DBH and canopy width were affected significantly at 5% level of significance. CAI for height and DBH were significantly higher in a spacing of 3×3 m in comparison to other spacings. The CAI for crown width was significantly higher in spacing of 6×1.5 m but it was found at par for 3×3 m and 17×1×1 m in the both the years. There was a significant amount of variation between the litter fall patterns under different spacings of Eucalyptus during summer, winter and rainy season. The maximum amount of litter fall was observed in 3×3 m spacing during winter season. Highest decomposition rate was observed July-August followed by June-July. The decomposition rate was stimulated with high temperature and high humidity during rainy season. The maximum N, P and K were added in 6×1.5 m spacing followed by 17×1×1 m spacing and minimum added nitrogen was found in 3×3 m spacing. N, P and K uptake 17×1×1 m, 6×1.5 m and 3×3 m respectively. The maximum N, P and K balance was observed in 3×3 m spacing followed by 6×1.5 m spacing and 17×1×1 m spacing.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nitrogen levels on wheat varieties under agri-silvi-horticultural system(CCSHAU, 2017) Johar, Vishal; Dhillon, R.S.The present investigation entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels on wheat varieties under agri-silvihorticultural system” was carried out in research area of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effect of nutrient levels on yield attributes, yield and quality parameters of different wheat varieties (WH-1105, HD-2967, WH-711 and DPW-621- 50) in already established five year old agri-horti and agri-silvi-horti systems. The growth of eucalyptus and kinnow under both agri-silvi-horti and agri-horti system increased sharply with the advancement of age. Eucalyptus attained maximum (7.2 cm) CAI for basal diameter followed by DBH (5.1 cm) during the age of six year which shows that the eucalyptus achieved sufficient biomass during 6th year of growth. The additional dose of nitrogen (10, 20 and 30 per cent) to the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) in both the agroforestry based systems increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of different wheat varieties however; the difference between further additional doses of N to the RDF was nonsignificant. Among different wheat varieties, HD-2967 was found the most shade tolerant and exhibited higher plant height, number of tillers, number of spikes, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain and straw yield etc under both the agroforestry based systems. Whereas, the variety WH-711 was found be the most sensitive to shade and exhibited poor growth, yield attributes traits and yield. However, grain, straw and biological yield of different wheat varieties was found higher in agri-horti system over agri-silvi-horti system due to more competition among the annuals and perennials in agri-silvi-horti system. Different quality parameters viz. protein content, gluten content, sedimentation value, grain hardness etc. in different wheat varieties was observed higher in agri-horti and agri-silvi-horti system over sole cropping system. Higher protein content, grain hardness and grain luster were recorded in HD- 2967 while, variety WH-711 exhibited higher gluten content and sedimentation values under both the agroforestry based systems. Soil EC and pH decreased considerably under both the agroforestry based systems. However, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased significantly over the control (sole crop). After six year of experimentation the higher B:C ratio was recorded in agri-silvi-horti (2.06) followed by agri-horti (1.66) and sole cropping (1.39). Hence, agrisilvi- horti and agri-horti systems are economically viable, improve the soil health and provide nutrient security. Therefore, agroforestry based systems are eco-friendly and a way to increase the farmer’s income.
