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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on breeding of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio Lin.) using modified breeding technique(CCSHAU, 2010) Verma, Nitin; Gupta, R.K.Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one among the earliest species to be cultured. Its maturation and breeding is affected by biotic and abiotic environmental conditions of water. Nutrition is known to have profound effect upon gonadal growth as well as larval development. Common carp breeding is still very traditional in India, including Haryana.Quantity of common carp seed which is available is needed to be most economic and technique should be such that the resources are utilized most efficiently to meet the demand of farmers and entrepreneurs. The field experiment was designed under four sets of pond with three replicates and one controlled experimental pond. Fish weight, length, gonad weight, Gonado somatic index and fecundity were estimated for observing maturity of fishes. The effect of nutritious feed and environmental conditions on fertilization, hatching and survival of larvae were also studied. In the field experiment wide range of seasonal fluctuations were observed in the following factors. Water temperature showed a range of 9-28.5°C throughout the experiment. There was not much fluctuation in all the experimental pools. Conductivity values for different experimental pools were different and minimum value was recorded during onset of winter season. The pH values were found to range between 5.2 -7.3. During initial stages the pH value were lower and showed a gradual increase in the later stages. The variation in DO values ranged from 4.2-7.28 mg/l in different experimental ponds. DO content increased with higher production of photosynthetic organisms. Free CO2 varied between 0.03-6 mg/l. On cloudy day maximum free CO2 content was found initially because of more concentration of phytoplankton. Pattern of changes in both carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities in different experimental sets were more or less similar. The carbonate alkalinity was observed to show a reverse trend to that of free CO2. It ranged between 0-5.6 mg/l. Bicarbonate alkalinity ranged from 86 to 124 mg/l in all experimental pools during the experiment. The BOD was higher initially. The value ranged between 0.48-8.96 mg/l. Some fluctuation is found in Hardness ranged between 156-189.7 ppm. Plankton volume ranged between 0.015- 0.018 cc/l in different experimental sets. Highest plankton volume was recorded in 1st week of February. The Gross primary productivity value was found to be low during clouds and rain. Fertilization, hatching and fry produced were also observed and found to be highest in the hatchlings produced from 6:1 male to female ratio. The highest growth was observed in hatchlings that were fed on rice bran & mustard oil cake in 1:1@150% of initial body weight.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on growth potential, market trend and wood volume tables of poplar (Populus deltoides) grown in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2012) Doha, Amit Singh; Bangarwa, K. S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on growth potential, market trend and wood volume tables of poplar (Populus deltoides) grown in Haryana” was carried out in the Yamunanagar district of Haryana, India. One to 6 years old plantations of poplar (G 48) with spacing’s of 5×4 m, 4×4 m, 6×3 m were selected for recording data in order to find out growth potential (height and DBH). Current annual increment for basal diameter was observed highest in 5 × 4 m spacing during all the six years as well as on the overall basis. The current annual increment for total height were in increasing order up to 4th year in all the three spacing as well as on overall basis. The rate of growth for total height was in decreasing order from 4th year to 6th year in all the three spacing. Ninety one randomly selected trees were sampled to predict the weight and volume table for poplar tree. Four equations were fitted using linear and non linear regression techniques to predict the volume table. Two models (Schumacher and Hall and single-entry) were used to predict the green timber weight. Results were statistically and graphically analyzed. All equations had very good-fit statistics. The Schumacher and Hall model was selected to estimate the volume of standing poplar trees in Haryana. It is not always easy to measure total height of each standing tree, which is both time consuming and cumbersome. Therefore, regression equation of timber volume based on DBH alone was also worked out. Survey of Yamunanagar market was conducted to find out prices of four types of poplar wood pieces. Prices of all the four types of poplar wood pieces for the last four years were recorded from randomly selected ten poplar wood purchasing units. Market survey for poplar wood suggests increasing trend from 2004 for all the four categories (over, under, sokta and dandi). The increase in poplar wood price for the last 3 years was comparatively low.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of salinity on physiological and growth parameters of Melia composita Willd. at establishment stage(CCSHAU, 2015) Varma, Suraj; Beniwal, R.S.The objectives of present investigation were to assess the extent of salt tolerance in Melia composita seedlings at establishment stage and also to study the effect of salinity levels (control, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 dSm-1) on various physiological and growth parameters. In this experiment, seeds from selected plus tree were grown in pots in screen house containing sand and soil in 2:1 proportion. Six seeds were sown in each pot; however, after germination 3 seedlings were maintained in each pot. All the pots were irrigated with normal water till 90 days of their growth and after three months the seedlings were subjected to salinity stress for 25 days by irrigating with saline water till the point of tolerance to salinity. Required saline concentration were prepared by adding calculated amounts of chloride and sulphate salts of Na, Ca, and Mg as solutions on equivalent weight basis. It was observed that salinity stress caused decreases in stem radial diameter and shoot length compared to control plants. These decreases were, however, less in radial growth in 4 dSm-1 adapted seedlings compared to the increased salinity stress. A significant increment in basal diameter was observed in control seedlings (57.9%) compared to 8 dSm-1 salinity level. Similarly, shoot length also decreased significantly in response to salt stress. It was found that the root length decreased significantly at 12 dSm-1 compared to control, however, root build up was not negatively affected at 4 and 8 dSm-1 levels. Significant increase in number of leaves was observed in nonstressed seedlings; however, salinity stress caused significant reduction in number of leaves at 4, 8 and 12 dSm-1 (13.9%, 19.4% and 39.7%, respectively) when compared to control plants. Similar significant reductions in plant part biomass were also found at 8 and 12 dSm-1 salinity level compared to control. Total chlorophyll contents in leaves declined in response to increasing salt stress; but, an increase in chlorophyll content was observed at 4 dSm-1 (16.18 mg/g) compared to control (15.80 mg/g), which was 2.40% more than the mean value of control. Beyond 4 dSm-1, total chlorophyll content in leaves reduced significantly compared to control. In contrast, carotenoid contents in leaves increased significantly in response to increasing salinity levels. Proline accumulation in leaves increased significantly in 4 and 8 dSm-1 adapted seedlings in response to salinity stress compared to control, and it was accumulated 3 times more in 8 dSm-1 adapted seedlings compared to control. At 4 dSm-1 adapted seedlings, leaves sugar levels were 11.06% higher compared to control seedlings and these were still significantly higher and on the increasing trend (22.74% more) in 8 dSm-1 adapted plants. Salt stress caused significant decrease (6.25%) in moisture content in leaves of 8 dSm-1 adapted seedlings. It was, however, observed in this experiment that the greater the cell damage, the greater was the leakage which resulted in higher conductivity. Leakage of electrolytes were 67.8 and 104.0% more in 4 and 8 dSm-1 adapted seedlings, respectively compared to control. All the physiological and growth parameters were determined only up to 12 dSm-1 level. After 8 dSm-1 plants could not survive due to ions toxicity and mortality occurred.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic characterization of different clones of poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh.) grown in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Rajiv Kumar; Bimlendra KumariGrowth performance of the 19 promising clones of Populus deltoides, have been statistically analyzed for different growth parameters viz; sprouting percentage, colour and shape of buds (after one month), total height, collar diameter, inter-nodal length, number of roots, number of branches, root length, volume index, total biomass (fresh shoot + fresh root weight ), bark colour and texture, disease resistance (after six months and one year), number of leaves, leaf fall duration, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area index at nursery stage. Taxonomic evaluation (colour and shape of buds) revealed that the clonal characters of the studied represent the source of germplasm from Populus deltoides of section Aigeirous. Results of the studies revealed that clone W39 showed best performance in total height, collar diameter, number of branches, number of roots, volume index and biomass. Clone W32 had more inter-nodal length and root length than others. Clone Udai, G48, W110, S7C8, Bahar, S7C1 were found the most promising clones in this study in all growth parameters. Wimco seedlings ltd. clones showed better performance in all above mentioned growth characters than FRIAM clones. Leaf parameters were statistically analyzed in all 19 clones, these varied significantly . Poplar is a deciduous species, therefore leaf related characters were studied in the winter months while vegetative buds remained stable during whole study. The correlation results indicating the feasibility of selection of clones for higher values of total height, collar diameter, root length and volume index. Leaf samples from the young plants of different clones of poplar were collected for molecular analysis. The extraction method (CTAB), DNA purification, PCR reaction conditions were standardized to obtain genet ic diversity. This study was carried out to find out genetic diversity among the 19 Populus deltoides clones. Out of the 30 RAPD markers used in this study, only 11 showed polymorphic pattern and showed a total of 94 fragments. Out of these, 59 bands were polymorphic and 35 were monomorphic. Average number of fragments amplified was 8.54. Cluster analysis of RAPD data using UPGMA separated 19 clones into 2 major clusters at similarity coefficient at 0.43.The genetic dissimilarity index calculated varied from 0.20 to 0.73 for 19 Poplar clones.The maximum similarity value (0.73) was observed between clone FRIAM 100 and W32 indicating FRIAM 100 and W32 to be most closely related genotypes. In spite of low number of bands that detected polymorphism, RAPD analysis indicated in this study that there is high genetic diversity among Populus deltoides clones analyzed.ThesisItem Open Access Mitigation of water stress through the application of brassinosteroids in eucalyptus tereticornis(CCSHAU, 2015) Shubham; Arya, SandeepAn experiment was carried out under screen house of Department of Forestry, CCS HAU Hisar. In the study, alleviation of water stress by application of Brassinosteroids (BRs) in Mitigation of water stress through the application of BRs in Eucalyptus tereticornis was observed. At M0 (Field capacity), growth of plant was maximum and decreased as the stress was increased. Amoung various concentrations of BRs, foliar application of B3(5 ppm of BRs) at M0 (75 % moisture of (field capacity), B4(10 ppm) at M2 (60 % of field capacity) and B5(20 ppm) at M2(60 %) and M3 (40 %) was found most suitable to mitigate the water stress in Eucalyptus tereticornis.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and growth responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) inoculated Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. seedlings to water stress(CCSHAU, 2014) Garhwal, Amit; Beniwal, R.S.In August 2013, an experiment on physiological and growth responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) inoculated Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. seedlings to water stress was conducted at the Department of Forestry, CCSHAU, HISAR (Haryana) to investigate the effect of water stress on various physiological and growth parameters and to observe the effect of AM fungi in overcoming the water stress. Three months old AM-inoculated and non-inoculated shisham seedlings were subjected to water stress for 25 days by withholding the water till the drooping of leaves that coincides with the significant decline in chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Water stress in shisham seedlings had significant adverse effect on the AM abundance in roots, however, re-watering to them for 7 days resulted in the improvement of AM colonization. Water stress also caused significant decrease in plant fresh and dry weight, collar diameter, shoot length, root length, no. of leaves and leaf area in both AM and non-AM plants, however, the decreases were significantly less in AM plants than non-AM plants. AM-inoculation helped in maintaining significantly more periodic increment in root collar diameter and shoot length in AM plants than non-AM plants during the period of water stress (25 days) and re-watering (7 days). Water stress promoted leaf shedding in all the stressed shisham seedlings, but, it was comparatively high in un-inoculated control stressed seedlings. Water stress also caused reductions in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence yield, relative water content, however, reductions in these parameters were significantly more in un-inoculated water stressed seedlings compared to their AM-inoculated counterparts. Stress signal compounds like proline and total sugar concentrations in leaves increased significantly in response to water stress, whereas, the protective effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae helped the water stressed shisham seedlings through keeping at low level the proline and sugar accumulation in AM plant leaves than non- AM leaves is a step to avoid stress. During the period of 7 days re-watering, recovery in fluorescence yield was faster in AM-inoculated seedlings compared to un-inoculated counterparts which suggest that the decline in PS II efficiency is regulatory, serving a photo-protective role and can be a useful screening test of water stress in shisham. Although water stress caused decreases in mycorrhizal abundance, AM-inoculation substantially protected plant growth performance compared with non-AM shisham. These results suggest that the Glomus mosseae inoculation greatly assists the plants under water stress and helps in making these effects moderate. These results are more important from the points of view of afforestation in drought prone conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Reproductive biology of rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm) seem.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Praveen; Bangarwa, K.S.The present study entitled “Reproductive biology of Rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm) Seem.)” was conducted on naturally growing trees of Rohida at Balsamand (Hisar), Department of Forestry and in laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology and Department of Forestry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Large bisexual flowers of red, orange and yellow colour started to emerge out with starting of spring season. The bud initiation started in last week of February and the flowering continued up-to third week of May. The flowering pattern showed a low rate initially during February gradually increasing to peak during mid-March and April followed cessation during end of April in some trees and decline in others. Flower development was divisible into five distinct stages. The average duration of flowering was 54.5 days. The flower bud took 15.5-19.5 days to come to bloom. Average time taken from stage I – II was 16.40 days while IV –V was 0.10 days. It was found that 40.99 to 47.38 days were required from bud initiation to fruit maturity. Flower anthesis was observed between 05.00 AM -01.00 PM with peak between 07.00 A.M. to 10.00 A.M. There was almost invariably no pod setting from May end onwards. It could be established that Rohida is strictly cross-fertilizing species. The considerable amount (5.55%) of fruit setting in open natural pollination (having many trees of Rohida in a close vicinity) and no fruit setting in selfing as well as negligible fruit setting (0.14%) on isolated tree has undoubtedly confirms the cross pollinated nature of Rohida. The large flower size and sufficient amount of nectar present in the flower also hinted towards the entomophilous nature. Maximum fruit setting took place from March to April. Pods were dark brown in colour with various shape curved or elongated. Pod and seed characters were recorded at the time of collection of seeds in order to study the extent of phenotypic variation in natural population. Pod length and No. of seeds per pod also showed significant variability. Pod length varies from 17.9 cm to 63.9 cm, while No. of seeds per pod varied from 67 to 218. Sufficient pods were collected from each of the ten randomly selected trees of Rohida. It could be established that top of paper at 25ºC has maximum germination of seeds of Rohida. The germination percent in fresh seed was observed from 54.67 to 69.33 % with an average of 62.13%, whereas the germination percent after six months of storage was observed from 10.67% to 20.00% with an average of 14.67%. Paired t-test showed significant loss in germination percent, Vigour Index-I, Vigour Index- II and Tetrazolium test after 6 months of storages. Vigour Index-I and Vigour Index-II reduced from 507.50 to 111.34 and 21360.03 to 4791.58 respectively. Loss of germination and reduction in vigour I, vigour index II and tetrazolium test was highly significant and very high. Non significant decrease was observed in seedling length and seedling dry weight after six months of storage which suggested that reduction in vigour index I and vigour index II was due to loss in germination percent and not because of seedling length and seedling dry weight respectively. These results suggested that six months after storage, quality planting stock can be produced by increasing the seed rate.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different spacings of poplar (Populus deltoides) on the performance of some winter spices(CCSHAU, 2014) Pardeep; Kaushik, NareshThe present investigation entitled “Effect of different spacings of poplar (Populus deltoides) on the performance of some winter spices” was conducted during winter season of the year 2012-13 at Agroforestry Research Farm, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The investigation was carried out with two objectives: (1) to evaluate the performance of the different winter spices under different spacings of poplar, and (2) to work out the economics of the system. With the above objectives, the investigation was carried out with planting four spices crops i.e. methi (Trigonela foenum-graecum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), coriander (Coriandurm sativum) and ajwan (Trachyspermum ammi) under three spacings of poplar i.e. 5 x 4 m, 10 x 2 m and 18 x 2 x 2 m and control (without poplar). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Yield of crops increased with increasing spacing of poplar and minimum yield reduction was recorded in methi under poplar based agroforestry system with 18 x 2 x 2 m spacing. Based on experimental data it can be concluded that methi (variety HM-33) should be planted in wider spacing i.e. 18 x 2 x 2 m for better yield in poplar based agroforestry system. Among the spices crops highest net returns and cost benefit ratio were also observed in methi under poplar based agroforestry system with 18 x 2 x 2 m spacing. The net returns for other spices were also higher in poplar based agroforestry system as compared to sole cropping, due to additional returns from poplar.